Integral Calculus For Jee Main and Advanced 3E 3Rd Edition Vinay Kumar Full Chapter

Integral Calculus for JEE Main and
Advanced, 3e 3rd Edition Vinay Kumar

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Vinay Kumar (VKR) graduated from IIT Delhi in Mechanical Engineering. Presently, he
is Director of VKR Classes, Kota, Rajasthan.
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Third Edition
Vinay Kumar
B. Tech., IIT Delhi
McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
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Published by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited,
444/1, Sri Ekambara Naicker Industrial Estate, Alapakkam, Porur, Chennai -600 116, Tamil Nadu, India
Integral Calculus for JEE Main & Advanced, 3e
Copyright © 2020 by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
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PREFACE
This book is meant for students who aspire to join the Indian Institute of Technologies (IITs) and various other engineering
institutes through the JEE Main and Advanced examinations. The content has been devised to cover the syllabi of JEE and
other engineering entrance examinations on the topic Integral Calculus. The book will serve as a text book as well as practice
problem book for these competitive examinations.
As a tutor with more than thirteen years of teaching this topic in the coaching institutes of Kota, I have realised the need
for a comprehensive textbook in this subject.
I am grateful to McGraw-Hill for providing me an opportunity to translate my years of teaching experience into a compre-
hensive textbook on this subject.
This book will help to develop a deep understanding of Integral Calculus through concise theory and problem solving. The
detailed table of contents will enable teachers and students to easily access their topics of interest.
Each chapter is divided into several segments. Each segment contains theory with illustrative examples. It is followed by
Concept Problems and Practice Problems, which will help students assess the basic concepts. At the end of the theory portion,
a collection of Target Problems have been given to develop mastery over the chapter. Solutions to Objective Exercises, Review
Exercises and Target Exercises have been provided.
The problems for JEE Advanced have been clearly indicated in each chapter.
The collection of objective type questions will help in a thorough revision of the chapter. The Review Exercises contain
problems of a moderate level while the Target Exercises will assess the students’ ability to solve tougher problems. For teach-
ers, this book could be quite helpful as it provides numerous problems graded by difficulty level which can be given to students
as assignments.
I am thankful to all teachers who have motivated me and have given their valuable recommendations. I thank my family
for their whole-hearted support in writing this book. I specially thank Mr. Devendra Kumar and Mr. S. Suman for their co-
operation in bringing this book.
Suggestions for improvement are always welcomed and shall be gratefully acknowledged.
Vinay Kumar
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CONTENT
About the Author ii

Prefacev
CHAPTER 1 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION 1.1 – 1.195
1.1 Introduction 1.1

1.2 Elementary Integrals 1.3
1.3 Integration by Transformation 1.9
1.4 Integration by Substitution 1.14
1.5 Integrals Involving sine and cosine 1.23
1.6 Rationalization by Trigonometric Substitution 1.31
1.7 Integrals of the Form 1.34
1.10 Integration of Trigonome 1.48
1.11 Integration by Parts 1.56
1.12 Special Integrals 1.63
1.13 Multiple Integration by Parts 1.66
1.14 Integration by Reduction Formulae 1.70
1.15 Integration of Rational Functions Using Partial Fractions 1.76
1.16 Special Methods for Integration of Rational Functions 1.87
1.17 Integration of Irrational Functions 1.92
dx
1.18 Integrals of the Type ∫ 1.97
P Q
1.19 Integration of a Binomial Differential 1.102
1.20 Euler’s Substitu Tion 1.104
1.21 Method of Undetermined Coefficients 1.107
1.22 Non-Elementary Integrals 1.110
Things to Remember 1.123
Objective Exercises 1.127
Previous Year’s Questions (JEE Advanced) 1.142
Previous Year’s Questions (JEE Main Papers) 1.144
Answer 1.148
Hints & Solution 1.164
CHAPTER 2 DEFINITE INTEGRATION 2.1 – 2.211

2.2 Definite Integral as a Limit of Sum 2.4
2.3 Rules of Definite Integration 2.11
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viii Differential Calculus for JEE Main and Advanced
2.4 First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 2.16

2.5 Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 2.23
2.6 Integrability 2.35
2.7 Improper Integral 2.45
2.8 Substitution in Definite Integrals 2.54
2.9 Integration by Parts for Definite Integrals 2.62
2.10 Reduction Formula 2.67
2.11 Evaluation of Limit of Sum Using Newtonleibnitz Formula 2.71
2.12 Leibnitz Rule for Differentiation of Integrals 2.78
2.13 Properties of Definite Integral 2.81
2.14 Additional Properties 2.105
2.15 Estimation of Definite Integrals 2.107
2.16 Determination of Function 2.115
2.17 Wallis’ Formula 2.119
2.18 Limit Under the Sign of Integral 2.122
2.19 Differentiation Under the Sign of Integral 2.124
2.20 Integration of Infinite Series 2.127
2.21 Approximation of Definite Integrals 2.130
Answer 2.172
CHAPTER 3 AREA UNDER THE CURVE 3.1 – 3.112
3.1 Curve Sketching 3.1

3.2 Area of a Curvilinear Trapezoid 3.6
3.3 Area Bounded by a Function Which Changes Sign 3.9
3.4 Area of a Region Between Two Nonintersecting Graphs 3.11
3.5 Area of a Region Between Two Intersecting Graphs 3.15
3.6 Area by Horizontal Strips 3.18
3.7 Area of a Region Between Several Graphs 3.22
3.8. Determination of Parameters 3.26
3.9 Shifting of Origin 3.30
3.10 Area Bounded by a Closed Curve 3.32
3.11 Areas of Curves Given by Parametric Equations 3.36
3.12 Areas of Curves Given by Polar Equations 3.38
3.13 Areas of Regions Given by Inequalities 3.40
Answer 3.73
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Content ix
CHAPTER 4 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 4.1 – 1.117

4.2 Formation of a Differential Equation 4.3
4.3 Solution of a Differential Equation 4.6
4.4 First Order and First Degree Differential Equations 4.10
4.5 Reducible to Variable Separable 4.14
4.6 Homogeneous Differential Equations 4.20
4.7 Linear Differential Equations 4.26
4.8 Solution by Inspection 4.23
4.9 First Order Higher Degree Differential Equation 4.36
4.10 Higher Order Differential Equation 4.40
4.11 Integral Equation 4.43
4.12 Problems in Trajectories 4.45
4.13 Applications of Differential Equation 4.47
Answer 4.83
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CHAPTER
1
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
1.1 INTRODUCTION Definition

Integral calculus is to find a function of a single variable when A function F(x) is called the antiderivative (primitive) of the
its derivative f(x) and one of its values are known. The function f(x) on the interval [a, b] if at all points of the interval
process of determining the function has two steps. The first F'(x) = f(x).
is to find a formula that gives us all the functions that could Find the antiderivative of the function f(x) = x2.
possibly have f as a derivative. These functions are the so- From the definition of an antiderivative it follows that
called antiderivatives of f, and the formula that gives them x3  x3  
the function f(x)= is an antiderivative, since   = x2.
all is called the indefinite integral of f. The second step is 3  3 
to use the known function value to select the particular It is easy to see that if for the given function f(x) there exists an
antiderivative we want from the indefinite integral. antiderivative, then this antiderivative is not the only one. In
A physicist who knows the velocity of a particle might wish to the foregoing example, we could take the following functions
know its position at a given time. Suppose an engineer who as antiderivatives:
can measure the variable rate at which water is leaking from a x3 x3
tank wants to know the amount leaked over a certain time F(x) =  1, F(x) = – 7 or,,
3 3
period. In each case, the problem is to find a function F whose
derivative is a known function f. If such a function F exists, it x3
generally, F(x) = +C
is called an antiderivative of f. 3
There are two distinct ways in which we may approach the (where C is an arbitrary constant), since

problem of integration. In the first way we regard integration
 x3
 3  C  x
2
as the reverse of differentiation; this is the approach via the
indefinite integral. In the second way we regard integration as
the limit of an algebraic summation; this is the approach via
the definite integral. For the moment we shall consider only On the other hand, it may be proved that functions of the form
the first and we begin with the formal definition. x3
Indefinite integration is the process which is the inverse of  C exhaust all antiderivatives of the function x2. This is a
3
differentiation, and the objective can be stated as follows : given consequence of the following theorem. The example shows
a function y = f(x) of a single real variable x, there is a definite that a function has infinitely many antiderivatives. We are going
process whereby we can find (if it exists) the function F(x) to show how to find all antiderivatives of a given function,
such that knowing one of them.
dF(x) Constant Difference Theorem
 f(x)
dx
If F1(x) and F2(x) are two antiderivatives of a function f(x) on
an interval [a, b], then the difference between them is a constant.
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1.2 INTEGRAL CALCULUS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED
Proof By virtue of the definition of an anti-derivative we Thus, an indefinite integral is a family of functions y =
F(x) + C
F1 (x)  f(x) (one antiderivative for each value of the constant C).
have  ...(1)
F2 (x)  f(x) The symbol  for the integral was introduced by Leibnitz.
for any value of x on the interval [a, b]. This elongated S stood for a "sum" in his notation.
Let us put F1(x) – F2(x) =g(x) ...(2) The graph of an antiderivative of a function f(x) is called an
Then by (1) we have integral curve of the function y = f(x). It is obvious that any
F1 ( x ) – F2 ( x ) = f(x) – f(x) = 0 integral curve can be obtained by a translation (parallel
or g(x) = [F1(x) – F2(x)]' = 0 displacement) of any other integral curve in the vertical
for any value of x on the interval [a, b]. direction.
But from g(x) = 0 it follows that g(x) is a constant. From the geometrical point of view, an indefinite integral is a
Indeed, let us apply the Lagrange's theorem to the function collection (family) of curves, each of which is obtained by
g(x), which, obviously, is continuous and differentiable on the translating one of the curves parallel to itself upwards or downwards
interval [a, b]. No matter what the point x on the interval [a, b], (that is, along the y-axis).
we have, by virtue of the Lagrange's theorem, g(x) – g(a) = (x
– a) g(c) where a < c < x.
Since g(c) = 0,
g(x) – g(a) = 0
or, g(x) = g(a) ...(3)
Thus, the function g(x) at any point x of the interval
[a, b] retains the value g(a), and this means that the function
g(x) is constant on [a, b]. Denoting the constant g(a) by C, we
get from (2) and (3),
F1(x) – F2(x) = C.
Thus, if for the function F1 and F2 there exists an interval [a, b]
such that F1'(x) = F2'(x) in [a, b], then there exists a number C Existence of Antiderivative
such that F1(x) = F2(x) + C in [a, b]. A natural question arises : do antiderivatives (and, hence,
From this theorem it follows that if for a given function f(x) indefinite integrals) exist for every function f(x)?
some one antiderivative F(x) is found, then any other
antiderivative of f(x) has the form F(x) + C, where C is an The answer is no.
arbitrary constant. Let us find an antiderivative of a continuous function
For example, if F '(x) = 6x2 + 2x, then
 x 1 , 0  x 1
F(x) = 2x3 + x2 + C, f(x) =  , on the interval [0, 2].
3  x , 1 x  2
2
for some number C. There are no other antiderivatives of
6x2 + 2x. On integrating both the formulae we get
If F '(x) = 4x – 3 and F(1) = 3,
thenF(x) = 2x2 – 3x + C, for some number C.  x2
Since, F(1) = 2 – 3 + C = 3, we have C = 4.  2  x  C1 , 0  x 1
Thus F(x) = 2x2 – 3x + 4, 
F(x) =  x3
and there is just one function F satisfying the given conditions. 3x   C2 , 1 x  2
 3
The equation F '(x) = 4x – 3 is an example of a differential
equation, and the condition F(1) = 3 is called a boundary To ensure that F '(1) = f(1) = 2, we first make F(x) continuous:
condition of F. F(1–) = F(1+)
Given F ' and a boundary condition on F, there is a unique 1 1
antiderivative F of F ' satisfying the given boundary condition.  + 1 + C1 = 3 – + C2
2 3
This function F is called the solution of the given differential
equation. 3 8
 C1 + = + C2
2 3
Definition
7
If the function F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x), then the  C1 = + C2
6
expression F(x) + C is the indefinite integral of the function
f(x) and is denoted by the symbol f(x) dx. It is the set of all  x2 7
antiderivatives of f(x). Thus, by definition  2  x  6  C2 , 0  x 1
f(x) dx = F(x) + C, 
Now, F(x) =  x3
if F(x) = f(x). 3x   C2 , 1 x  2
Here, the function f(x) is called the integrand, f(x) dx is the  3
element of integration (the expression under the integral sign), We further observe that F (1+) = F (1–).
the variable x the variable of integration, and  is the integral Thus, we obtain the antiderivative F(x) of the function f(x).
sign.
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INDEFINITE INTEGRATION 1.3
Let us note, however, without proof, that if a function f(x) is This chapter is devoted to working out methods by means of
continuous on an interval [a, b], then this function has an which we can find antiderivatives (and indefinite integrals) for
antiderivative (and, hence, there is also an indefinite integral). certain classes of elementary functions.
Now, let us find an antiderivative of a discontinuous function Though the derivative of an elementary function is
1
f(x) = 2 .
always an elementary function, the antiderivative of the
x elementary function may not prove to be representable by a
1 finite number of elementary functions. We shall return to this
F(x) = – 1 is an antiderivative of f(x) = 2 on (– , 0) question at the end of the chapter.
x x
and on (0, ). However, it is not an an antiderivative on [–1, 1]
since the interval includes 0 where F(x) does not exist. 1.2 ELEMENTARY INTEGRALS
We adopt the convention that when a formula for a general
indefinite integral is given, it is valid only on an interval. Thus,
Rules of integration
we write
Assume that f and g are functions with antiderivatives f(x) and
1 1  g(x) dx. Then the following hold :
 x 2
dx   + C
x (a) kf(x) dx = k  f(x) dx for any constant k.
with the understanding that it is valid on the interval (0, ) (b) (f(x) + g(x)) dx =  f(x) dx +  g(x) dx,
or on the interval (– , 0). This is true despite the fact that the (c) (f(x) – g(x)) dx =  f(x) dx +  g(x) dx.
general antiderivative of the function f(x) = 1/x2, x  0, is Proof
(a) It is only required to show that the derivative of k f(x)dx
 1
  x  C1 if x  0 is cf(x). The differentiation shows :
F(x) =  1 . d
 
k  f (x) dx  k
d
  f (x) dx 
   C if x  0 dx dx
= kf (x)
 x 2
A constant moves past the derivative symbol.
Example 1: Prove that y = sgn x does not have an (b) We show that the derivative of f(x) +  g(x) dx is
antiderivative on any interval which contains 0.
 1 , x  0
f(x) + g(x) :
d
dx
  f (x) dx   g(x) dx 

0 , x0
Solution: y = sgn (x) = 
1 , x0

d
dx 
= 
f (x) dx 
d
dx 
  
g(x) dx = f (x) + g (x).
Here we present two antiderivatives : (c) The proof of property (c) is similar to that of property (b).
The last two parts of theorem extend to any finite
  x  c1 , x0
f(x) =  x  c , number of functions. For instance,
 x0
 (f (x) – g(x)  h(x)) dx
2
x  c , x  0
g(x) =  =  f (x) dx–  g(x) dx +  h(x) dx.
 xc , x0
f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0, if c1  c2. g(x) is continuous at x
= 0. None of these functions are differentiable at
x = 0 i.e. we are unable to ensure that f '(0) or g'(0) is 0. Hence,
y = sgn x does not have an antiderivative on any interval which (i) We have  (1  x)dx   1dx   xdx = (x + C 1 ) +
contains 0. However, the function has an antiderivative (either  x2  2
 C2  = x + x + C + C
 2
f or g) on any interval which does not contain 0.

  2 1 2
Indefinite Integration
Here, we have two arbitrary constants when one will suffice.
The finding of an antiderivative of a given function f(x) is called This kind of problem is caused by introducing constants of
indefinite integration of the function f(x). integration too soon and can be avoided by inserting the
Thus, the problem of indefinite integration is to find the function constant of integration in the final result, rather than in
F(x) whose derivative is the given function f(x) i.e. given the intermediate computations.
x e
dF(x) 2 x
equation  f (x) , we have to find the function F(x). (ii) dx = x2 ex – 2(xex – ex + C)
dx
The process of integration is not so simple. Although rules = x2ex – 2xex + 2ex – 2C = (x2 – 2x + 2) ex + C
may be given which cover this operation with various types of where C = 2C
simple functions, indefinite integration is a tentative process, When arbitrary constants are algebraically combined with
and indefinite integrals are found by trial. other numbers, the final algebraic expression is just as
arbitrary.
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(iii) Note the following representations : We have some additional results which will be established
later :
(a)
d
dx
  f (x)dx   f (x) 1
(xiv)  tan x dx = ln sec |x| + C
(b) d  f (x)dx  f (x) dx a
1
(xv)  cot x dx = ln sin|x|+ C
(c)  f '(x)dx  f(x)  C a
(d)  df (x)  f (x)  C (xvi)  sec x dx = ln |sec x + tan x| + C
 x
Elementary formulae = ln tan  +C
4 2
We begin by listing a number of standard forms, that is to say
formulae for integrals which we shall be free to quote once we = – ln |sec x – tan x| + C
have listed them. Each formula is of the the type (xvii)  cosec x dx = n |cosec x  cot x| + c
 f (x)dx  F(x) x
and its validity can be etablished by showing that = n tan +c
2
d F( x )  f ( x ) =  n |cosec x + cot x|
dx Here, we must analyse carefully the formula
These formulae should be known and quoted, without proof, 1
whenever needed.  x dx   n x C
(i)  dx = kx + C, where k is a constant We have two cases :
(i) Let x > 0, then |x| = x and the formula attains the form
x n 1
 x dx =
n
(ii) + C, where n ¹ 1 dx
n 1  x
 nx  C
1 1
(iii)  x dx = ln |x| + C Differentiating, we get (nx + C)' = .
x
ax dx
(iv)  a dx = x  C , where a > 0 (ii) Let x < 0, then |x| = –x and the formula has the form 
n a x
= n(–x) + C
 e dx = e + C
x x
(v)
1 1
Differentiating, we have (n(–x) + C)' = 
(vi)  sin x dx = – cos x + C x x
d 1
(vii)  cos x dx = sin x + C Since ln x is real when x > 0 and (n x) = ,
dx x
(viii)  sec x dx = tan x + C
2
1
so  x dx  ln x  C is defined for x > 0.
(ix)  cosec x dx = – cot x + C
2
d 1 1
When x < 0, i.e. – x > 0, n(–x) =  . Therefore
(x)  sec x tan x dx = sec x + C dx x x
1
(xi)  cosec x cot x dx = – cosec x + C when x < 0,  x dx  ln( x)  C .
1 Hence, both these results will be included if we write
(xi)  1  x2
dx = sin–1 x + C
1
 x dx   n x C.
1
(xii)  dx = tan–1 x + C In the formula and examples where integrals of this type occurs,
1  x2 i.e., where the value of an integral involves the logarithm of a
1 function and the function may become negative for some values
(xiii) x x2  1
dx = sec–1 | x | + C of the variable of the function, the absolute value sign enclosing
the function should be given, but it has generally been omitted,
though it is always understood to be present and it should be
supplied by the students.
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Direct integration log 2 x

2 2 2
log 4 x 1/ 2 log 2 x
(ii) dx = 2 dx = dx
Direct integration is such a method of computing integrals in
which they are reduced to the elementary formulae by applying x 3/ 2
2 
log 2 x
to them the principal properties of indefinite integrals. = dx = x dx = +C
3/ 2
For example :
2 3/ 2
dx   2log4 x dx 
x C
 x  3  ln | x  3 |  C 3
Example 4: Evaluate  e x ln a  ea ln x  ea ln a dx
48x
 3 .4 dx   (3.16) x dx   48x dx  C e
x 2x x ln a
Solution:  ea ln x  ea ln a dx
n48
ln a x a a
 4x dx =
5 4 6
x +C=
2 6
x + C.
= e  e ln x  eln a dx
6 3
 (a  x  a ) dx
x a a
Example 1: Evaluate =
 a dx +  x dx +  a dx
x a a
 x 3  5x 2  4  7  2  dx =
 
x

x
ax x a 1
 x 3  5x 2  4  7  2  dx = + + aa. x + C.
Solution:    ln a a 1
x x
Extension of elementary formulae
7 2
= x
3
dx +  5x dx –  4dx +
2
 dx +  dx
x x If  f (x)dx  F(x) and a, b are constants, then
x x dx – 4 .  1 . dx
3 2
= dx + 5 .
1
1  f (ax  b)dx  a F(ax  b) ...(1)
+ 7.  dx + 2.  x 1/ 2 dx
x We prove (1) by observing that, when y = ax + b,
x4 x3 x  1/ 2
1 d 1 d dy 1
= +5 – 4x + 7 ln | x | + 2  1/ 2  + C F(y)  F(y). = f(y). a = f(ax + b).
4 3   a dx a dy dx a
x4 5 For example:
= + x3 – 4x + 7 ln | x | + 4 x + C
4 3 (ax  b) n 1
2 3x x (i)  (ax + b) n dx =
a (n  1)
+ C, n  1
Example 2: Evaluate  5 x dx
1
2 x  3x (ii)  sin(5x  2)dx   5 cos(5x  2) + C
Solution:  5x
dx
1
 sec (3x  5)dx  tan(3x  5)  C
2
 2x 3x    2    3   dx
x x (iii)
=   5x  5x  dx =  

 
5
  
5 
3
(iv)  sec (ax + b) . tan (ax + b) dx

(2 / 5) x (3 / 5) x
=  +C
ln 2 / 5 ln 3 / 5 1
= sec (ax + b) + C
Example 3: Evaluate a
(v) cos 7x + sin (2x – 6)) dx
5
loge x
(i) dx
1
= 1 sin 7x – cos (2x – 6) + C
 2 4 dx
log x
(ii) 7 2
dx 1
(vi)   ln 2x  1  C
Solution: 2x  1 2
dx    1 
x 1 2x 1 1 
x loge 5  1 (vii)  dx    dx
2x  1 2 2x  1 2  2x  1
 5 e dx =  x e dx =
log x log 5
(i) +C
 
log e 5  1 1 1
= x  ln 2x  1 + C
2 2
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In this example, we break the function up into parts like 1 and From the standard result we obtain,
1  1 sec –1 x  C , xa
whose integrals we know from the list of elementary 1  a a
2x  1
 x x 2  a 2 dx =  1 –1 x

integrals. – sec a  C , x  a
 a
dx dx 1 dx
(viii)  25  4x 2    25 2
 
4  5 2
4 x  x2
 4   2
2 / 3
1 1 x 1 2x 1
= 4
. tan 1  C 
5 5 10
tan 1
5
C 
2 x x2 1
dx = sec–1 x 2 / 3
2
2 2
 5  2    
dx dx 1 1 bx =  
(ix)  a 2  b 2 x 2   a 2  (bx) 2  ab tan a + C 6 3 6
This is a wrong result since the integral of a negative function
must be negative. This happened because the antiderivative
dx dx dx
 1  9x
  used in the calculation is wrong.
9   x2 
2
(x) 1 1
3  x2 2 / 3
1
9  9  x x2 1
dx = – sec–1 x 2 / 3
2
2
1 dx 1 x 1
=  sin 1  C  sin 1 3x  C
3  1 2 3 1 3  5 2   
 x2 =     .
 3 3 6 3 6
Alternatively, we have
dx 1 1 | x |
dx 1 x x a2 2

a
sec
a
C
(i)  x2 is a 'convenient form' for  x 2 dx and such symbols Thus,
 2
are commonly used. Strictly, the first symbol has no  2 dx   
meaning save as a shorthand for the second symbol; as the 2 / 3
x x 12
 sec 1 | x |
2 / 3
  
4 6 12
.
definition shows, there can be no question here of 'dividing
dx by x2'. Determination of function
(ii) In the chapter of indefinite integration, the simplification of
square root functions are done without much consideration Example 5: Let f be a polynomial function such that
to the sign of the expressions. However, this must be taken for all real x, f(x2 + 1) = x4 + 5x2 + 3 then find the primitive of
seriously in the chapter of definite integration. f (x) w.r.t. x.
For example, Solution: f (x2 + 1) = (x2 + 1)2 + 3x2 + 2
= (x2 + 1)2 + 3(x2 + 1) – 1
 1  sin 2x dx
We replace x2 + 1 by x
 f (x) = x2 + 3x – 1
=  (sin x  cos x) 2 dx Now we integrate f(x) w.r.t. x :
=  (sin x + cos x) dx
 f (x)dx   (x  3x  1) dx
2
= – cos x + sin x + C
A more elegant way of handling the situation is illustrated below: x 3 3x 2
=  xC
 1  sin 2x dx =  (sin x  cos x) dx2
3 2
 3 
Example 6: Given f ''(x) = cos x, f'   = e and
=  sin x  cos x dx f(0) = 1, then find f (x).
2
= sgn (sin x + cos x) ·  (sinx + cos x) dx Solution: f''(x) = cos x
= sgn (sin x + cos x) · {– cos x + sin x} + C. Integrating w.r.t. x :
1 f(x) = sin x + C1
(iii) We notice that the integral of
| x | x2  a2
,  3 
Now, f '   = e
2
sec 1   + C. But we would like to
1 x  e = – 1 + C  C1 = e + 1
where a > 0 is  a
a f ' (x) = sin x + e + 1
1 Integrating again w.r.t. x :
know the integral of . f (x) = – cos x + (e + 1)x + C2
x x  a2
2
Binder1.pdf 6 3/17/2020 6:33:07 PM

f (0) = 1  1 = – 1 + C2  C2 = 2 The root of this equation is x = 2. The value of the function y =
 f (x) = (e + 1)x – cos x + 2 x2 at the point x = 2 is equal to 4. Consequently, among all the
Example 7: A curve y = f (x) such that f ''(x) = 4x at antiderivatives of the functions y = x + 2,
each point (x, y) on it and crosses the x-axis at 1 2
i.e. the function F(x) = x + 2x + C,
(–2, 0) at an angle of 45°. Find the value of f (1). 2
Solution: f ''(x) = 4x f '(x) = 2x2 + c we must find that whose graph passes through the point P(2,
f ' (–2) = tan 45° = 1 = 8 + c  c=–7 4). The constant C can be found from the condition F(2) = 4 :
Now f ' (x) = 2x2 – 7 1
 . 4 + 2.2 + C = 4  C = – 2.
2  2
 f (x) = x  7x  d 1
3  F(x) = x2 + 2x – 2.
16 2
Since, f (–2) = 0 – + 14 + d = 0 Example 9: Deduce the expansion for tan–1x from the
3
26 1
 d=– formula = 1 – x2 + x4 – x5 + ... when x < 1,
3 1  x2
1 Solution:We have
 f (x) = [2x3 – 21x – 26]
3 1
45 = 1 – x2 + x4 – x5 + .....
And, thus f (1) = – = – 15. 1  x2
3 Integrating both sides w.r.t. x, we have
Example 8: Find the antiderivatives of the function y dx x3 x 5 x 7
= x + 2 which touch the curve y = x2. tan–1x = 
1  x2
 x –
3

5
–
7
 ...
Solution: Since the function y = x + 2 is a derivative of
No constant is added since tan–1x vanishes with x.
any of its antiderivatives, it follows, that the equation for finding
the abscissa of the point of tangency has the form 2x = x + 2.
A
1. Find an antiderivative of the function : (b) Find an equation for the integral curve that
(i) f(x) = 1 – 4x + 9x2 passes through the point (0, 1).
(ii) f(x) = x x + x – 5 5. Prove that the following functions donot have an
antiderivative on any interval which contains 0.
(iii) f(x)  4 x 1  x  1, x  0  x 2, x0
(i) y =  x, x  0 (ii) y =  1, x0
(iv) f(x) = (x/2 – 7) . 3  
6. Find the function satisfying the given equation and the
1 3 boundary conditions.
2. (a) Show that F(x) = (3x + 4)2 and G(x)= x2 + 4x
6 2 (i) F'(x) = 3(x + 2)3, F(0) = 0
differ by a constant by showing that they (ii) s"(t) = 8, s'(0) = 7, s(–1) = –3
are antiderivatives of the same function. (iii) f '(x) = x2 + 5, f(0) = –1.
(b) Find the constant C such that F(x) – G(x) = C by 7. If f ''(x) = 10 and f ' (1) = 6 and f (1) = 4 then find
evaluating F(x) and G(x) at a particular value f (–1).
8. Evaluate the following integrals :
of x.
e2x  1
(c) Check your answer in part (b) by simplifying
the expression F(x) – G(x) algebraically.
(i)  2x . ex dx (ii)  ex
dx
 
ax  b px  q
3. Let F and G be defined piecewise as (iii) e dx (iv) a dx
 x, x 0  x  2, x  0 9. Evaluate the following integrals :
F(x) = x, x0
and G(x) =   x  3, x  0
 e dx e
  n x  n x 2
(i) (ii) dx
(a) Show that F an d G have the sa me
(iii)  n  e  dx
1
derivative.

m ln x
x (iv) e dx
(b) Show that G(x)  F(x) + C for any constant C.
(c) Do parts (a ) a nd (b ) vio lat e t he constant
a  (2 + 3 )
mx
difference theorem ? Explain. (i) .b nx dx (ii)
x x 2
dx
4. (a) Graph so me rep resentativ e inte gral c urves e 3x
 e5x
(iii)  (iv)  e
n 2 n x
of the function f(x) = ex/2. dx dx
e x
 e x
Binder1.pdf 7 3/17/2020 6:33:07 PM

11. Evaluate the following integrals : 14. Evaluate the following integrals :
dx

dx dx
(i) 
2· x
n
(ii) (ax + b) dx (i) 
x 25x 2  2
(ii)
(x  1) x 2  2x
dx
dx

(iii) 3  2 x (iv)
(1+ x)3
dx (iii) 
(2x  1) (2x  1)2  4
x
x dx 2x  1
(i) 
a  bx dx (ii) x  2 dx 
cos 1 
x
1
x 2
x4

 
2  dx
(iii) 
1  x2
dx (iv)
1  x2 
dx (i) 2  x
sin 1  
dx
(ii)
 x2 
 3  4 
13. Evaluate the following integrals :  2
(i)  cos xº dx (ii)  sec (ax  b) dx
2
1
(iii)  cot x dx
2
1  cos x
(iv)  1  cos x dx
(iii)  3  (2  3x) 2
dx
A
16. Integrate the following functions : (c) f(sin x) = cos2x for all x, f(1) = 1.
1 2  5x 2 3  2x 4 1  1 for 0  x  1,
(i) 3 sin 3  5 cos 5  1  2x  (d) f(ln x) =  , f(0) = 0.
(3x  1  x for x  1,
23. Use the following information to graph the function f over
7 2
(ii) (7–4x)3 +  4cosec2 (4x  3)  the closed interval [– 2, 5].
(3  7x) 16  9x2 (a) The graph of f is made of closed line segments
17. Show that joined end to end.
dx 1  x  (b) The graph starts at the point (– 2, 1).
I=  4sin x  5cos x  41
n | tan    |  C
 2 2 (c) The derivative of f is shown below:
5 Y
where  = tan–1 .
4 y= f (x)
18. Prove that 1
–2 0 1 3 5 X
1  x 2m 1 1 1
 1 x 2
dx  x  x 3  x 5  ... 
3 5 2m  1
x 2m 1 .
–2
19. Given the continuous periodic function f(x), 24. Is there a function f such that f(0) = – 2, f(1) = 1, and f(x)
x  R. Can we assert that the antiderivative of that function = 0 for all x? If so, how many such functions are there?
is a periodic function ? 25. Find all functions f(x) such that f(x) = 2 sin 3x.
26. A function g, defined for all positive real numbers,
xx

20. Show that | x |dx =
2
+C satisfies the following two conditions:
g(1) = 1 and g(x2) = x3 for all x > 0.
21. Find all the antiderivatives of the function Compute g(4).
f(x) = 3/x whose graphs touch the curve y = x3. 27. Find a polynomial P of degree  5 with P(0) = 1, P(1) =
22. In each case, find a function f satisfying the given 2, P(0) = P(0) = P(1) = P(1) = 0.
conditions. 28. Find a function f such that f(x) = x + cos x and such
(a) f(x2) = 1/x for x > 0, f(1) = 1. that f(0) = 1 and f (0) = 2.
(b) f(sin2 x) = cos2x for all x, f(1) = 1.
Binder1.pdf 8 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

1.3 INTEGRATION BY find an appropriate transformation of the integrand, thus

reducing the given integral to a standard form.
TRANSFORMATION The student must not, however, take for granted that whenever
one or other of the transformations is applicable, it furnishes
Standard methods of integration the simplest method of integration. The most suitable
transformation in each case can only be arrived at after
The different methods of integration all aim at reducing a given
considerable practice and familiarity with the results introduced
integral to one of the fundamental or known integrals. There
by such transformations.
are several methods of integration :
(i) Method of Transformation, i.e., it is useful to properly 5(x  3) 2
transform the integrand and then take advantage of the
Example 1: Evaluate I =  x x
dx
basic table of integration formulae.
5x 2  30x  45
(ii) Method of Substitution, i.e., a change of the independent
variable helps in computing a large number of indefinite
Solution: I =  x x
dx
integrals. dx
= 5  x dx  30  45  x 3 / 2 dx
1/ 2
(iii) Integration by parts
In some cases, when the integrand is a rational fraction it x
may be broken into Partial Fractions by the rules of 2
algebra, and then each part may be integrated by one of  5. x 3 / 2  30.2 x  45( 2x 1/ 2 )  C
3
the above methods.
10 3 / 2
In some cases of irrational functions, the method of Integration  x  60 x  90 x 1 / 2  C .
by Rationalization is adopted, which is a special case of (ii) 3
above.
x4
In some cases, integration by the method of Successive Example 2: Evaluate  x 2  1dx
Reduction is resorted to, which really falls under case (iv) It
may be noted that the classes of integrals which are reducible x4 x4 1 1
to one or other of the fundamental forms by the above processes Solution:  x 2  1dx =  x2  1
dx
are very limited, and that the large majority of the expressions,
under proper restrictions, can only be integrated by the aid of x4 1 1
infinite series, and in some cases when the integrand involves =  x2  1 +
x2  1
dx
expressions under a radical sign containing powers of x beyond
1
the second, the investigation of such integrals has necessitated
the introduction of higher classes of transcedental function such
=  (x
2
 1) dx +  x2  1 dx
as elliptic functions, etc.
x3
In fact, integration is, on the whole, a more difficult operation = – x + tan–1 x + C
than differentiation. We know that elementary functions are 3
differentiated according to definite rules and formulae but x2  3
integration involves, so to say, an "individual" approach to every Example 3: Evaluate  x 6 (x 2  1)
dx
function. Differential calculus gives general rules for
differentiation, but integral calculus gives no such (x 2  1)  2
corresponding general rules for performing the inverse Solution:  x 6 (x 2  1) dx
operation. In fact, so simple an integral in appearance as
1 2
sin x   x6 dx +  x 6 (x 2  1) dx
 x cos xdx, or 
x
dx
1 (x 6  1)  x 6
cannot be worked out that is, there is no elementary function =  x6
dx + 2  x 6 (x 2  1)
dx
whose derivative is x cos x, or (sin x)/x, though the integrals
1 x4  x2  1 1
exist. There is quite a large number of integrals of these types. =  x6 dx + 2  x6
dx – 2  x 2  1 dx
Method of Transformation 1  1 1 1 1
= dx + 2   2  4  6  dx – 2  dx
x 6  x x x  1 x2
In the method of transformation, we find the integrals by
manipulation i.e. by simplifying and converting the given 1  1  1  1 
5 + 2 
 x 3x 3 5x 5  – 2 tan x + C.
= –1
integrand into standard integrands. It requires experience to 5x
Binder1.pdf 9 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

1 1  x4 1
Example 4: Evaluate   ( 
x3/ 4 1  x
+ sec x tan x dx. =
1
2
 ( sin x + cos x) dx – 2 2
1 1  x4
Solution: Let I = (x 3/ 4

1 x
+ sec x tan x dx

1

dx
sin  x  
I =  x -3/4 dx +  (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 ) dx +  sec x tan x dx ,  4
[ (1 – xn) / (1 – x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + .... + xn – 1] 1 1  x 
I = 4x1/4 + x + (x2/2) + (x3/3) + (x4/4) + sec x + C. = ( – cos x + sin x) – ln tan    + C
2 2 2  2 4
1  sin x
Example 5: Evaluate I =  dx. sin 2x
1  cos x
Example 9: Evaluate  sin 5x sin 3x dx
1  sin x
Solution: Here I =  dx
1  cos x sin 2x sin(5x  3x)
1
1  2 sin x cos x
1 Solution:  sin 5x sin 3x dx =  sin 5x sin 3x dx
2 2
=  2 1 dx sin 5x cos 3x  cos 5x sin 3x
2sin x
2 =  sin 5x sin 3x dx
1 1 1
=  (cot 3x – cot 5x) dx
=
2  2
x dx +  cos
cosec2
2
x dx
= 1/3 ln |sin 3x| – 1/5 ln |sin 5x| + C.
1 1
= –cot x + 2 ln (sin x) + C. sin x
2 2
dx
Example 10: Evaluate  cos 3x dx
Example 6: Evaluate I =  3 cos x  sin x 2 sin x cos x
sin x
Solution: We have Solution:  cos3 x dx =  2 cos x cos3 x dx
dx dx
I =  3 cos x  sin x

 3  sin(3x  x)
2
1
cos x  sin x  =  2 cos x cos 3x dx
 2 2 
1 dx 1  1  sin 3x cos x  cos 3x sin x
=
2
  cosec  x  3  dx =  dx
sin  x  
1 2 2 cos x cos 3x
 3 
1
=
1 1 
ln tan  x  (  / 6)  + C. = 2  (tan 3x – tan x) dx
2 2
1  sin  1 1
Example 7: Evaluate  d = ln sec 3x  ln sec x + C.
cos  6 2
Solution: We break the integrand into two summands
1  sin   1  sin   d Integrals of the form
 d =  
cos   cos  cos  
=  (sec  – tan ) d  cos ax cos bx dx ,  sin ax sin bx dx
= ln |sec  + tan | + ln |cos | + C.
Since ln A + ln B = ln AB, the answer can be simplified to ln
 sin ax cos bx dx , in which a b.
We use the addition formulae to change products to sums or
(|sec  + tan | |cos |) + C.
differences, which can be integrated easily.
But sec  cos  = 1 and tan  cos  = sin . The answer becomes
For example :
even simpler :
1
1  sin   cos x cos 2 x dx = 2  2 cos x cos 2x dx
 cos 
d = ln (1 + sin ) + C.
1
2 
dx = (cos 3x  cos x) dx
Example 8: Evaluate 
sec x  cos ecx 1  sin 3x sin x 
=    +C
dx 1 2 sin x cos x 2  3 1 
Solution:  =  dx
sec x  cos ecx 2 sin x  cos x
1 (sin x  cos x) 2  1
 sin mx sin nxdx
=  dx
2 sin x  cos x
Binder1.pdf 10 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

1 1
2 
=  cos(m  n)xdx   cos(m  n)xdx  Solution: cos4x = { (1 + cos 2x)}2
 2
 sin(m  n)x sin(m  n)x 1
= {1 + 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x}
 2(m  n)  2(m  n) if m 2  n 2 4
=  1 1
   x  sin 2nx  if m n = [1 + 2 cos 2x + (1 + cos 4x)]
  2 4n  4 2
3 1 1
1 = + cos 2x + cos 4x
 2  
sinmxcosnxdx   sin(m  n)xdx  sin(m  n)xdx

8 2 8
3 1 1
 cos(m  n)x

cos(m  n)x
if m 2  n 2
 cos4 x dx =  (
8
+ cos 2x + cos 4x) dx
2 8
 2(m  n) 2(m  n)
=  3 1 1
  cos 2nx = x + sin 2x + sin 4x + C.
if m   n 8 4 32
 4n
Example 13: Evaluate  sin6x dx .
1
 cos mx cos nxdx  2  cos(m  n)xdx   cos(m  n)xdx  Solution: To evaluate  sin6x dx we should first
 sin(m  n)x sin(m  n)x expressed sin6 x as a sum of sines/cosines of multiples of x and
 2(m  n)  2(m  n) if m  n 2 2
then integrate each term of the sum to obtain the result.

=
 x  sin 2nx if m2  n 2 Since sin2 x =
1
(1 – cos 2x),
2 4n 2
Example 11: Evaluate  sin 8x sin 3x dx 1
therefore sin6 x = (1 – cos 2x)3,
8
1
Solution: We have sin 8x sin 3x = (cos 5x – cos 11x), 1
2 = [1 – 3 cos 2x + 3 cos2 2x – cos 3 2x] ...(1)
8
and so  sin 8x sin 3x dx 1
Writing cos2 2x = (1 + cos 4x),
1 2
2
= (cos 5x  cos 11x) dx
1
cos3 2x = (cos 6x + 3 cos 2x),
1 1 4
= sin 5x – sin 11x + C. (1) becomes
10 22
1 3
If a question has one of the functions like sin2x, sin 6 x = [1 – 3 cos 2x + (1 + cos 4x)
8 2
cos x, sin x or cos3x, then we replace them by
2 3 1
– (cos 6x + 3 cos 2x)},
4
1  cos x 1  cos 2x 3sin x  sin 3x 3cos x  cos 3x
, , , 1
2 2 4 4 = [10 – 15 cos 2x + 6 cos 4x – cos 6x] ...(2)
respectively. The idea is to first express the function in terms of 32
multiple angles as above and then integrate it. From (2) we have  sin 6 xdx
Also tan2x and cot2x should be replaced by sec2x – 1 and
cosec2x – 1 respectively. 1 15 3 1
 [10 x – sin 2 x + sin 4 x  sin 6 x]  C ...(3)
For example : 32 2 2 6
If the exponents are not too big, this method works well.
 cos2x dx =  (1 + cos 2x) dx Example 14: Evaluate I =  sin 3 x cos3 x dx
x 1
=  sin 2x + C, 1
2 4
8 
1 Solution: I= (2sin x cos x)3 dx
 sin2x dx =  (1 – cos 2x) dx
2 1
x 1  sin
3
= 2x dx
=  sin 2x + C. 8
2 4
1 3sin 2x  sin 6x
1
 sin3xdx =  4 (3sin x–sin x)dx
=
8  4
dx
1
3
= cos x +
1
cos3x + C.
=
32  (3 sin 2x  sin 6x) dx
4 12
1  3
 cos 2 x  cos 6 x  + C.
1
Example 12: Evaluate  cos4x dx . =
32  2 6 
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dx 1
Example 15: Evaluate  sin(x  )sin(x ) =
2 
(cos x  sin x  1) dx
1
1 sin[(x   )  (x  )] =  sin x  cos x  x  + C.
sin(   )  sin(x   ) sin(x  )
Solution: I dx 2
Example 18: Integrate the function
1 sin(x) cos(x)  cos(x )sin(x)
=
sin()  sin(x  )sin(x )
dx 5cos3 x  2sin 3 x
+ (1  sin 2 x)
2sin 2 x cos2 x
1 1  2 sin x 1  cos 2x
sin(   ) 
 [cot(x  )  cot(x   )]dx 
+ w. r. t. x.
cos2 x 1  cos 2x
1
sin(   ) 
 (ln sin(x  )  ln sin(x   ) ]  C . Solution: The given function may be written as
5cos x  2sin 3 x
3
1 sin(x  )  (cos 2 x  sin 2 x  2sin x cos x)

 ln C . 2sin 2 x cos2 x
sin(   ) sin(x   )
1 2sin x 2sin 2 x
+  

Example 16: Evaluate tan(x – ) · tan (x + ) · tan 2x dx cos2 x cos2 x 2 cos2 x
5
Solution: tan 2x = tan (x    x  ) = cosec x cot x + sec x tan x + cos x + sin x
2
tan(x   )  tan(x –  ) + sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x + 2 (sec2 x – 1)
= 5
1  tan(x   )·(x –  ) = cosec x cot x + 3 sec x tan x + cos x + sin x
2
or, tan 2x – tan 2x · tan (x + ) tan (x – )
= tan (x + ) + tan (x + ) + 3 sec2 x – 2.
 tan (x + ) tan (x + ) tan 2x Now integrating, we get
= tan 2x – tan (x + ) – tan (x – )
5
 2  sec x tan x dx
 I= [tan 2x – tan (x + ) – tan (x – )] dx I= cosec x cot x dx + 3
=
1
2
ln |sec 2x| – ln sec |(x + )|   
+ cos xdx + sin xdx + 3 sec2 x dx – 2 dx 
– ln sec |(x – )| + C 5
= – cosec x + 3 sec x + sin x – cos x
= ln | sec 2 x · cos (x + ) · cos(x – )| + C. 2
+ 3 tan x – 2x + C.
Example 17: Evaluate
cos 5x  cos 4 x
dx
1  2 cos 3x dx .
 tan x  cot x  sec x  cosec x cos 5x  cos 4 x
Solution:  1  2 cos 3x
dx
dx
Solution: I=  tan x  cot x  sec x  cosec x sin 3x(cos 5x  cos 4x)
  sin 3x  2 cos 3x sin 3x dx
sin x cos x dx
=  1  sin x  cos x 3x 3x 9x x
2 sin cos . 2 cos cos
2 2 2 2 dx
=
sin xdx
 sec x  tan x  1
  sin 3x  sin 6x
Multiplying and dividing by (1+ tan x – sec x), we get 3x 3x 9x x
sin
cos cos cos
sin x(1  tan x  sec x) 2 2 2 2
=  (1  tan x)2  sec2 x dk 4  9x 3x
dx
 2 cos sin
2 2
sin x(1  tan x  sec x)
=  2 tan x
dk

3x x
  2 cos cos dx   (cos 2 x  cos x) dx
2 2
1
=
2 
cos x (1 + tan x – sec x) dx 
 
sin 2x
 sin x   C .
 2 
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B
(1  x)  sec
2 2
(i) x cosec2 x dx
(i)  dx

x 1  x2  (ii)  cot
2
x cos 2 x dx
x4  x2  1
 tan
2
 (iii) x sin 2 x dx
 
(ii) dx
2 1 x 2

(iv) (cot x  cos x ) dx
2 2
3 2
x  4 x  5x  2
(iii)  x 2  2x  1
dx 6. Evaluate the following integrals :
dx dx
(i)  (ii) 
81 x  41x 1  cos x 1  sin x
(iv)  dx dx cos x  cos 2x
2.
2x
Evaluate the following integrals :
(iii) 
1  sin 3x
(iv) 
1  cos x
dx
 cos
3
(i) x dx
1  cos 2 x 1  tan 2 x
(i)  dx (ii)  dx
(ii)  sin4x dx 1  cos 2x 1  tan 2 x
sin 6 x  cos 6 x 1  tan 2 x cos 2 x
(iii)  sin 2 x . cos 2 x
dx (iii) 
1  cot 2 x
dx (iv)  dx
cos 2 x sin 2 x
a sin3 x  b cos3 x 8. Evaluate the following integrals :
(iv) sin x cos x 2 2 (i) 
cos 5x  cos 4 x
dx
1  2 cos 3x
cos x  sin x
3 3
(ii) 
(i)  cos 2x cos 3x dx cos x  sin x
dx
cos 2x  2 sin x 2
 cos x sin 4x dx .
2
(ii) (iii)  dx
cos 2 x
(iii)  sin 2x . cos2 x dx cos ecx  tan x  sin 2 x
2
x 21 (iv)  dx
sin x
(iv)  4 cos 2 ·cos x ·sin 2
x dx
(i)  (3 sin x cos 2 x – sin 3 x) dx
(i)  1  sin x
sin  sin (x  )  sin 2  x   
cos 4 x  sin 4 x (ii)   
2
  dx

(ii)  1  cos 4x
dx
sin 2   
   sin 2    dx
9 x 7 x
(iii)   
 8 4  8 4 
(iii)  sin x sin 2 x sin 3x dx
3 
(iv)  sin x cos x cos 2x cos 4x dx (iv)  cot 4   2x  cos 4x dx.
B
10. Evaluate the following integrals : sin x
dx
(iv) 
cos 2 x
(1 – 3 sin3x) dx
(i)  11. Evaluate the following integrals :
25  4 x 2
dx
(ii)  x 4  x 4  2
x 1 x (i)  x3
dx
x 2
 sin 2 x sec2 x  (ii) 
dx
dx
(iii)  1 x 2
dx 2x  3  2x  3
1-13.pdf 1 3/17/2020 8:55:20 PM

 
x  1 x2  x  14. Evaluate the following integrals :
(iii)  dx 5cos3 x  3sin 3 x
x x x x (i)  sin x cos
2 2
x
dx
 1  x 2 2 x 2  x 
 (cos x  sin
6 6
(iv) 
 1/2
x  x
1/2
 
x3/2 x1/2  x 1/2
 dx

(ii) x) dx
x
 sin
3
12. Evaluate the following integrals : (iii) x cos dx
2
2 x3  3x2  4 x  5 dx
(i)  2x  1
dx
(iv)  3 cos x  sin x
 x 6  64 x2 4x2 (2x  1) 
(ii)   1
 4  2x  x
2
.
4  4x 1  x 2
 
1  2 x  dx
sin 3 x  cos 3 x
2 (i)  sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx
 x 1   x 1 x 1 
(iii)  
 2

2
 
x   x 1
  dx
x 1  sin 2x  sin 5x  sin 3x
(ii)  cos x  1  2 sin 2 2x
dx
2
1 x 1
(iv)  1  x  1/ 1  x
dx.
(iii)
cos x  sin x
 cos x  sin x (2  2 sin 2x)dx
 cot 2 2x  1 
(i) 
( x  1)(x 2  x )
dx.
(iv) 
 2 cot 2x
 cos8x cot 4x  dx

x x x x
1  x 2 1  1 x 1 x  cos x dx
(ii)  x


  dx
1  x  1  x 
(i)  1  cos x
dx (ii)  sin x sin(x  )
1  x 2 x1
x 4  5x 3  15x  9  9 (iii)  {1  cot(x  )cot(x  } dx

x 6  3x 4 x4
(iii)  3 dx 17. Let f(0) = 0 and f '(x) = 1 for – 1 < x < 1,
( x  4 x  3x  12 ) / x 5
2
(1  x 2 )
3 6
x  2  x2 1 x 2  x2 (1  a 2 )  a (1  x 2 ) }.
(iv)
 3
1 x2
dx show that f(x) + f(a) = f{x
 I =  f{(u)} '(u) du.

1.4 INTEGRATION BY
Thus, in the integral  f(x)dx, we put x = (u) in the
SUBSTITUTION
expression f(x) and also we replace dx by '(u) du and then we
The method of substitution is one of the basic methods for proceed with the integration with u as the new variable. After
calculating indefinite integrals. Even when we integrate by some evaluating the integral we need to replace u by the equivalent
other method, we often resort to substitution in the intermediate expression in x.
states of calculation. The success of integration depends largely dx
on how appropriate the substitution is for simplifying the given Note that though from x = (u) we can write = '(u) in
du
integral. Essentially, the study of methods of integration reduces making our substitution in the given integral, we generally use
to finding out what kind of substitution has to be performed for it in the differential form dx = '(u) du. It really means that
a given element of integration. when x and u are connected by the relation x = (u), I being the
Substitution – change of variable function of x whose differential coefficient with respect to x is
f(x), it is, when expressed in terms of u, identical with the
Let I =  f(x) dx, and let x = (u). function whose differential coefficient with respect to u is
f{(u)} '(u) which later, by a proper choice of (u), may
dI dx possibly be of a standard form, and therefore easy to find out.
Then, by definition, = f(x) and = '(u).
dx du
Sometimes it is found convenient to make the
dI dI dx
Now,  = f '(x) '(u) = f{(u)} '(u). substitution in the form g(x) = u where corresponding
du dx du differential form will be g'(x) dx = du.
Binder1.pdf 14 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

Let g be a function whose range is an interval I, and let f be a

function that is continuous on I. If g is differentiable on its sin 3 x
= sin x + +C
domain and F is an antiderivative of f on I, then 3
dx
f(g(x))g(x) dx = F(g(x)) + C. Example 4: Evaluate x 4x 2  5
If u = g(x), then du = g(x) and du
dx
f(u)du = F(u) + C. Solution:
x 4x 2  5
  u 2
2
u  a2
Steps for substitution 2
(i) Choose a substitution u = g(x). Usually, it is best to choose where a = 5
the inner part of a composite function, such as a quantity Put u  2x, x  u / 2, dx  du / 2 ,
raised to a power.
du
(ii) Compute du = g(x) dx.
(iii) Rewrite the integral in terms of the variable u. = u u2  a2
(iv) Evaluate the resulting integral in terms of u.
1 1 u
(v) Replace u by g(x) to obtain an antiderivative in terms = sec +C
of x. a a
The main challenge in using substitution is to think of an
sec 1 
1 2| x|
appropriate substitution. One should try to choose u to be some =  +C
5  5 
function in the integrand whose differential also occurs (except
for a constant factor). If that is not possible, try choosing u to x
be some complicated part of the integrand. Finding the right Example 5: Evaluate  4  x3
dx .
substitution is a bit of an art. It is not unusual to guess a wrong
substitution; if the first guess does not work, try another x x dx
substitution. Solution: I=  4  x3
dx =  4  x3
Example 1: Find  x3 cos (x4 + 2) dx. Here integral of x is
2 3/2
x and 4 – x3 = 4 – (x3/2)2
Solution: We make the substitution u = + 2 because x4 3
its differential is du = 4x3 dx, which, apart from the constant 2
factor 4, occurs in the integral. Thus, using x3 dx = du/4, we Put x3/2 = t  x dx  dt
3
have
2 dt 2 1  x 3/2 
 3  4  t2 = 3
x3 cos (x4 + 2) dx I sin  C.
 2 
1 1
=  cos u .
du =
4 
cos u du 10x 9  10x ln10
4 Example 6: Evaluate  10x  x10 dx
1 1
= sin u + C = sin (x4 + 2) + C Solution: Put 10x + x10 = t
4 4  (10x ln10 + 10 x9) dx = dt
(n x)2 1
Example 2: Evaluate  x
dx I=  t dt  ln t = ln |10 x
+ x10| + C.
(n x)2 x x (1  (ln x)dx

Solution:  x
dx Example 7: Evaluate  ( x x  1)
.
Put nx = t Solution: Put = t xx

1  x2(1 + ln x) dx = dt
 dx = dt dt
x I= 
t 1
= ln (t + 1)
t .   =
dx t3 (n x)3
  = ln(xx + 1) + C.
2 2
I= t dt = +C= + C.
 x  3 3
d( x 2  1)
Example 3: Evaluate  (1  sin
2
x)cos x dx Example 8: Evaluate  x2  2
Solution: Put sinx = t cosx dx = dt d( x 2  1)
t3
Solution: I= x2  2
 (1  t 2 ) dt = t +
3
+C We know d(x2 + 1) = 2x dx
Binder1.pdf 15 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

2 xdx i.e. when power of x is in the denominator, then decrease the

 I=  x2  2
power by one and multiply the denominator by the decreased
power with sign changed.
Put x2 + 2 = t2  2x dx = 2t dt
1
2 t dt Here , I = +C
I=  t
= 2t + C  6 sin 6 x
4x
 I = 2 x 2  2 + C. Example 11: Evaluate
(1  2x 2 )2dx
Alternative : 2
 u  du 
4x 
d(x  1)
2
d(x 2  1)
 
2 2
  
I=  x 22
=  (x 2  1)  1
Solution:
(1  2x 2 )2
dx (1 2x ) ( 4x)dx
1
u ( 1)
 
= 2 (x  1)  1 + C
2
1
  (1  2x 2 )1  C = + C.
[considering x2 + 1 as the variable of integration] 2x2  1
=2 x 2  2 + C. x 2 dx
3
Example 12: Find
3  (x
 2)5
.
x 2 dx 1 d( 4  3x ) 1 3
 4  3x 3  9  3 = n 4  3x  C Solution: Let u be the value in the parenthesis, that is,
4  3x 9
let u = x3 – 2. Then du = 3x2 dx. so by substitution :
Deduction 1 x 2 dx du / 3 1 5
 3
(x  2) 5

u5 
3
u du 
The General Poser Rule for integration
1 u 4 1 3
n [ f ( x )]n 1 =
3 4
+C=– (x – 2)–4 + C.
 [ f ( x )] f ' ( x )dx 
n 1
+ C , n  –1. 12
In other words it means that if we are to integrate any function Deduction 2

of x raised to the power n and multiplied by the derivative of
f '(x)
that function, then we shall apply the above power formula on
that function.
I=  f (x) dx  ln | f (x) |  C
Proof We prove this as follows :
n Put f(x) = z.
I =  [f (x )] f ' (x )dx  f '(x) dx = dz.
Put f(x) = t  f(x) dx = dt dz
n 1 [ f ( x)] n 1  I   ln | z |  ln | f (x) |  C
I =  t dt  t z
n
 +C
n 1 n 1 Hence, if the integrand be a fraction such that its numerator is
the differential coefficient of the denominator, then the integral
5 2 tan 6 x
For example,  tan x sec xdx  +C is equal to
6 ln |(denominator)| + C.
Example 9: Evaluate  (x
2
+ 1)2 (2x) dx. x 2 dx
For example, consider I =  .
7  x3
Solution: Letting g(x) = x2 + 1, you obtain Here the derivative of the denominator (7 + x3) is 3x2.
g(x) = 2x and f(g(x)) = [g(x)]2. 1 3x 2 dx 1
From this, we can recognize that the integrand follows the  I=  = n7 + x3+ C
3 7  x3 3
f(g(x)) g(x) pattern. Thus, we write
cos x  sin x
[g( x )]2
 g ( x) 1 2 3
Also,
 sin x  cos x dx  ln | (sin x  cos x) |  C
 (x 2  1)2 (2x) dx = 3 (x + 1) + C. 2ax  b
cos x  ax  bx  c
2
dx  ln | (ax 2  bx  c) |  C
Example 10: Evaluate I =  7 dx
sin x dx
Solution: Here power formula is applicable on sin x as Example 13: Find
1  ex 
its derivative i.e. cosx is present in the numerator. But you should Solution: We write the integrand as follows :
note the form of power formula which will be 1 ex  1  ex
   
1 1 1  ex ex  1  ex  ex  1
 x n dx   (n  1)x n 1 , –x –x
u = e + 1, du = –e dx
Binder1.pdf 16 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

dx e  x dx du d(cos x) dz

1 e x
 x
e 1  
u    1  cos 2
x
 
1 z2
, where z = cos x
= –ln|u| + C = –ln (e–x + 1) + C 1 1  z 1 1  cos x
Remember, e–x + 1 > 0 for all x, so  ln  ln +C
ln |e–x + 1| = ln(e–x + 1). 2 1  z 2 1  cos x
It should be noted that the different forms in which the integral
Example 14: Integrate  2 sin x dx . of cosec x is obtained by different methods can be easily shown
5  3 cos x
to be identical by elementary trigonometry.
Solution: I =  2   3 sin x dx We have,
3 5  3 cos x 1
2 sin 2 x
Now, since the numerator of the integrand is the differential 1 1  cos x 1 2 1 1
ln  ln  ln tan 2 x
coefficient of the denominator, 2 1  cos x 2 2 cos 2 1 x 2 2
2 2
I = – ln|(5 + 3 cos x)| + C. 1
3  ln tan x .
With the help of the deduction 2, we can prove some of the 2
standard results mentioned earlier.  x
(iv)  sec x dx = ln tan    + C
(i)  tan x dx = ln|sec x| + C 4 2
Proof : = ln |(sec x + tan x)| + C.
Put cos x = z , then – sin x dx = dz. Proof:
dx dx
 I
sin x
 cos x dx   
dx
  ln z+ C  sec x dx   
sin    x 
cos x 1
z
= – ln cos x + C = ln|sec x| + C. 2 
dx
Alternative : =   x  x
sec x tan x 2sin    cos   
 tan x dx  
sec x
dx  ln | sec x |  C  4 2  4 2
1 2 x
sec    dx
(ii)  cot x dx = ln |sin x| + C 2 4 2
Proof: =   x
By substituting sin x = z, this result follows. tan   
4 2
Alternative :
 x
cos x = ln tan    + C
 cot x dx   sin x dx  ln | sin x |  C 4 2
Alternative 1 :
x secx(secx  tan x)
(iii)  cos ec x dx  ln tan 2 +C  secxdx   secx  tan x dx= ln|(sec x + tan x)| + C
Proof: since the numerator is the derivative of the denominator.
dx dx While this is the shortest method, it does seem artificial. The
 cos ec x dx   sin x   1 1
next method may seem a little less contrived.
2 sin x cos x Alternative 2 :
2 2 cos x cos x
1
We multiply the numerator and denominator by sec2 x to get
 sec x dx 
cos x2 
dx = 
1  sin 2 x
dx
2 The substitution z = sin x and dz = cos x dx transforms this last
numerator as the differential coefficient of the denominator. integral into the integral of a rational function :
1 21 dz 1  1 1 
= 2
sec x x
2 dx = ln tan + C.  1 z 2
  
2  1  z 1  z 
dz
 1 2
tan x 1
2 = [ln 1 + z – ln1 – z] + C
2
Alternative 1 :
cosec x(cos ecx  cot x) 1 1 z
 cos ec x dx   cosec x  cot x dx = ln
2 1 z
+ C.
= ln|(cosec x – cotx)| + C
Alternative 2 : 1 1 z 1 1  sin x
Since z = sin x, ln = ln .
dx sin x 2 1 z 2 1  sin x

cos ec x dx 
sin x
  sin 2 x
dx 
Binder1.pdf 17 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

The reader may check that this equals ln |sec x + tan x| by Let z = xex, then dz = (ex + xex) dx = ex(1 + x)dx
1  sin x e x (1  x) dz
showing that
1  sin x
= (sec x + tan x)2. Now  cos (xe
2 x
)
dx  
cos2 z 
 sec 2 z dz
Neither method gives, ln |tan(x/2 + /4)|. However, we can to = tan z + c = tan(xex) + C.
show that tan(x/2 + /4) = sec x + tan x.
Example 20: Evaluate I   dx
1 x (ax  b)  (ax  b)
1  x2
dx 
1  x dx  dx
1 1 2x I
Solution:   1  x 2 dx  2  1  x 2 dx Solution:
(ax  b)  (ax  b)  1
1  x2
1
 
2
= tan–1x + ln(1  x ) + C Now, d (ax  b)  1  a
2
dx 2 (ax  b)
x 9
Example 16: Integrate  x 3  9x dx 2 a
a
 I= dx
2 (ax  b)
x  9  x2  x2 [ (ax  b)  1]
Solution: I =  dx
x ( x 2  9) 2
 ln  (ax  b)  1 + C
dx dx x a 
=  2   2 dx
x 9 x x 9 Rationalizing Substitutions
1 x 1 Some irrational functions can be changed into rational
= tan 1  ln| x |  ln(x 2  9)  C .
3 3 2 functions by means of appropriate substitutions. Very often in
Example 17: Integrate integration processes emphasis is mainly laid upon finding a
1 change of variable which reduces the given integral to an
(i)  2
x cos (1  ln x)
dx integral of a rational function; then the further course of
integration becomes clear. We say that such a change
1
(ii)  x(1  ln x)m
dx , m  1. rationalizes the integral.
In particular, when an integrand contains an expression of the
Solution: n n
form g(x) , then the substitution u = g(x) may be effective.
1
(i) Here I = 
x cos2 (1  ln x)
dx
Example 21: Evaluate 2
dx
.
x (x  1)
Putting 1 + ln x = t, so that (1/x) dx = dt, we have
Solution: Put x = t2  dx = 2t dt
I =  dt/cos 2  = sec t dt
2
dx 2 t dt
= tan t = tan (1 + ln x) + C. I=  =  2 t(t 2  1)
2 x (x  1)
1
(ii) Here I =  x(1  ln x) m
dx . 
dt
1  t2
= tan–1 t + C  tan
1
 xC
Putting 1 + ln x = t, so that (1/x) dx = dt, we have
x4
dt t  m 1 (1  ln x)  m 1 1 Example 22: dx.
Evaluate 
t
I= m 
 m 1

(1  m)

(1  m)
(1  ln x)1 m + C. x
Solution: Let u  x  4 . Then u2 = x + 4,
cot x so x = u2 – 4 and dx = 2u du.
3  2ln sin x
dx
x4 u
cot x 1 2cot x Therefore,  dx =  u 2  4 2u du
Solution: 
3  2ln sin x
dx  
2 (3  2ln sin x)
dx x
u2  4 
1 = 2 du  2   1  2  du
= ln3 + 2 lnsinx + C
2 u 4
2  u  4
e x (1  x) du
Example 19: Find 
cos2 (xe x )
dx .  2  du  8
u 4
2
Solution: Here integrand contains expression of the form

1 u2
cos, where  = xex is a function of x, therefore, put z = xex. = 2u + 8 .
2 . 2 ln u  2 + C
Binder1.pdf 18 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

x4 2 You will see what we mean if you try the sequences of
= 2 x  4 + 2 ln + C. substitutions in the following integrals.
x4 2
18 tan 2 x sec 2 x
Example 23: Evaluate (i)  (2  tan 3 x)2
dx
 cos x ( 4  sin x)dx = dt

2 (a) u = tan x, followed by v = u3,
then by w = 2 + v
Solution: Put sin x = t so that cos x dx = dt.
(b) u = tan3 x, followed by v = 2 + u
Then the given integral (c) u = 2 + tan3 x.
  (4  t 2 ) dt =  (22  t 2 ) dt
(ii)  1  sin 2 ( x  1) sin (x – 1) cos (x – 1) dx
1 22 (a) u = x – 1, followed by v = sin u,
t (2  t )  sin–1 (t/2) + C
2 2
= then by w = 1 + v2
2 2
(b) u = sin(x – 1), followed by v = 1 + u2
1 (c) u = 1 + sin2(x – 1)
= sin x . (4  sin 2 x) + 2 sin–1 (1/2 sin x) + C.
2 sec x dx
Example 26: 
Example 24: Integrate  2  4  x dx cos(2 x   )  cos 
Solution: Let sec x dx
Solution: I = 
2 cos(x   ) cos x
2  4  x dx = u, 2  4  x = u 2
1 sec x dx
 4  x = u2 – 2
=
2
 (cos x cos   sin x sin  ) cos x
 4  x = (u2 – 2)2 1 sec2 x dx
x  ( u 2  2) 2  4
=
2
 cos   tan x sin 
 x = [(u2 – 2)2 – 4]2
dx = 2[(u2 – 2)2 – 4]2 · 2(u2 – 2) · 2u du 1 sec2 x dx
= 8u(u2 – 2) (u4 – 4u2) du
=
2 sin 

cot   tan x
= 8(u3 – 2u) (u4 – 4u2) du Put cot  – tan x = t2
= 8(u7 – 4u5 – 2u5 – 8u3 ] du  – sec2x dx = 2t dt
 I = 8 u(u 7  6 u 5  8u 3 )du
1 2 t dt 2
  (u8  6 u6  8u 4 )du I=
2 sin 
 t

2 sin 
 dt
 u 9 6 u 7 8u 5 
= 8    C, 2
9 7 5  =– cot   tan x  C
sin 
where u = 2 4 x .
2(cot   tan x)
Example 25: Evaluate I =  (1  sin x) dx =C
sin 
Solution: We have I = (1  sin x) dx Example 27: Evaluate
 1  cos    x  dx
1
2   sin 3 x dx
 (cos x  3cos x  1) tan 1 (sec x  cos x)
4 2
Solution:
x   dx  2  sin  x    dx.
 2 sin 2  1   1 1 1
    4 2  2 4 
sin 3 x dx
1 1 I =
Now putting x +  = t, so that (cos 4 x  3 cos 2 x  1) tan 1 (sec x  cos x)
2 4
 1 1  Put tan–1 (sec x + cos x) = t
= 2 cos  x    + C.
2 4  1
 (sec x tan x – sin x) dx = dt
Simplifying integrals step by step 1  (sec x  cos x)2
If we do not know what substitution to make, we try reducing sin3 x dx
the integral step by step, using a trial substitution to simplify  = dt
cos 4 x  3cos2 x  1
the integral a bit and then another to simplify it some more.
Binder1.pdf 19 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

dt f (x) · g(x) – g (x) · f(x) = e2x – ex + 1

 I = = ln | t | + C
t f (x)g '(x)  g(x)f '(x) g(x)
–1
= ln |tan (sec x + cos x)| + C. I=  f (x)g(x)
dx = ln
f(x)
+C
Special forms
e x cos x  sin x
cos x  sin x  1  x = ln +C.
Example 28: If  dx e x sin x  cos x
e x  sin x  x
= ln |f(x)| + g(x) + C where C is the constant of integration
Taking xn common
and f (x) is positive, then find f (x) + g (x).
Many integrals can be evaluated by taking xn common from
Solution:
some bracketed expression and then using substitution.
(e x  cos x  1)  (e x  sin x  x) Some of the suggested forms are given below :
I=  e x  sin x  x
dx
dx
= ln |ex + sin x + x| – x + C
(i)  x(x n  1)
nN
 f (x) = ex + sin x + x and g (x) = – x Take x common and put 1 + xn = t.
n
 f (x) + g (x) = ex + sin x. dx

(ii)  (n 1) nN
Example 29: Evaluate x  x  1
2 n n
x  e x (sin x  cos x)  sin x cos x Take xn common and put 1+xn = tn.
 (x 2  2e x sin x  cos2 x)2
dx dx
(iii) x 1  x n 
n 1/n
Solution:
1 2x  2e x (sin x  cos x)  2 sin x cos x Take xn common and put 1 + xn = t .
I=
2 
(x 2  2e x sin x  cos2 x)2
dx
dx
x(x 4  1)
Put x2 + 2ex sin x – cos2x = t
dx dx
[2x + 2(ex cos x + ex sin x) + 2 sin x cos x]dx = dt Solution: Let I =  x(x 4  1) =  5 
[2x + 2ex(cos x + sin x) + 2 sin x cos x] dx = dt x  1  14 
 x 
1 dt 1 1 Put 1  14 = t
I= 
2 t2
=C– ·
2 t
x
4 dt
 dx = dt  15 dx =
1 x5 x 4
=C– . 1 dt 1 1
2(x  2e sin x  cos2 x)
2 x
 I =  = ln |t| + C = 1 ln 1  4 + C.
4 t 4 4 x
Example 30: Evaluate Example 32: Evaluate  4 3 dx
x (x  1)2
e2x  e x  1 dx
 (e x sin x  cos x )(e x cos x  sin x ) dx Solution: Let I = dx
 x 4 (x 3  1)2 =  2
x10  1  3 
1
 x 
Solution: f (x) = ex sin x + cos x
f(x) = ex cos x + sin x ex – sin x Put 1 + 13 = t
x
g (x) = ex cos x – sin x
1 dt
g(x) = cos x · ex – ex sin x – cos x  – 34 dx = dt  6 = (t – 1)2  14 dx = –
x x x 3
Now f (x) · g(x)
2
( t  1) 1 t  1  2 t
2
= (ex sin x + cos x)(cos x · ex – ex sin x – cos x) I = 1 
3 
dt = dt
= e2x sin x cos x – e2x sin2x – ex sin x cos x 3 t 2 t2
+ ex cos2x – ex sin x cos x – cos2x ...(1) 1  1 
and g(x) · f(x) =  1  1  12  2 dt =  t   2 ln | t |  C
3 t t 3  t 
= (ex cos x – sin x)(ex cos x + sin x ex – sin x)
= e2x cos2x + e2x sin x cos x – ex sin x cos x where t = 1 + 13 .
x
– ex sin x cos x – ex sin2x + sin2x ...(2)
Binder1.pdf 21 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

5x 4  4 x 5 1 dt  ( t  1) (x 4  x 2  1
Example 33: Evaluate  ( x 5  x  1)2
dx. I=
2  ( t  1)
C =
x
+ C.
5x 4  4 x 5 Example 36: Given that f(0) = f  (0) = 0 and

Solution: Let I =  ( x 5  x  1)2
dx f(x) = sec 4 x + sec2 x tan2 x + 4, find f(x).
x 4 (5  4 x)dx Solution: f(x) = sec 2 x + sec2 x tan2 x + 4
 2 Integrating we get
x10  1  4  5 
= 1 1
 x x  tan 3 x
f (x) = tan x + + 4x + C
5 / x6  4 / x 5 3
 2
dx But,f  (0) = 0
1 4  5 
= 1 1
 0 =0+0+0+C
 x x   C=0
1

1  4 5
= t    5  6  dx = dt
tan 3 x
Put 1 + Then, f  (x) = tan x + + 4x
x4 x5  x x  3
dt 1 1 1
 f  (x) = tan x + (sec2 x  1) tan x + 4x
I=  t 2

t
+C =
1 1
+C 3
1 4  5
x x 1 2
 f  (x) = tan x sec2 x + tan x + 4x
x 5 3 3
= + C. Integrating both sides w.r.t. x we get
x  x 1
5
1 2
dx f(x) = tan2 x + log |sec x| + 2x2 + D
Example 34: Evaluate  6 3
x (x  1  x 2 )
2
But,f(0) = 0
Solution: Let  0=0+0+0+D
1  D=0
dx
I=  =    2 1
x (x  1  x 2 )
2
x 3  1  12  1 
Then, f(x) = ln |sec x| + tan2 x + 2x2.
3 6
 x  3x  2
Example 37: Let F(x) be the primitive of
2 x 9
Put 1 + 12 = t2  3 dx  2t dt w.r.t. x. If F(10) = 60 then find the value of F(13).
x x
 1  3x  2
I = –
tdt
1 t
=– 
t 11
1 t
dt = –  1 
 
1 
dt Solution: F(x) =  x 9
dx
 t
Let x – 9 = t2 dx = 2t dt
1
= – t + ln | t + 1| + C, where t  1  2 .
x
 3( t 2  9)  2 
(x  1)dx
4  F(x) =   ·2 t  dt
Example 35: Evaluate x 2
(x 4  x 2  1)
 t 

2
= 2 (29  3t ) dt = 2 [29t + t3]
 a  F(x) = 2 [29 x  9  (x  9)3/2 ] + C
(x 4  1)dx  x  3  dx
 x  Given F(10) = 60 = 2 [29 + 1] + C 
Solution: I =  1
  1
C=0
x .x x  2  1
2 2
x  2 1
2
 F(x) = 2 [29 x  9  (x  9)3 2 ]
x x
F(13) = 2 [29 × 2 + 4 × 2]
 1 
Put x  12  t  2 x  3 dx  dt
2 = 4 × 33 = 132.
x  x 
Binder1.pdf 22 3/17/2020 6:33:08 PM

C

2
1. (a) Evaluate (5x  1) dx by two methods : first square
x2
and integrate, then let u = 5x – 1. (i)  1 x
dx
(b) Explain why the two apparently different answers
x
obtained in part (a) are really equivalent. (ii)  1  x3
dx
2. Avni (using the substitution u = cos ) claims that  2 cos
 sin  d = – cos2, while Meet (using the substitution u x 2  3x  1
= sin ) claims that the answer is sin2. Who is right?
(iii)  (x  1)2
dx
2
Integrate 2x 2 by the substitutions  (27e
9x
3. (iv)  e12x )1/3 dx
(x  1)
(a) x = tan , 7. Evaluate the following integrals :
(b) u = x2 + 1, ex  1
(i)  dx (ii)  x dx
and verify the argeement of the results. ex  1 e 1
dx dx   log x 2
4. Evaluate (i)
x ln x(ii)
x ln x ln ln x  (iii)  1  12 e x 1 / x dx (iv) x e ·log ex (x)dx
 x 

tan x sec 2
x (i) sin x  cos x dx
(i)  x
dx  sin x  cos x
3
1
 2 x tan  e tan(e )sec(e ) dx
4 x x x
(ii) x .sec 2 x dx (ii)
(iii)  cosx cos(sinx)dx (iii)  ( 3 sin x cos x – sin x) dx2 3
(iv)  (x 2
+ 1) cos(x3 + 3x + 2)dx (iv) 
sec x cosec x
dx
log(tan x)
C
tan x dx
(i)  (3x  2) 2 x  1 dx
(i) 
2 a  b tan 2 x
x 1
(ii) 3 dx cot x
3
(x  3x  6) (ii)  ln sin x dx
1
(iii)
 x (4  3 x ) 2
dx (iii) 
sec x dx
ln(sec x  tan x)
 55 x 5x x a cos x  b sin x
(iv)   5  5  5  dx (iv) 
a sin x  b cos x  c
dx
(i) 
cos 2x (i)  (tan x – x tan x)dx
3 2
(cos x  sin x)2

tan x sec 2 x

dx
(ii) x sin 2 (1  log x)
(ii)  (a 2  b 2 tan 2 x)2 dx
dx tan x dx
(iii) 
(1  x 2 ) (tan 1 x  3)
(iv) (iii)  log sec x
(x 2  1)dx cos(tan 1 x)dx
 (x  3x  1) tan 1  x  1 / x 
4 2 (iv)  (1  x2 ) sin(tan 1 x)
Binder1.pdf 23 3/17/2020 6:33:09 PM

13. Evaluate the following integrals : dx

e3x
(ii) x 2
(1  x 4 )3 / 4
(i)  (1  e x )3
dx
dx
sec 4 x dx (iii)  x (x 
(ii)   (tan x)
2
1  x2 )
2xsin 1 x 2 (x 4  1)
(iii)   (1  x 4 )
dx (iv) x 2
x4  x2  1
dx
 sin 2x cos
11/2
(iv) x(1  cos 5/2 x)1/2 dx 16. Evaluate the following integrals :
14. Evaluate the following integrals : dx x2  1
(i)  x (1  x )
2 5 4/5 (ii)  x  (1  x ) dx
4
(x  1)(x  log x) 2
(i)  2x
dx 17. Show that the integral
 ((x  1)( x  1)) 2 / 3 dx

2
x dx
(ii)  (2x  1) 3
can be evaluated with any of the following substitutions.
cos2 x
(iii)  2  sin x
dx (a) u = 1/(x + 1)
(b) u = ((x – 1)/(x + 1))k
 x 
e 
x x
for k = 1, 1/2. 1/3, –1/3, –2/3, and –1
(iv)     ln x dx
  e 
  
x (c) u = tan–1 x
15. Evaluate the following integrals : (d) u = tan–1 x
(e) u = cos–1 x
(x  x2 )
(i)  x3
dx
 cos 4x dx.
3
1.5 INTEGRALS INVOLVING SINE Example 3: Integrate
 cos 4x dx. = dx  cos 4x cos 4x dx

3 2
AND COSINE Solution:
Positive integral powers of sine and cosine =  (1 – sin24x)cos 4x dx

=  cos 4x dx –  sin 2 4x cos 4x dx
1. Odd positive index
1 1
Any odd positive power of sines and cosines can be integrated = sin 4x – sin 3 4x + C.
immediately by substituting cos x = z and sin x = z respectively 4 12
as shown below. 2. Even positive index
Example 1: Evaluate  sin x dx 3
In order to integrate any even positive power of sine and cosine,
we should first express it in terms of multiple angles by means
Solution: I =  sin 2 x sin x dx of trigonometry and then integrate it.
The simplest examples are the two integrals
=–  (1 – z2) dz, putting z = cos x
 cos x dx and  sin x dx,
2 2
 1   1 
   z  z 3   C    cos x  cos3 x   C which can be integrated by means of the identities
 3   3 
Example 2: Evaluate  cos5 x dx 1
cos2x = (1 + cos 2x),
Solution: I =  cos 4 x cos x dx 2
1
sin2x = (1 – cos 2x)
=  (1 – z2)2 dx, putting z = sin x 2
2 1 1
=  (1 – 2z2 + z4)dz = z – z3 + z5 + C We get  cos 2 x dx =  (1 + cos 2x) dx
3 5 2
2 3 1 x 1
= sin x – sin x + sin5x + C. =  sin 2x + C,
3 5 2 4
1
 sin x dx = 2 (1 – cos 2x) dx
2

Binder1.pdf 24 3/17/2020 6:33:09 PM

x 1  1   1 
=  sin 2x + C.   z8  8   8  z 6  6 
2 4  z   z 
Going on to the higher powers, consider the integral  1   1 
 28  z 4  4   56  z 2  2   70
 z   z 
 cos
2n
x dx,
– 56.2 cos 2x + 70 [using (7)]
where n is an arbitrary positive integer. We write
 sin8x = 2–7(cos 8x – 8 cos 6x + 28 cos 4x
n
1  – 56 cos 2x + 35)
cos2n x= =  (1  cos 2x) 
(cos2x)n
 2    sin
8
x dx
We expand using binomial theorem and integrate the terms
using previous methods. = 2–7  (cos 8x–8cos 6x + 28cos 4x–56 cos 2x + 35)dx
Similarly,
1  sin8x 8sin 6x
+ 35x  + C
sin4x sin 2x
=  +28 56
2 7  8
n
1  6 4 2 
sin2n x = (sin2x)n =  (1  cos 2x)  .
 2  1 1 4
= [ sin8x – sin 6x+7sin4x – 28sin 2x+35x] + C.
Example 4: Evaluate  sin 4 x dx 27 8 3
Example 6: Evaluate  cos8 x dx.
Solution:  sin4x dx = 1
 (1 – cos 2x)2 dx Solution: Using (3), we have
22
28 cos8 x = z8 + 8C1 z6 + 8C2 z4 + 8C3 z2 + 8C4
1
=
4  (1 – 2 cos 2x + cos22x) dx 1 1
+ 8C5 2 + 8C6 4 + 8C7 6  8
1 1
z z z z
1 x – sin 2 x  1 (1  cos 4 x )dx   8 1  6 1  4 1  2 1
2 =  z  8  8  z  6  28  z  4  56  z  2  +70
=
4  
 z   z   z   z 
1  3 x – sin 2 x  sin 4 x   C = cos 8x + 8.2 cos 6x + 28.2 cos 4x + 56.2 cos 2x + 70
= .
4  2 8  [ using (7) ]
1
  cos 
8
It should be noted that when the index is large, it x dx = (cos 8x + 8 cos 6x
128
would be more convenient to express the powers of sines or + 28 cos 4x + 56 cos 2x + 35) dx
cosines of angles in terms of multiple angles by the use of De
Moivre's theorem, as shown below. 1  sin8x sin6x sin 4x sin 2x 
= 8  28.  56.  35x  +C
Let z = cos x + i sin x ...(1) 128 9 6 4 2 
1 Integral powers of tangent and cotangent
 = cos x – i sin x ...(2)
z Any integral power of tangent and cotangent can be readily
From (1) and (2), integrated. Thus,
1
 tan x dx   tanx . tan x dx
2 cos x = z + ...(3) 3 2
z (i)
1 =  tanx(sec2x–1)dx
2 i sin x = z – ...(4)
z
From De Moivre's Theorem 1 2
= tanx d(tanx) –  tanxdx = tan x – n |secx| + C.
zn = cos nx + i sin nx ...(5) 2
1 = cos nx – i sin nx
zn
...(6) (ii)  cot4x dx =  cot2x (cosec2x – 1)dx
From (5) and (6), =  cot2xcosec2xdx –  cot2x dx
zn + 1n = 2 cos nx ...(7) = –  cot2xd(cotx) –  (cosec2x – 1)dx
z
1
zn – 1n = 2 i sin nx ...(8) =  cot3x + cotx + x + C.
z 3
Positive integral powers of secant and cosecant
 sin x dx.
8
Example 5: Evaluate
1. Even positive index
Solution: Using (4), we have
8
 1
28 i8 sin8 x z  
 z
Binder1.pdf 25 3/17/2020 6:33:09 PM

Even positive powers of secant or cosecant admit of immediate

integration in terms of tan x or cot x. Thus, = – cosec x cot x –  cosec x cot2 x dx
(i)  sec4x dx = (1 + tan2x)sec2xdx
= – cosec x cot x –  cosec x (cosec2x – 1) dx
=  sec2 x dx +  tan2x d(tan x)
1 = – cosec x cot x +  cosec x dx –  cosec3 x dx
= tan x + tan3 x + C.
3
 Transposing  cosec3x dx and writing the value of
(ii)  cosec6 x dx =  cosec4 x. cosec2 x dx
1
=  (1 + cot2x)2 cosec2 x dx  cosec x dx  cosec 3 x dx = –
2
cosec x cot x +
= –  (1 + 2 cot2 x + cot4 x)d (cot x) 1 x

ln tan + C.
2 2
2 1
= – cot x –
3
cot3x – cot5x + C
5 Example 7: Find  tan6x dx.
2. Odd positive index Solution: Here power of tanx is even positive integer
therefore change tan2x into sec2x – 1 and then put z = tanx.
Odd positive powers of secant and cosecant are to be integrated
by the application of the rule of integration by parts (to be Now  tan6x dx =  (tan2x)3 dx =  (sec2x – 1)2dx
dealt later).
=  (sec6x – 3sec4x + 3sec2x – 1)dx
(iii)  sec3 x dx =  sec x . sec2x dx
=  sec6x dx – 3  sec4x dx + 3  sec2x dx –  dx
= sec x tan x –  sec x tan2 x dx =  sec6x dx – 3  sec4x dx + 3tanx – x ...(1)
= sec x tan x –  sec x(sec2x – 1)dx Let z = tanx then dz = sec2x dx
= sec x tan x +  sec x dx –  sec3 x dx. Now  sec6x dx – 3  sec4x dx

=  sec4x sec2x dx – 3  sec2x sec2x dx
 Transposing  sec3 x dx to the left side, writing the value
=  (1 + tan2x)2 sec2x dx – 3  (1 + tan2x)sec2x dx
of  sec x dx and dividing by 2, we get
=  (1 + z2)2 dz – 3  (1 + z2)dz
1 1  x
 sec3 x dx = 2
sec x tan x + ln tan    + C.
2 4 2 =  (1 + 2z2 + z4)dz – 3  (1 + z2)dz
(iv)  sec5 x dx =  sec3 x sec2 x dx z 2.

z8 z 5
3

5
 3z  3.
z3
3
= sec3 x tan x –  3 sec3 x tan2 x dx 
z 5 z3
  2z 
tan 5 x tan 3 x
  2 tan x
5 3 5 3

= sec3 x tan x – 3 sec3 x (sec2 x – 1)dx Putting in (1) we get
tan 5 x tan3 x

= sec3 x tan x + 3 sec3c x dx –  sec5 x dx  tan6x dx= 5

3
– 2tanx + 3tanx – x+ C

Now, transposing 3 sec5 x dx and writing the value of 
tan 5 x tan 3 x
  tan x  x  C .
5 3
 sec3 x dx we get ultimately Integrals Involving Sine and Cosine Together
3
tan x sec x
 sin
m
x cosn xdx
 sec x dx 
5
4
1. If the power of the sine is odd and positive, save one
3 tan x sec x 3 1   sine factor and convert the remaining factors to cosine.
  ln tan    + C. Then expand and integrate.
4 2 42 4 2
(v)  cosec3 x dx =  cosec x cosec2 x dx
Binder1.pdf 26 3/17/2020 6:33:09 PM

Odd
 Convert to cos ine
  Save for du
  sin2p x cos2q x dx
 sin 2 k 1 x cosn xdx = 
2 k n
(sin x) cos x sin xdx
  
p

q
=   1 – 1 cos 2 x   1  1 cos 2 x  dx
 (1  cos 2 2  2 2 
2
= x) k cosnx sin x dx
Powering and opening brackets, we get terms containing cos
Here, we put cos x = t. 2x to odd and even powers. The terms with odd powers are
sin 3 x integrated as indicated in Case 1. We again reduce the even
Example 8: Evaluate 3 dx exponents by formulae given above. Continuing in this manner
cos 2 x
Solution: Put cos x = t  – sin x dx = dt 
we arrive at terms of the form cos kx dx, which can easily be
integrated.
sin 3 x (1  t 2 ) cos 4 x dx
3 dx = –  dt =  sin 2 x 4. If both exponents are even, and atleast one of them is
cos 2 x t2 / 3 negative, then the preceding technique does not give the
desired result. If in the expression sinmx cosnx, m + n is a
(1  sin 2 x )2
=  sin 2 x
dx =  (cosec2x – 2 + sin2x) dx negative even integer, then one should make the
substitution tan x = t (or cot x = t).
 1  cos 2x  We have cos = 1 , sin  = x ,

=  cosec2 x  2 
 2  dx .
 1 x 2
1  x2
= – cotx –(3/2)x – (1/4)sin 2x + C. dx ,
and d=
2. If the power of the cosine is odd and positive, save one 1  x2
cosine factor and convert the remaining factors to sine. The integraltransforms into
Then, expand and integrate.
x mdx
Odd
  mn
1
 sin m x cos 2 k 1 xdx (1  x 2 ) 2
Hence, if m + n = – 2r, this becomes
Convert to sin e
  Save
 for du

=

m 2 k
sin x (cos x) cos xdx  xm(1 + x2)r–1dx,
a form which is immediately integrable.
 sin
m
= x(1 – sin2x)k cos x dx sin 2 d .
Here, we put sin x = t.
Take, for example,
cos 6 

Let x = tan , and we get
cos3 x
Example 9: Evaluate  sin 4 x
dx tan 3  tan 5 
 x 2 (1  x 2 )dx 
3

5
C .
cos3 x cos 2 x cos xdx
Solution:  sin 4 x dx   sin 4 x d
Next, to find  sin  cos
 5
2
(1 – sin x ) cos xdx making the same substitution, we obtain
= 
sin 4 x (1  x 2 ) 2 dx
Denoting sin x = t, cos x dx = dt, we get  x
.
cos 3 x (1 – t 2 )dt Hence, the value of the proposed integral is

 sin 4 x dx   t4 tan 4 
 tan 2   ln tan   C
dt dt 1 1 4
 
= 4  2  – 3  C
d
t t 3t t Again, to find  sin 3 / 2  cos 5 / 2 
= – 1  1 C.
3 sin 3 x sin x
(1  x 2 )dx
3. If the powers of both the sine and cosine are even and
nonnegative, make repeated use of the identities
Here the transformed expression is
x 3/ 2 , and
1  cos 2 x accordingly the value of the proposed integral is

sin2 x = and 3
2 2 2
tan 2  – + C.
1  cos 2 x 3 tan1/2 
cos2 x = .
2 In many cases it is more convenient to assume
Putting them into the integral we get x = cot .
Binder1.pdf 27 3/17/2020 6:33:09 PM

d
 sin 4  .
4 2 4 2
For example, to find  1  1  1  1
Now, sin4x cos2x =      z    z  
    
2i 2 z   z
Since d(cot ) = – d2 , if cot  = x, the transformed integral
sin  1  1 
2
1  1
2 2
 z   z   z  
cot 3  64  z  z  z
is –  (1 + x2) dx = – cot  – 3
+ C.
2 2
1  1  1 
tan x  z    z2  2 
Example 10: Evaluate dx  64  z  z 
sin 2x
2
Solution: Here m = –1/2, n = –3/2, 1  2 1  1 
 z  2  2   z4  2  4 
64 
so that m + n = – 2, a negative integer.
Hence, we put tan x = t, sec2 x dx = dt z   z 
tan x 1  6 1
tan x   z  2z  2  2z
2 4
 sin 2x dx =  2 sin x cos x cos2 x dx 64  z
cos2 x 2 2 1
 4  4  z2  2  6
t 1 z z z 
=  2t t
dt = t + C = tan x + C.
dt = 2 1  6 1   4 1 
5. If in the expression sinmx cosnx, m + n is a negative odd   z  6  2z  4 
64  z   z 
integer, then one should multiply the integrand by suitable
power of (sin2x +cos 2x) and expand it into simpler  1  1 
  z 2    2  z2    4 
integrals.  z 2  z2  
dx
Example 11: Evaluate sin x cos 2 x  =
1
(2cos 6x – 2cos 4x – 2cos 2x + 4)
64
Solution: Here sum of powers of sin x and cos x is odd 1
and negative, therefore multiply by suitable power of (cos2x + = (cos 6x – cos 4x – cos 2x + 2)
32
sin2x).
 sin
4
 x cos 2 xdx
dx cos 2 x  sin 2 x
I  2
sin x cos x

sin x cos 2 x
dx  1  sin 6x sin 4x sin 2x
     2x   C .
cos 2 x sin 2 x 32  6 4 2 
  sin x cos 2
dx   sin x cos 2
dx
x x Example 13: Integrate  sin2x cos5x dx.
sin x

 cos ecx dx   cos 2
x
dx Solution: I=  sin2x cos4x cos x dx
 ln tan
x dz
  2 


x
 cosec x dx  ln tan 2 
=  sin2x(1 – sin2x)2d (sin x)
2 z  
[z = cosx] =  z2(1 – z2)2 dz, Putting z = sin x
x 1 x
= ln tan+ + c = ln tan + sec x + c. =  (z2 – 2z4 + z6) dz
2 z 2
Consider some more illustrations. 1 3 2  1 7
 z  z  z +C
3 5 7
Example 12: Evaluate  sin4x cos2x dx. 1 3 2 1
Solution: Here power of neither cosx nor sin x is odd  sin x  sin  x  sin 7 x + C.
3 5 7
and positive and sum of their powers is even and positive.
sin 2 x
1 1
Let z = cos x + i sin x, then cos x   z  
2 z
Example 14: Integrate  cos 6 x
dx .
Solution: Here p + q = 2 – 6 = – 4.
1 1  Put tan x = z, then sec2x dx = dz.
and sin x  z  
2i  z
1 1
Now, I =  tan2x . sec4 x dx
Also zn + n = 2cos nx and zn – n = 2i sin nx
z z
Binder1.pdf 28 3/17/2020 6:33:09 PM

1 3 1 5 cos 5 x cos 4 x

= z2(1 + z2) dz =
3
z + z +C
5
Solution: Let I =  sin 2 x
dx =  sin 2 x
cos x dx
1 1 (1  sin 2 x)2
=
3
tan3x + tan5x + C.
5 =  sin 2 x
cos x dx.
dx Put sin x = t so that cos x dx = dt.
Example 15: Integrate  sin 1/ 2
x cos 7 / 2 x
.
(1  t 2 )2 1  2t 2  t 4
1 7
Then I =  t 2 dt = 
t2
dt
Solution: Here, p + q = –  = – 4.
2 2  1  2  t2  1 t2
 Put tan x = z, then sec2 x dx = dz. =   t 2  dt = –
t
 2t 
3
sec 4 x dx 1  z2 1 sin 3 x
Now, I   1/ 2
tan x
 
z1 / 2
dz =–
sin x
– sin x +
3
2 5/2 1 3
=  (z–1/2 + z3/2)dz = 2 z1/2 + 5
z +C = cosec x – 2 sin x +
3
sin x + C.
2 5/2 dx
= 2 tan1/2 x +
5
tan x + C Example 19: Evaluate
x cos5 x
.  sin 3
Solution: Here the integrand is sin–3 x cos –5 x. It is of

Example 16: Evaluate  sin5 x cos4x dx. the type sinm x cosn x, where
Solution: It is the exponent of the sine which is an odd m + n = –3 – 5 = –8
positive integer. Hence i.e. a negative even integer.
dx
 sin5x cos4 x dx =  (sin2x)2 cos4x sin x dx  I   (sin 3
x / cos x)cos3 x.cos5 x
3
=  (1 – cos2x)2 cos4x sin x dx

sec3 xdx sec6 x.sec2 xdx
=  (1 – 2 cos2x + cos4x) cos4x sin x dx =  tan 3 x
 
tan 3 x
=  cos4x sin x dx – 2  cos6x sin x dx (1  tan 2 x)3 sec2 xdx
+  cos8 x sin x dx
=  tan 3 x
Now put tan x = t so that sec2 x dx = dt.
1 2 1
= cos5x + cos7x – cos9x + C. (1  t 2 )3 dt
  3   3t  t 2  dt
1 3
5 7 9
sin 2 x
 I=  t 3
t 
t 
Example 17: Evaluate  cos 6 x
dx
3 1
= – {1/2t2)} + 3 ln|t| + tan2 x + tan4 x + C.
2 4
sin 2 x sin 2 x(sin2 x  cos2 x)2
Solution:  cos6 x dx  cos6 x
dx Example 20: Evaluate I =  sin3x cos22x.
Solution: Here we use the formulae
=  tan2x (1 + tan2x)2 dx sin3x = 1/4 (3 sin x – sin3x),
dt cos22x = 1/2 (1 + cos 4x),
Put tan x = t, then x = tan–1t, dx = and we get Multiplying these two expressions and replacing sin x cos
1  t2 4x, for example by 1/2 (sin 5x – sin 3x), we obtain
sin 2 x 2
(1  t 2 ) 2 dt 2 1
 cos6 x dx   t 1 t
I=
16 
(7sin x – 5 sin 3x + 3 sin 5x – sin 7x) dx
1
=  t2 (1 + t2) dt = t3  t5  C = – 7 cosx + 5 cos3x – 3 cos5x + cos7x+ C
16 18 80 112
3 5
The integral may of course be obtained in different forms by
tan 3 x  tan 5 x  C different methods. For example
=
3 5
I =  sin3x cos22x dx
5
cos x
Example 18: Evaluate  sin 2
x
dx.
Binder1.pdf 29 3/17/2020 6:33:09 PM

=  (4 cos4x – 4 cos2x + 1) (1 – cos2x) sin x dx, 2 –3/2

which reduces, on making the substitution cos x = t, to
=  (t–5/2 + t–1/2) dt = –
3
t + 2t1/2 + C
2
 (4t6 – 8t4 + 5t2 – 1) dt =– (tan x)–3/2 + (tan x)1/2 + C
3
4 8 5
= cos7x – cos5x + cos3x – cos x. 2
7 5 3 = 2 (tan x) – (tan x)–3/2 + C.
It may be verified that this expression and that obtained above 3
differ only be a constant.
Integrals Involving Secants and Tangents
cos3 x

Example 21: Evaluate dx.
 sec
m
sin11 x x tann xdx
1. If the power of the secant is even and positive, save a
Solution: I =  cos3/2 x · sin–11/2x dx.
secant-squared factor and convert the remaining factors
Here 3   11  – 4  negative even integer.. to tangents. Then, expand and integrate.
2 2 Convert to tangents Save for du
So, we put tan x = z, then sec2x dx = dz
Even
    
 sec 
2 k 1
2k n
x tan xdx = (sec x) tan x sec2 xdx
n
 I =  cos3/2 x · sin–11/2x dz2
sec x
 (1 tan x)k 1 tan n x sec2 x dx
2
=
=  cos7/2 x · sin–11/2x dz Here, we put tan x = t.
2. If the power of the tangent is odd and positive, save a
cos 7 / 2 x
=  sin 7 / 2 x · cosec2x dz secant-tangent factor and convert the remaining factors
to secants. Then, expand and integrate.
=  cot7/2 x · cosec2x dz Odd

–7 
1  dz   z – 2  z – 2  dz
7 11 sec m x tan 2k 1 xdx
= z 2 · 1 
   Convert to secants
 z2        Save for du
 
 sec
= m 1 2 k
x (tan x) sec x tan x dx
5 9
– –
z z
 sec
2 2 m 1
=  C. = x(sec2 x – 1)k sec x tan x dx
5 9
– – Here, we put sec x = t.
2 2
3. If there are no secant factors and the power of the
2 2 tangent is even and positive, convert a tangent-squared
= cot5/2 x + cot9/2 x + C.
5 9 factor to a secant-squared factor; then expand and
dx repeat if necessary.
Example 22: Evaluate  (cos x sin 5 x)
3
. Convert to secants



 tan xdx =  tann2 x (tan2 x) dx
n
Solution: Here the integrand is of the type cosm x sinn x.

 tan
n 2
We have m = –3/2, n = –5/2, m + n = – 4 i.e., and even negative = x(sec2 x – 1)dx
integer.

m
4. If the integral is of the form sec xdx , where m is
dx dx
  3 5
(cos xsin x)

cos 3/2
xsin 5/2 x odd and positive, use integration by parts.
5. If none of the first four cases applies, try converting to
dx sines and cosines.
=  cos 3/2
x(sin 5/2
x / cos 5/2 x).cos5/2 x
A similar strategy is adopted for
 cosec
m
x cot n xdx .
dx sec 4 x
=  cos 4 x tan 5/2 x

tan 5/2 x
dx  Example 23: Find  tan sec4d.
2
sec x Solution: Here power of sec is an even positive integer,,
  tan
5/2
x
sec2 x dx therefore, we put z = tan
Let z = tan, then dz = sec2d
(1  tan 2 x) (1  t 2 )
=  tan 5/2 x
sec 2 x dx =
t 5/2
dt,  Now  tan sec4d=  tan sec2d
putting tan x = t and sec2 x dx = dt
Binder1.pdf 30 3/17/2020 6:33:09 PM

=  tan (1 + tan2) sec2d Example 26: Find  tan6xdx.

=  z(1 + z2) dz Solution: Here power of sec x is not an even positive
integer and power of tan x is an even positive integer therefore,
z2 z 4 we change tan2x into sec2x–1 and then put
=  (z + z5) dz =  C.
2 4 z = tan x.
Example 24: Evaluate  tan3xdx. Now  tan4xdx =  (tan2x)2dx =  (sec2x – 1)2dx
Solution: Here power of tanx is an odd positive integer =  (sec4x – 2 sec2x + 1) dx
therefore, we put z = sec x.
Let z = sec x, then dz = sec x tan x dx =  sec4xdx – 2  (sec2xdx + dx
tan 2 x sec x tan x dx =  sec4xdx – 2 tanx + x ...(1)
Now tan3xdx = sec x tan 3 x
Again  sec4xdx = tan x +
sec 2 x  1 z 2  1 dz 3
=  sec x tan x dx =  [from previous example]
sec x z
= 
 z  1 dz 2
 = z – ln | z | + C  From (1),   tan4xdx
 z 2 tan 3 x
2 = tan x + – 2 tanx + x + C
sec x 3
= – ln |secx| + C. 3
tan x
2 = – tanx + x + C.
Example 25: Find tan32xsec2xdx. 3
Solution: Here power of sec2x is not an even positive Example 27: Find  cot2x cosec4x dx.
integer and power of tan2x is an odd positive integer therefore,
we put z = sec2x Solution: Here power of cosecx is even positive integer,
therefore, put z = cotx.
Let z = sec2x, then dz = 2sec2xtan2xdx
Let z = cotx, then dz = – cosec2x dx
Now  tan32xsec2xdx =  tan22xsec2xtan2xdx
2
 
Now, cot2x cosec4x dx = cot2x cosec2x.cosec2x dx
(sec 2 x – 1)2 sec 2 x tan 2 x
=  2
dx =  cot2x(1
+ cot2x)cosec2x dx
(z 2  1 =  z (1 + z ) (–dz)
2 2
=  dz  1 (z2 – 1) dz  z3 z6 
2 2 = –  (z2 + z4) dz = –  3  C
 3  sec3 2x sec2 x  5 
1 z
=   z + c = – C. cot 3 x cot 5 x
2 3  6 2 =   + C.
3 5
D
sin d 3
cos x
(i)  cos2x sin3x dx (ii)
cos   (i)  cos
5
x cosec 2 x dx (ii)  sin 5 x
dx
d dx sec2 x
(iii)   dx
sin  cos 3 
(iv)
sin 3 x cos5 x (iii)  sin 2x
dx (iv)  x x
2. Evaluate the following integrals : sin cos3
2 2
d (tan x) 6. Evaluate the following integrals :
(i)  sin 1/2
 cos 7/2 
(ii) sin x cos x dx 4
 sec x 
(iii)  cos
x dx 5
(iv)  sin x dx
7 (i)  cot 3 x cosec3 x dx (ii)    dx
 tan x 
sin 3 x dx
sec x4
dx (iii)  cos dx (iv)  sin
 
2/5 4
(i) dx (ii) x x cos2 x
tan x sin 6 x 7. Evaluate the following integrals :
sin 3 2 x 1
 cos  tan
6 3
(iii)  sin 5 x
dx (iv) 
cos x  cos3 x dx (i)
2
x dx (ii) 3x sec 3x dx
4. Integrate the following functions :

 tan 
3/2 4
(iii) x sec4 x dx (iv) tan x sec4 x dx
(i) sin5x sec6x (ii) tan2x sec4x
(iii) sec6x (iv) cosec5x.
Binder1.pdf 31 3/17/2020 6:33:09 PM

1.6 RATIONALIZATION BY x 2  a 2 = a 2 tan 2  = |a tan | = a tan ,

TRIGONOMETRIC free of absolute values, provided a > 0.
Any algebraic expression in x which contains only one surd of
SUBSTITUTION a quadratic form, is capable of being rationalized by such
trigonometric substitutions.
Consider the integrand a 2  x 2 . For example :
If we change the variable from x to  by the substitution x = a dx
sin , then the identity
1 – sin2= cos2 
(i)  (a 2
 x 2 )3/ 2
allows us to get rid of the square root sign because Let x = a sin , and we get
1 d  tan   C  x
a 2  x 2  a 2  a 2 sin 2  
a 3 cos2  a2
C
a a2  x2
2
 a 2 (1  sin 2 )  a 2 cos2  = a|cos | = a|cos | (ii) 

dx
1
Notice the difference between the substitution u = a2 – x2 x 2 (1  x 2 ) 2
(in which the new variable is a function of the old one) and the
Let x = tan, and the integral becomes
substitution x = a sin (the old variable is a function of the
new one). cos  d d(sin ) 1 1  x2
In general we can make a substitution of the form x = g(t). To  sin 
2
 
sin 
2 –
sin 
C  –
x
C
make our calculations simpler, we assume that g has an inverse
function; that is, g is one-one. We want any substitution we dx
use in an integration to be reversible so that we can change
(iii)  x 3 (x 2  1)1 / 2
back to the original variable afterward. Let x = sec , and the integral becomes
Hence, we make the substitution x = a sin restricting to lie in
sin  cos  
 cos d   C
2
  
the interval  ,  so that it defines a one-one function. 2 2
 2 2
x 2  1  1 sec –1
x   =
2x 2 2
x+C
Thus, x = a sin  leads to  = sin–1   with –  .
 
a 2 2 Suppose R denotes a rational function of the entities involved.
To simplify the integration of x 2  a 2 , we substitute x = a The integral of the form
tan Further, we want to be able to set  = tan–1(x/a) after
the integration takes place.
1.  R(x, b2  a 2 x 2 )dx is simplified by the substitution
b
If x = a sec  is substituted to simplify the integration of x sin 
a
x 2  a 2 we want to be able to set  = sec–1(x/a) when we
are done. 2.  R(x, a 2 x 2  b 2 ) dx
As we know, the function in these substitutions have inverses b
only for selected values of . is simplified by the substitution x  tan 
a
x
For reversibility, x = a tan  requires  = tan–1   with –
a 3.  R(x, a 2 x 2  b 2 )dx is simplified by the substitution
  b
<< x sec 
2 2 a
x dx
x = a sec  requires  = sec–1   with
a
Example 1: Compute the integral 
(a 2  x 2 )3
0     if x  1 Solution: We use the substitution x = a sin , with
 2 a
  
     if
x –  then dx = a cos  d
 1 2 2
2 a
a cos d
To si mpli fy calcul atio ns with the sub stit ution
x = a sec , we will restrict its use to integrals in which x/a 
dx   (a  a 2 sin 2 )3
2
(a  x 2 )3
2
 1. This will place  in [0, /2) and make tan   0. We
will then have
Binder1.pdf 32 3/17/2020 6:33:09 PM

a cos d 1 d 1 dx
= a 3 =
cos3  a 2  cos 2


a2
tan   C Example 4: Evaluate  4  x2
.
1 sin  1 sin  Solution: We set

= C = 2 C.
a cos 
2
a 1  sin 2   
x = 2 tan , dx = 2 sec2  d, – <<
The restriction on  serves two purposes – it enables us to 2 2
replace |cos | by cos  to simplify the calculations, and it 4 + x2 = 4 + 4 tan2  = 4(1 + tan2 ) = 4 sec2 .
also ensures that the substitutions can be rewritten as  = dx 2 sec 2 d sec2 d
sin–1(x/a), if needed. Then,  4x 2 =  4 sec 
2
=  | sec  |
(16  9x 2 )3/2
Example 2: Find  x6
dx.
sec2  = |sec | sec > 0 for 

 

2 2
4 4
Solution: Let x = sin . Then dx = cos  d and
3 3 =  sec  d
16  9 x 2 = 4 cos . Hence = ln |sec  + tan | + C
4  x2 x
4  
(64 cos3 )  cos  d  = ln 2 2 +C
(16  9x 2 )3/2  3 
 x6
dx   4096 6
sin  = ln | 4  x 2 + C. [Taking C = C – ln 2]
729
243 243 A trigonometric substitution can sometimes help
=
16  cos 4  cosec 2  d = –
80
cot5  + C us to evaluate an integral containing an integer power of a
quadratic binomial, as in the next example.
1 (16  9x 2 )5/2 dx
=  +C Example 5: Evaluate I =  (x 2  4)2
80 x5
Solution: Put x = 2 tan   dx = 2 sec 2  d,
x 2 dx x
Example 3: Find  2x  x 2 Also, = tan–1 .
2
x 2 dx 2 sec2 d
Solution: We have I  
1  (x  1)2
I=  (4sec 2 )2
2sec 2  d 1
=  16sec 4 
=
16  2 cos2  d
1 1 1   sin 2   C
x–1
=
16  (1  cos2) d =
16 
 2 
Let x – 1 = sin .  1 x 1
= tan–1 + C.
16 2 8(4  x 2 )
2x - x2
x 2  25
Then dx = cos  dand 2 x  x 2 = cos . Hence, Example 6: Evaluate  x
dx, assuming that
(1  sin )2 x  – 5.
I=  cos  d
cos  Solution: The integrand involves a radical of the
3 1  form x 2  a 2 with a = 5, so we make the substitution
=  (1  sin )
2
2
d =   2 sin   cos 2   d
2  
x = 5 sec , < 
2
3 1 dx
=  – 2 cos  – sin 2 + C
2 4 = 5 sec  tan  or, dx = 5 sec  tan  d
d
3
= sin–1(x – 1) – 2 2 x  x 2 x 2  25
2 Thus,  x
dx
1
– (x – 1) 2 x  x 2 + C 25 sec 2   25
2 =  5 sec 
(5 sec  tan )d
3 1 5 | tan  |
= sin–1(x – 1) – (x + 3) 2 x  x 2 + C.
2 2 =  5 sec 
(5 sec  tan ) d
Binder1.pdf 33 3/17/2020 6:33:09 PM

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Maasta maalima elääpi,
Maasta makiat saapi,
Hapan kaikki hankitahan
Kansan kaiken tarpeheksi,
Eduksi tämän elämän,
Ravinnoksi ruumihillen.
Teillen vielä virkaveljet,
Sanon muutaman sanasen:
Siis sinä siveä vaari,
Taitava talon isäntä,
Elä suutu säätyhysi,
Elä virkaasi vihastu,
Vaikka vaivalla kovalla
Maasi mahtihin rakennat.
Tässä työssä tarvitahan
Aivan paljon ahkeruutta,
Vielä tarkkuutta tavassa
Kaikin puolin kaivatahan.
Siis on työllen, toimellemme
Aina arvo annettava,
Kun on tuiki tarpeellinen
Virka maata viljelevän.
Siitä voit kerskaten kehaista,
Kuten kerran Suomalainen
Sanoopi sanalla tuolla,
Etten vaihtas virkoani
Miehen kanssa kuuluisamman,
Joll' on kappa kamlotista,
Kallis kauhtana verasta.
Vielä virkan nuoremmille,
Kansallemme kasvavallen —
Kun olen kyllin kehunna
Esi-isäin elinkeinon;
Tään oon kautta kokemuksen
Itsekin opissa ollut,
Nämä läksyt läpikäynyt;
Aina aamusta varahin
Hikipäässä heilununna,
Ahkerana ammatissa,
Töissä toimissa monissa —
Sanan sanon nuoremmille:
Elkää etsikö etempää,
Maitten, merien takoa
Kuuluisia kultamaita;
Onhan viel' omassa maassa
Meillä armas Ameriikka.
Kyll' on täällä kyntämistä,
Kyntämistä, kuokkimista,
Paljon siemenen sijoa,
Ennenkuin on korvet kaikki
Meiltä kaadettu kumohon,
Kannot kaikki väännettynä,
Taiten tehty leipämaiksi;
Vielä niitty viimeiseksi,
Pellon äiti päälliseksi.
Siis on töitä, tehtäviä,
Oman maamme manterella,
Suomi-äidin synnyinmailla.
PELLERVON PÄIVILLÄ HELSINGISSÄ 31 p. tammik. 1900.
On taas ollut oiva juhla

Täällä Helsingin talossa,
Mik' on meitä miellyttännä
Maamme maanviljelijöitä —
Kuin on tänne tullut paljo,
Suuri joukko Suomestamme,
Saapunut satoa kuusi,
Päivillen pojan pätöisen,
Pellervoisen pellon poian.
Hauska olo ollaksemme
Tässä seurassa somassa,
Yhteistyössä, toiminnassa
Yhteisen hyvän etehen.
Se on oppi oivallinen,
Että uusia etuja
Ajateltaisiin alati
Kansan kasvavan etehen,
Tulevaisten tunnustella.
Niinpä päivät Pellervoisen
Ovat antaneet aluksi
Oppimista oivallista
Luennoista, lausunnoista
Yhteistyöhön, toimintahan
Kolmen päivän koulussamme.
Siis on päivät Pellervoisen
Kohta loppuhun kulunna.
Niinpä miehet muistakaamme
Pellervoisen päivätöitä;
Että viemme viemisiksi
Kukin täältä kotihimme
Tuliaisiks' tuttavillen;
Ehkäpä ottaapi orahan
Kantaa vielä kasvuakin,
Kun saa asian alullen
Itämähän ilman alle
Sulo Suomemme hyväksi.
Sanon muutaman sanasen
Vielä virkan vierahillen
Kyntäjillen, kylväjöillen,
Että teetten tehtävänne
Kuten poika Pellervoinen
Kylvöksensä kyyhätteli
Luojan sormien lomitse.
Käen kautta Kaikkivallan;
Sitten siunaus tuleepi
Suosiosta suuren Luojan.
Vielä lausun nyt lopuksi
Kiitokseksi kirjoittelen
Niillen herroillen hyvillen,
Jotk' on alkanna asian,
Yhteistyötä toimimahan,
Aatetta alottamahan,
Jost' on ollut kyllin meillä
Oivallista oppimista
Luennoista, lausunnoista
Kokeen aavalta alalta,
Mitä ompi mikin nähnyt
Kokemuksen koulussansa,
Jost' on paljonkin puhuttu
Kolmen päivän koulussamme,
Opin teillä ollessamme
Täällä tultu tietämähän.
VALTIOPÄIVÄIN AVAAMISESTA 15 p. syysk. 1863.
Iloinen on ilmoitella,
Josta aion kirjoitella,
Kuin on arvoinen asia
Sekä uusi aikakausi
Meitä kohti koittamassa.
Kuin jo saavat Suomen säädyt
Joka luokasta luetut,
Saavat kohta kokoontua
Niille juhlille jaloille,
Aivan suuriarvoisille,
Joit' on päätetty piteä
Kaupungissa kuuluisassa,
Herttaisessa Helsingissä.
Tämä toivottu sanoma
Ompi meillen arvollinen,
Joka suotiin Suomellemme,
Annettiin jo aika tietää,
Päivän määrä määrättynä.
Käsky saatu keisarilta,
Annettu Aleksanterilta.
Kyllä tästä Suomen kansan
Ompi aihetta aluksi
Arvoisallen asiallen
Ilon tunteilla tueta,
Kuin on kauvan odottanna
Suomi siltäkin sijalta,
Että saada edistyä,
Uutta laatia lakia,
Sovitella Suomen säädyt,
Mikä passaisi paraiten
Käytännössä kaikin puolin,
Koska aina ajan kulku
Uudistuksia anoopi,
Parannusta kaikin paikoin
Lainkin vanhan laitoksissa.
Jo on vuosia kulunna,
Jäänyt tuonne jälkipuoleen
Vuotta viisikymmenisen,
Jolloin säädyt sovitteli
Porvohossa päätöksiä,
Eikä oo sitä etua
Ajan pitkäisen perästä
Suomen kansallen suvaittu.
Nyt on aika arvollinen
Meitä kohti koittamassa,
Valtiot valmistumassa,
Joista toivomme tulevan
Monen kohdan korjausta,
Vahvistusta, virkistystä
Suloisellen Suomellemme.
Vielä toivoisin tulevan,
Että sinne sattuvaiset,
Valitut valtiomiehet
Oisi järjeltä jaloja,
Isänmaallen innokkaita;
Jotka puhuis puolestamme
Kaikki kansan kaipaukset
Pienimmästä suurimpahan,
Antain alhaisten asiat
Ylimäisten ymmärrellä.
Laittaa niillen lainkin säännöt,
Vanhat kaikki korjaella
Uutten muutosten mukahan.
Tästäkin jalosta työstä,
Kuin myöskin monista muista,
Mitä ennätti eläissään
Meillen tehdä toimellansa,
Olkoon kiitos korkeimmallen,
Meijän kuulu keisarillen
Suomen kansalta sanottu.
Vielä syyllä suuremmalla
Ompi meillä muisto rakas,
Kun hän piti tärkeänä
Tämän arvoisen asian,
Kun oli itse avaamassa,
Valtiot valmistamassa
Suomen säätyjen seassa
Ylhäisenä ystävänä,
Suomen suuriruhtinaana,
Keisarina korkiana.
Täst' ois kaiken Suomen kansan
Antaa kiitos korkeimmalle,
Ylhäisellen ystävälle
Tästäkin jalosta työstä
Suloisellen Suomellemme.
KEISARI ALEKSANTERIN KUOLINPÄIVÄSTÄ 13 p. maalisk.

1881.
Oisi mielessä minulla

Aine nytkin arvollinen,
Että ruveta runollen.
Jos vaan oikein osaisin,
Kertoella kaikin puolin
Aleksanterin armotöitä.
Vaikka jo asia vanha,
Vaan se uutena pysyypi
Miesten muistossa mukana,
Varsinkin se vanhempien;
Josta nyt nykyinen aika
Paljon puhetta pitääpi,
Kuin on Suomemme surussa,
Pahan mielen painon alla,
Että entistä enemmän
Muisteleepi muinaisia
Armo-isän armotöitä,
Aleksanterin aikakautta;
Jonka muisto ei murene
Suomen kansan suosiosta,
Vaan on ikimuistettava.
Vielä lasten lapsillakin!
Niinpä nytkin Suomen kansa
Pitää muistonsa pyhänä
Näinä huolen hetkinänsä,
Kun ne yhtyy yli Suomen,
Kantaa kauniit seppeleensä
Sillen patsaallen paraallen,
Jonka Suomi hällen nosti,
Ikimuiston ihmisillen.
Viel' on mulla muistossani
Armon-isän armotöitä,
Joita soi hän Suomellemme.
Tiesi tarkoin tarpehemme,
Katsoi kaikkien parasta;
Eikä ollut outo vieras,
Ehti käydä eläissänsä
Seitsemästi Suomessamme.
Siitä sitten rakkauskin
Kasvoi kahden puolisesti
Keisarin ja kansan kesken.
Enpä taida tarkallehen,
Enkä puolinkaan puhua,
Mitä meillen hyvää teki
Aleksanter aikanansa.
Hänpä itse valtiotkin
Ajan pitkäisen perästä
Avasi omalla suulla,
Vielä vahvasti vakuutti
Laitkin pyhänä piteä,
Kaikki kansan oikeudet.
Samoin saatti suomenkielen
Olemaan oikeustuvissa,
Virkakielenä viroissa.
Samoin koulut, samoin kirkot
Saivat uudet uudistukset,
Kansakoulut, kiertokoulut
Tuli kansallen tutuksi.
Alimmasta ylimpähän
Kääntyi kaiken kansan kasvot
Puoleen kuulun keisarimme.
Lähinnä liki Jumalan
Pysyy muisto muuttumatta.
Vielä toivon viimeiseksi,
Jos sen soisi suuri Luoja,
Antaisi armon Jumala
Lahjat laupiaat hänellen,
Keisarillen korkeallen,
Nikolaille haltijallen,
Että oisi sama mieli,
Sama armias ajatus
Jok' on ollut entisillä
Keisareilla kuuluisilla.
Että entiset pysyisi
Perustukset paikallansa,
Asetukset alallansa
Köyhän Suomen suosimana.
Eik' ole minulla muuta,
Parempata palkkiota,
Sidottua seppelettä
Panna muistopatsahallen
Jalon haltijan hyväksi,
Kuolinpäivän kunniaksi,
Kuin tää kehno kiitokseni,
Hyvin puuttuva puheeni.
KIISTELYSTÄ KIELEN PÄÄLTÄ
VALTIOPÄIVILLÄ 1894.
Jo nyt soisi Suomen kansa

Kielikiistat loppuviksi.
Sitä toivoo Suomen kansa,
Että jo ajalla ennen
Oisi päästy päätöksissä
Vallallensa vanttuhista,
Ruotsin kahleista kovista,
Jota ruotsikot rumasti
Vielä nytkin viivyttävät.
Eivät soisi ensinkänä
Miestä miehestä tulevan,
Ottavan omin varoinsa
Aikamiehen askelia,
Saapuvan sillen sijallen,
Jossa Ruotsi rehevänä
Ijän kaiken istununna.
Paljon on jo Suomi päässyt,
Paljon viel' on pääsemättä
Kahlehistansa kovista;
Jos vaan vertaamme jälellen
Vuotta kuusikymmenisen,
Kuin oli vielä ruotsin valta
Ylimmillensä yletty,
Koulut kaikki kaupungeissa
Ruotsin rahkeissa kovissa;
Mistä sai nyt kansan lapset
Oppia nyt ollenkana?
Oli tuohon tyytyminen
Oman vanhemman opillen.
Kun oli vielä vanhempamme
Aivan oppimattomia;
Samoin suomeks' kirjallisuus
Sekin ol' varsin vähässä.
Samoin kaikki virkakirjat
Ne oli ruotsiksi rykätty
Eikä suomella omalla,
Talonpojan tuttavalla.
Vaan ei vieläkään viikingit,
Herrat ruotsikot rupeisi
Suomenkieltä suosimahan.
Aina vaan he väittelevät,
Kielikiistoja pitävät,
Niinkuin näissä valtioissa,
Sanomalehdissä samaten
Paraan mahtinsa panivat
Kiistellessä kielen päältä,
Että pitäis heillä olla
Ylivalta, ylivoima,
Olla päänä, päsmärinä.
Suomalaiset saavat olla —
Mitä pöydältä putovi,
Alta ottoa muruja.
Ihme on ikäni ollut,
Minun kumma mielestäni,
Mist' on jäänynnä jälellen
Ruotsinkielen ylivalta,
Vaikk' on väkensä vähäinen,
Kaikesta osa kaheksas.
Jo nyt soisin Suomelleni,
Että nousis nuori kansa,
Suomen poiat pontevasti,
Herrat niinkuin talonpoiat;
Oisi meillä yksi mieli,
Yksi mieli, yksi kieli,
Yhdet armaat ajatukset
Kerroksissa kaiken kansan.
Niin mä luulisin lopuksi
Kielikiistain katkeavan,
Vähenevän väittelyiden.
SUOMENKIELEN ASIA RITARI- JA
AATELISSÄÄDYSSÄ VALTIOPÄIVILLÄ
1894.
Kuten sanovat sanomat,

Viikkolehdet viestit tuovat,
Mitä herrat Helsingissä,
Arvoaatelit sanovat
Suomenkielen suosiosta,
Kun ei kuulu heillen vielä
Suomi suosittu olevan,
Että kelpais keskustella
Suomalaisilla sanoilla
Aatelistenkin asiat.
Tuosta on hyvä todistus
Nähty näillä valtioilla,
Kuinka Yrjömme yritti,
Koetti Koskinen puhua
Ensikerran aatelissa,
Puhevuoroa piteä
Suomalaisilla sanoilla
Arvoisellen aatelillen.
Vaan siell' ei suomea suvaittu,
Kieltä kehnoo käytettävän.
Joka ensiksi esiintyi,
Von Poriini ponnisteli,
Kovin vastusti kovasti
Viimeiset viikinkivoimat.
Samoin muita muutamia
Suomen kielen sortajia
Yhdistyypi yhtä mieltä.
Sanoivat sanalla tuolla,
Ettei kelpaa keskustella
Suomen kieli kuultavaksi
Arvoaateli-suvullen.
En siltä sanoa saata,
Arvoaatelis-sukuiset,
Niinkuin miehet muutkin herrat,
Onhan niissä oikioita
Suomenkielen suosijoita,
Jotk' ei soisi sortumahan
Suomi-äidin suomenkielen,
Jonka ennen äiti neuvoi,
Oma vanhempi opetti
Lapsillensa laupiaasti.
Vielä teillen viikinki-herrat
Kansan puolesta puhelen:
Miksi teillä mieli musta,
Miksi, vaino ja kateus
Ompi oman kielen päältä,
Koska kerran ollaan kaikki
Yhden Suomen synnyttämät,
Yhden kantamat kanaset,
Vaikka häivyimme hajalle
Suomen saaren seutuville.
Miksi siis ei yksi mieli,
Yksi mieli, yksi kieli
Ylhäisillä, alhaisilla
Kaikuis kaiken kansan suusta;
Suomi suosittu olisi.
Sitten loppuis kielikiistat,
Kovat väitökset välistä,
Selviäisi seuraelämä,
Kateuskin kahden puolen
Ylhäisien, alhaisien;
Vielä voisi veljeskättä
Tarjotakin toisillensa
Sovinnon suloista kättä,
Joka rauhan rakentaapi.
HILJAISET VALTIOPÄIVÄT 1899.
Hiljallehen ensin hiihä,

Ettet väsyne välillen,
Maseneisi matkan päällen:
Sananlasku sangen vanha,
Valmistettu vanhemmilta,
Meiltä mielehen otettu.
Samaa saattavi sanoa
Vielä näistä valtioista,
Päivistä pidettävistä,
Hiljaisista hiihtäjistä;
Kuin ei kuulu kuulumia,
Sanele sanomalehdet
Miesten mietteistä mitänä.
Ain' on maalla arveluja,
Suomen suurilla saloilla,
Miten siellä miehet jaksaa
Tehtävänsä toimitella.
Onko miehet ollenkana
Täysin terveessä tilassa,
Vai lie tullut taudin aika,
Lentsutauti liikkehellä,
Joka maalla matkustaapi;
Tahtoopi se talvikaudet
Ukkosia uuvutella.
Vaan on arvelun alaista,
Puhe puusta katsojalla,
Tohtiskohan tuokin tulla
Suomen suurehen kylähän,
Herraisehen Helsinkihin,
Joss' on rohdotkin ramilla,
Vastamyrkyt valmihina
Taudin synnyt tappamahan.
Näitä kansa keskenänsä,
Näistä päivistä puhuvat,
Vähän leikkiä lisäksi.
Vaan sen arvaamme asian
Mekin maalla matkustajat,
Ett' on siellä edessänne
Arkaluontonen asia,
Joka säädyt seisottaapi,
Painaapi pahallen mielen,
Ajatukset ahtahallen,
Että puuttuupi puhetta,
Miettehissä meininkiä.
Mitä miehet tehtänehen,
Soveltuva sotalaki,
Jota suosis Suomen kansa
Sekä kelpais keisarillen —
Se on tointa tärkeätä.
Tästä jatkui pitkä juttu,
Vaikk' on ainoa asia

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Integral Calculus for JEE Main and

Advanced, 3e 3rd Edition Vinay Kumar

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McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

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Integral Calculus for JEE Main & Advanced, 3e

Copyright © 2020 by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers.

ISBN (13) : 978-93-531646-0-7

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About the Author ii

CHAPTER 1 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION 1.1 – 1.195

1.1 Introduction 1.1

CHAPTER 2 DEFINITE INTEGRATION 2.1 – 2.211

2.1 Introduction 2.1

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2.4 First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 2.16

CHAPTER 3 AREA UNDER THE CURVE 3.1 – 3.112

3.1 Curve Sketching 3.1

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CHAPTER 4 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 4.1 – 1.117

4.1 Introduction 4.1

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1.1 INTRODUCTION Definition

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Direct integration log 2 x

(iv)  sec (ax + b) . tan (ax + b) dx

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1.3 INTEGRATION BY find an appropriate transformation of the integrand, thus

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then integrate each term of the sum to obtain the result.

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1 sin(x  )  (cos 2 x  sin 2 x  2sin x cos x)

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x 4  5x 3  15x  9  9 (iii)  {1  cot(x  )cot(x  } dx

 I =  f{(u)} '(u) du.

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Let g be a function whose range is an interval I, and let f be a

(n x)2 x x (1  (ln x)dx

Put nx = t Solution: Put = t xx

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2 xdx i.e. when power of x is in the denominator, then decrease the

In other words it means that if we are to integrate any function Deduction 2

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Solution: Here integrand contains expression of the form

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About the Author ii