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Encyclopedia of Inland Waters All 4 Set Volume 2Nd Edition Klement Tockner Editor in Chief Full Chapter
Encyclopedia of Inland Waters All 4 Set Volume 2Nd Edition Klement Tockner Editor in Chief Full Chapter
Encyclopedia of Inland Waters All 4 Set Volume 2Nd Edition Klement Tockner Editor in Chief Full Chapter
EDITORS IN CHIEF
Thomas Mehner
Vice Director, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Germany
Klement Tockner
Senckenberg Society for Nature Research and Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
Elsevier
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ISBN 978-0-12-819166-8
Thomas Mehner is vice director and senior researcher at the Leibniz Insti-
tute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries in Berlin, Germany. He is lim-
nologist and fisheries biologist by training, and has got his Diploma and Ph.D. at
the University of Rostock (formerly East Germany) in 1992. In 1999, he had
received his habilitation and venia legendi in limnology, which allowed him to
start teaching as Privatdozent at universities. Since 1997, he has been working at
IGB in several positions. He has published about 170 ISI papers, with primary
focus on fish communities, lake food webs, and species interactions. However,
his topical interests are broader, and he has authored and co-authored several
publications on freshwater fisheries management, fish population genetics and
evolutionary and behavioral ecology of aquatic organisms. He has been Handling
Editor of the journals “Aquatic Ecology” and “Freshwater Biology” for several years,
and he is currently member of the Editorial Boards of “Global Change Biology”
and “Limnologica.” Since spring 2018, he has been the president of the Interna-
Photo credit: David Ausserhofer tional Society of Limnology (SIL), the oldest and most international scientific
society devoted to the study of inland waters. Thomas Mehner has taught M.Sc.
courses at universities on limnology, fish ecology, fisheries management, and behavior and evolution. His
one-week course on “Scientific Writing” for Ph.D. students has been run at 3 universities and in total 18 times,
with >120 international students participating. He has trained many M.Sc. and Ph.D. students and supervised
their theses, and he is actively mentoring undergraduates, graduates, and post-doc researchers.
v
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EDITORIAL BOARD
Damien Bouffard
Department of Surface Waters-Research and Management, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and
Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
Debbie Chapman
UNEP GEMS/Water Capacity Development Centre, Environmental Research Institute and School of Biological, Earth and
Environmental Sciences, University College, Cork, Ireland
Catherine Febria
Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research & Dept. of Integrative Biology,
University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada, Traditional Territory of the Three Fires Confederacy of First Nations
Christian Griebler
University of Vienna, Department of Functional & Evolutionary Ecology, Vienna, Austria
Ken Irvine
Department of Water Science and Engineering (WSE), IHE Delft, Institute for Water Education, Delft, Netherlands
and
Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Wolfgang Junk
National Institute of Science and Technology in Wetlands (INCT-INAU) at the Federal University of Mato Grosso
(UFMT), Cuiaba, Brazil
Gail Krantzberg
Master of Engineering and Public Policy, Booth School of Engineering Practise and Technology, McMaster University,
Hamilton, ON, Canada
adjunct faculty: United Nations University Institute for Water Environment and Health
Marie-Elodie Perga
Faculty of Geosciences and Environment, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne,
Switzerland
LeRoy Poff
Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
Lars Rudstam
Cornell Biological Field Station, Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY,
United States
vii
viii Editorial Board
Stuart Warner
UNEP GEMS/Water Capacity Development Centre, Environmental Research Centre, School of Biological, Environmental
and Earth Science, University College, Cork, Ireland
Florian Wittmann
Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
SECTION EDITORS
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x Section Editors
assessment worldwide for UNEP, including support for the Sustainable Development Goal indicator for good
ambient water quality. She retired as director of the center in June 2021 and now acts in an advisory role and as
an independent consultant.
Christian Griebler is full professor and head of the Limnology unit at the
University of Vienna, Austria. He is a dedicated groundwater ecologist with core
expertise in microbial ecology and biogeochemistry.
Krantzberg is professor and lead for the engineering and public policy in the
School of Engineering Practice and Technology at McMaster University offering
Canada’s first master’s degree in engineering and public policy. Gail completed
her M.Sc. and Ph.D. at the University of Toronto in environmental science and
freshwaters. She worked for the Ontario Ministry of Environment from 1988 to
2001, as coordinator of Great Lakes Programs, and senior policy advisor on Great
Lakes. Dr. Krantzberg was the director of the Great Lakes Regional Office of the
International Joint Commission from 2001 to 2005. In 2007 she was appointed
as an adjunct faculty member of the United Nations University Institute for Water
and Environmental Health and participated in the twinning of the Laurentian
and African Great Lakes (principally Lake Victoria). She has co-authored and
edited 9 books and more than 200 scientific and policy articles on issues pertain-
ing to ecosystem quality and sustainability and is a frequent speaker to media and
the public. Her research interests include investigating Great Lakes governance
capacity, analyzing interjurisdictional co-management arrangements internation-
ally for application to the Great Lakes regime, and methods to better integrate
science and engineering in policy formulation and decision-making.
Stuart Warner works with the United Nations Environment Programme with a
focus on helping countries to monitor and assess their freshwaters. He was born
in England, he moved to Ireland in 2001 to work at University College Cork.
Stuart has published in the areas of water quality monitoring and assessment and
citizen science approaches to data collection. He has written reports on the
capacity of countries to understand their freshwaters which highlight the chal-
lenges faced in different world regions. Recent efforts have focused on the
development and implementation of a global water quality indicator, and the
delivery of capacity development targeted at improving freshwater management.
His professional interests include using both traditional and innovative
approaches to understand and protect freshwater ecosystems.
Florian Wittmann is professor for physical geography and head of the Depart-
ment of Wetland Ecology at the Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Germany.
He studied geography, geology, and botany at the Universities of Mannheim and
Heidelberg, got his Ph.D. in physical geography at the University of Mannheim,
and his lecturer qualification at the University of Bayreuth, Germany. He held
post-doc positions at the Max Planck Institutes for Limnology and Chemistry,
Germany, where he was working at the bilateral project between the Max Planck
Society and the National Institute for Amazonian Research in Manaus, Brazil, for
more than 15 years.
His research focuses on neotropical wetlands, with special interest in biogeog-
raphy, plant species distribution, species diversity, forestry and sustainable man-
agement, remote sensing, biomass and primary productivity, and botany and
vegetation ecology. Actually, he teaches at the Institute for Geography and Geoe-
cology of the Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Germany, and in the
post-graduate program of Tropical Ecology—Botany at the National Institute
for Amazon Research—INPA, Manaus, Brazil. He supervised numerous M.Sc.
and Ph.D. students and published more than 150 peer-reviewed publications,
including several books and book chapters on Amazonian wetlands.
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LIST OF ALL CONTRIBUTORS
xv
xvi List of all Contributors
The surface of the earth is dominated by water. Water is fundamentally critical for the life forms we know. Not
surprisingly, humans have always settled near the shores of oceans, rivers, and lakes. However, the amount of
potentially drinkable, non-salty water on earth is much more limited, and hence inland waters are of particular
focus to humans. Whereas lakes and rivers constitute the largely visible part of inland waters, wetlands and
groundwater are less visible, and hence are often neglected in consideration of inland water systems. However,
all inland water types constitute the centrally important resource for future life, and hence understanding the
structure, functions, and interdependencies of inland waters is paramount for a sustainable development of the
human population.
The science of inland waters is limnology, also called the queen of sciences because of its multidisciplinary
nature, including aspects of biology, ecology, physics, chemistry, hydrology, and geology. Given the strong
interactions between humans and inland waters, this set of disciplines has to be expanded toward medical
sciences, toward technological disciplines such as engineering and construction, and toward social sciences, like
sociology, psychology, and history. Ultimately, covering the full bandwidth of scientific disciplines related to
inland waters requires a comprehensive approach.
It can be discussed whether a comprehensive topical coverage of the science of inland waters in the form of a
printed Encyclopedia is still an approach worthwhile to be completed. In contrast to a classical lexicon, which
addresses the meaning of key terms and definitions, an Encyclopedia bundles articles related to structures,
processes, and concepts. If ideally structured, the reader of an Encyclopedia article will understand both details
and the complexity of topics, and this knowledge may support informing others, whether in school and
university teaching, or may be applicable to public discussion and information.
We are convinced that an edited volume such as this Encyclopedia of Inland Waters can still serve as a reference
output for a discipline. The strong interactions between authors, section editors, and us, the editors-in-chief,
were the foundation for generating a volume that reliably reflects scientific quality and correctness, in contrast to
several web-based text compilations that are exposed to less rigorous quality controls. Nevertheless, the chosen
structure of the Encyclopedia keeps the contributions by researchers or researcher groups, and hence perpetuates
the flavor of individual perspectives on topics. By this approach, the Encyclopedia of Inland Waters does not rival,
but complements several textbooks on limnology and aquatic ecology.
When discussing a second edition of the successful Encyclopedia of Inland Waters whose first edition was
printed in 2009, the process has got its own dynamics. While the initial idea was primarily related to updating
the chapters from the first edition, and adding a few fresh chapters on emerging topics, the intense consideration
of what we think is relevant to understand inland waters has enforced a full re-structuring of the volume. The
inclusion of sections on lakes and rivers was obvious, but the addition of sections on wetlands and groundwater
became necessary to address the full set of forms in which inland waters are present on earth. When considering
the strong interactions between humans and inland waters, a section on pressures on, and management of,
freshwater systems became evidently necessary, and the addition of a section on social values of inland waters
reflects the tight linkages between water and human beings. We complemented these six sections by a general
section, in which structures and processes are outlined that are not specific to only one type of inland waters.
And ultimately, we added a section on emerging topics; themes in research and methodology that are not yet
fully fledged and hence often not properly covered in textbooks, but for which we think that they will become
standard in future limnological research.
xxxvii
xxxviii Introduction to Encyclopedia of Inland Waters, 2nd edition
Inevitably, the outcome of such an endeavor is not perfect. Despite having enthusiastic section editors,
finding and selecting authors or author groups for the more than 250 originally planned topics was more
complicated than initially anticipated. Despite all efforts, we could not secure contributions to all topics, and
hence we have to accept that there are thematic gaps also in the second edition of the Encyclopedia. Further-
more, we tried to apply a consistent chapter structure at least for all chapters that were freshly produced for the
second edition. Yet, this structure could not be harmonized for the chapters we reproduced from the first
edition. Finally, drafting, revising, editing, and producing a volume of this dimension under the conditions of
the Covid-19 pandemic was an extra challenge. We appreciate the motivation, diligence, and patience of all
contributors in these complicated times. The volume finally available is a wonderful piece of work that can
emerge if professional expertise, creativity, and enthusiasm are combined via a shared vision.
Ultimately, we wish to thank Gene Likens for his original idea to create the Encyclopedia of Inland Waters.
We followed his intentions and hope that the second edition of this book is a dignified continuation of his first
collection of articles. In summer 2022, the International Society of Limnology (SIL) celebrates its centennial
year of foundation. In 1922, August Thienemann and Einar Naumann founded an international society devoted
to the study of inland waters, named Societas Internationalis Limnologiae Theoreticae et Applicatae. Now, 100
years later, we, the editors-in-chief of the second edition of the Encyclopedia of Inland Waters, offer this volume as
a contribution to theoretical research and practical management of inland waters, in the sense of Thienemann
and Naumann. We hope that it will be well received.
Thomas Mehner, Klement Tockner
Berlin and Frankfurt, March 2022
CONTENTS OF ALL VOLUMES
VOLUME 1
Fundamental concepts and theories
Section introduction: Fundamental Concepts and Theories of Inland Waters 1
Lars G Rudstam
Pressure 53
JF Atkinson
Ultraviolet Radiation 83
Craig E Williamson and Patrick J Neale
Chemosynthesis 118
Alex Enrich-Prast, Fausto Machado-Silva, David Bastviken, Patrick Crill, and Camila Negrão Signori
Methane 136
David Bastviken
Nitrogen 155
Robert W Howarth
xxxix
xl Contents of All Volumes
Predation 207
Jonathan M Jeschke, Christian Laforsch, Patricia Diel, Jens GP Diller, Martin Horstmann, and Ralph Tollrian
Parasites in Aquatic Food Webs: How and Why Environmental Gradients Influence Epidemics and
Their Implications 222
Spencer R Hall
Bioenergetics 270
SR Chipps, D Deslauriers, and CP Madenjian
Lakes as Recorders of Earth Surface Dynamics From Yearly to Plurimillennial Time-Scales 439
Fabien Arnaud and Pierre Sabatier
VOLUME 2
Structures and functions of Inland Waters - Lakes continued
A Diversity of Primary Producers in Lakes 1
Francesco Pomati, Marta Reyes, Anita Narwani, Robert Fischer, and Robert Ptacnik
Macrophytes 14
Sabine Hilt, Jan E Vermaat, and Klaus van de Weyer
Fish Populations 67
Ian J Winfield
Structure of Fish Communities in Lakes and Its Abiotic and Biotic Determinants 77
Thomas Mehner and Sandra Brucet
Inputs, Occurrence and Effects of Pharmaceuticals and Microplastics in Freshwater Ecosystems 471
Emma Rosi, Megan Fork, Timothy Hoellein, John J Kelly, and Erinn Richmond
Environmental Flows: Ecological Effects of Hydrologic Alterations, Assessment Methods for Rivers,
Challenges and Global Uptake 561
Angela H Arthington
xliv Contents of All Volumes
VOLUME 3
Structures and functions of Inland Waters - Wetlands
Section Introduction: Wetland Ecology 1
CM Finlayson
Prehistoric Wetlands 23
Stephen F Greb, William A DiMichele, Robert W Gastaldo, Cortland F Eble, and Scott L Wing
Mountain Rivers: A Global Overview of River Channel Forms, With a Focus on Braided Rivers 65
Felix L Maier, Stewart B Rood, Severin Hohensinner, Isabell Becker, Jerneja Harmel, Norbert Müller, and Gregory Egger
Wetland Soils: Physical and Chemical Properties and Biogeochemical Processes 157
Courtney Mobilian and Christopher B Craft