The Class The

University Policies Course

UNIT 0. Orientation on the Course and Classroom Policies/MTH205

 Unit 1:

Logic and Proofs

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

 Lesson 1.1

Propositional Equivalence

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

Logic
the study of the principles and techniques of
reasoning
originated with the ancient Greeks led by Aristotle
in the 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz introduced
symbolism into logic
George Boole made significant contributions in
symbolic logic published in his work An
Investigation of the Laws of Thought
UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205
Logic
plays a central role in the development of
mathematics and computer science
the unit focuses on the fundamentals of logic,
symbols, rules
highlights systematic ways of thinking, expression
in precise and concise terms, making valid
arguments

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

Proposition
declarative statement that is either true or false,
but not both
also called a statement
denoted by lowercase letters p, q, r, s, or t known
as logic variables or boolean variables
the area of logic that deals with propositions is
called propositional calculus or propositional
logic
UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205
Proposition

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

Exercise 1

1. What time is it?

2. Toronto is the capital of Canada.
3. Read this carefully.
4. 𝑥 + 1 = 2.
5. 1 + 1 = 2.
6. 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑧.
7. 2 + 2 = 3.
UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205
Truth Value

truthfulness or falsity of a proposition

denoted by T (true) or F (false)
denoted by 1 (true) or 0 (false) in computer
science

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

 This sentence is false.

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

Paradox

a meaningless and self-contradictory sentence

that is neither true or false
not a proposition

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

 Every even integer greater than
2 is the sum of two primes.

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

Exercise 2
1. Kuala Lumpur is the capital of Malaysia.
2. 2 + 3 = 5.
3. Answer this question.
4. 𝑥 + 2 = 11.
5. The moon is made of green cheese.
6. 2! ≥ 100.
7. What a beautiful day!
8. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is
UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205
equilateral if and only if it is equiangular.
 An ancient Sicilian legend says that the barber in a
remote town who can be reached only by traveling a
dangerous mountain road shaves those people, and
only those people, who do not shave themselves. Can
there be such barber?

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

Types of Propositions

Simple Propositions

Compound Propositions

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

Logical Connectives

{Logical Operators}
Unary Operator (NOT)
Binary Operator (AND, OR, IF – THEN, IFF)

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

Conjunction

uses the connective and

denoted by 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞

Find the conjunction of the propositions p and q

where p is the proposition “Today is Friday.” and q
is the proposition “It is raining today.”

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

Disjunction
uses the connective or
denoted by 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞

Find the disjunction of the propositions p and q

where p is the proposition “Harry likes pepperoni
pizza for lunch.” and q is the proposition “Harry
likes mushroom pizza for lunch”
UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205
Disjunction
inclusive disjunction is when the connective or
is used in the exclusive sense and/or to mean at
least one, maybe both

exclusive disjunction is when the connective or

is used in the inclusive sense to mean at least one,
but not both
denoted by 𝑝 ⊕ 𝑞

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

Negation
“It is not the case that…”
denoted by −𝑝 or ~𝑝 or ¬𝑝

Find the negation of the propositions p and q

where p is the proposition “Paris is the capital of
France.” and q is the proposition “Apollo is a
Hindu God.”
UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205
Exercise 3

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

Boolean Expressions

expressions that yield the value true or false

occur in both mathematics and computer science
3 < 5 or 5 < 5

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

Exercise 4

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

Implication
“If p, then q”
denoted by 𝑝 → 𝑞
conditional statement where p is the
hypothesis (premise) and q is the conclusion

Find the implication of the propositions p and q

where p is the proposition “∆ABC is equilateral.”
and q is the proposition “∆ABC is isosceles.”
UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205
 If the power is on, then 3+5=8.

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

Converse, Inverse, Contrapositive

suppose 𝑝 → 𝑞…

CONVERSE: 𝑞 → 𝑝
INVERSE: ~𝑝 → ~𝑞
CONTRAPOSITIVE: ~𝑞 → ~𝑝

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

Exercise 5

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

Biconditional Statement
“p if and only if q”
denoted by p ↔ q
conjunction of two implications: (1) p only if q
and (2) p if q , that is, p → q and q → p

Find the biconditional statement of the

propositions p and q where p is the proposition
“∆ABC is equilateral.” and q is the proposition
“∆ABC is equiangular.”
UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205
Order of Precedence

to evaluate complex logical expressions properly:

(1) ~ (2) ∧ (3) ∨ (4) → (5) ↔
parenthesized subexpressions are always
evaluated first
if two operators have equal precedence, evaluate
left to right

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

Exercise 6

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

Tautology, Contradiction, Contingency

def’n 1: A compound proposition that is always

true, no matter what the truth values of the
propositional variables that occur in it, is called a
tautology. A compound proposition that is always
false is called a contradiction. A compound
proposition that is neither a tautology nor a
contradiction is called a contingency.

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

Logical Equivalence

def’n 2: The compound propositions p and q are

called logically equivalent if p ↔ q is a tautology.
The notation p ≡ q denotes that p and q are
logically equivalent.

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

Exercise 7

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

Logical Equivalences

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

 Verify (p ∧ q) ∨ r ≡ p ∧ (q ∨ r)

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

 Negate “Daniela has a
cellphone and she has a
laptop.”

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

 Negate “Jackie will go to the
concert or Ronie will go to the
concert.”

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

 Use the laws of logic to simplify
the boolean expression
(p ∧ ~q) ∨ q ∨ (~p ∧ q)

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205

UNIT 1. Logic and Proofs/MTH205