GRAMMAR COLLEGE, KANO

PHYSICS LESSON NOTE

SSS TWO (2)
SECOND TERM, 2023/2024

WEEK EIGHT (8)

TOPIC: HEAT ENERGY

CONTENT:
1. Determination of specific heat capacity of liquid.
2. Latent heat, Determination of specific latent heat of fusion of ice.
3. Determination of specific latent heat of vaporization of steam.

SUB-TOPIC 1: Determination of specific heat capacity of liquid by electrical method.

Thermometer

Connected to electric supply

Liquid

Lagging

A calorimeter of known heat capacity (McCc) is used and a known mass of liquid( M1) is placed in the
calorimeter, the temperature of the liquid is recorded (θ 1)). The known quantity of heat (VIt) is recorded
by taking readings from the voltmeter, ammeter and stop watch. The final temperature is recorded (θ 2).

Electrical energy supplied by the heater = Heat energy absorbed by the calorimeter and water.

VIt = M1CL(θ2 – θ1) + McCc (θ2 –θ1)

CL = VIt - Mc Cc (02 – 01)

C1 (02 – 01)

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LATENT HEAT

Latent heat or hidden heat is experienced when there is a change of state ( melting,
vaporization, condensation, freezing, sublimation), it is not visible in the
thermometer because there is no change in temperature. There are latent heat of
fusion and latent heat of vaporization.

Latent heat of fusion is the heat energy required to convert a substance from its solid
form to its liquid form without change in temperature.

Specific latent heat of fusion of a substance is the quantity of heat required to

change unit mass of a substance from solid to liquid without change in temperature.
The unit is Jkg-1.

Q = quantity of heat(in joules)

m = mass of substance(kg)
Q
Q = ml l= l=specificlatent
heat of fusion. m

Specific latent heat of vaporization of a substance is the quantity of heat required

to change unit mass of substance from liquid to vapour without change in
temperature. Q = ml

Q
l=
m

Example 1: How much heat is required to convert 20g of ice at 0℃ to water at the same
temperature? [Specific latent heat of ice = 336Jg-1] M= 20g = , l = 336Jg-1

Q
l=
m

Q = ml

Q = 336 X 20 = 6720J

Example 2: Calculate the quantity of heat released when 100g of steam at 100℃
condenses to water. [Take specific latent heat of vaporization of water as 2.3×106Jkg-1]

M= 100g = 0.1kg , l =2.3 x 106Jkg-1

2
 Q
l=
m

Q = ml

Q = 2.3 x 106 X 0.1 = 2.3 x 105J

EVALUATION:

Calculate the energy required to vapourise 50g of water initially at 80 0C. [Specific heat capacity
of water = 4.2Jg-1K-1; specific latent heat of vapourisation of water = 2260Jg-1]

Sub-Topic 2: Determination of specific latent heat of fusion of ice.

Thermometer
Stirrer

calorimeter

Connected to electric supply

Ice block

Lagging

Dried ice is dropped in weighed calorimeter(M1) containing water of known mass(M2-M1) and
known temperature(θ1). The mixture is stirred continuously and more ice is added until the
temperature of the mixture falls to about 100C below the room temperature(θ2). The content is
reweighed to find the mass of the ice.

Heat lost by calorimeter and water in cooling from θ 1 to θ2 = Heat gained by ice in melting to
water at 00c + Heat gained by melted ice when its temperature rises from 00C to θ2.

M1C1(θ1-θ2) + (M2-M1) CW( θ1-θ) = (M3-M2)L + (M3-M2) CW θ1

L = M1C1(θ1-θ2) + (M2-M1) CW( θ1-θ) - (M3-M2) CW θ1

(M3-M2)

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The calorimeter should be well lagged.

2. The mixture should be well stirred to ensure even distribution of heat.

3. The ice must be dried before it is put in the calorimeter.

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 Example 3: Calculate the heat energy required to change 0.1kg of ice at 0℃ to
water boiling at 100℃. [Specific heat capacity of water = 4200Jkg -1K-1; specific
latent heat of fusion of ice =336000Jkg-1].

SOLUTION

Q = Heat required to melt ice at 0 0C + Heat required to change temperature of ice from
00C to 1000C.

Q = m l+mcw(θ2−θ1)

Q = 0.1 x 336000 + 0.1 x 4200 x (100−0)

Q = 33600 + 42000 = 75600 = 7.56 X 104J

EVALUATION:

1. Calculate the heat required to convert 20g of ice at 0℃ to water at 16℃.

[Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 336Jg -1; specific heat capacity of water =
4.2Jg-1K-1]
2. Explain what is meant by the following statements: The specific latent heat of
fusion of ice is 3.4 x 105Jkg-1.

Sub-Topic 3: Determination of specific latent heat of vaporization of stem.

The calorimeter is weighed empty and the mass(M1) is recorded. Water is poured into
the calorimeter and the mass(M2) recorded. Dried steam is passed into the lagged
calorimeter containing water until the temperature of water rises to 250and the steam
is removed and the content stirred. The mass(M3 )is recorded and the final steady
temperature taken(θ2).

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Mass of water = M2 – M1 , Mass of steam= M3 – M2

Heat lost by stem in condensing + Heat lost by condensed stem in cooling from
1000C to θ2 = Heat gained by water and calorimeter during the experiment.

(M3 – M2)L + (M3 – M2)(100 – θ2)Cw = ( M2 – M1)Cw(θ2 – θ1) + M1C(θ2 – θ1)

L = ( M2 – M1)Cw(θ2 – θ1) + M1C(θ2 – θ1) - (M3 – M2)(100 – θ2)Cw

(M3 – M2)
PRECAUTIONS:

1. The calorimeter should be well lagged.

2. The mixture should be well stirred to ensure even distribution of heat.

3. The Steam must be dried

Example 4: Calculate the energy required to vaporize 50g of water initially at 80℃.
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2Jg -1K-1; specific latent heat of vaporization of
water = 2260Jg-1]

SOLUTION

Q = Heat required to raise the temperature of water from 80 0C to 1000C + Heat required to
vaporize water

Q = mcw(θ2−θ1)+ml

Q = 50 x 42 x (100−80) + 50 x 2260

Q = 42000 + 113000 = 155000 = 1.55 X 105J

Example 5: heat is supplied to a liquid of mass 500g contained in a can by passing a

current of 4A through a heating coil of resistance 12.5Ω immersed in the liquid. The
initial temperature of the liquid is 240C. The liquid reaches its boiling point in 10
minutes after the current is switched on. It takes a further 2 minutes after the liquid
starts to boil away. Calculate

(a). The specific heat capacity of the liquid

(b). The specific latent heat of vaporization of the liquid
(boiling point of liquid = 840C, thermal capacity of can = 400J/K)
Solution
(a) Mass of liquid = 500g = 0.5kg

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 Heat required to raise temperature of liquid from 24 0C to 840C (boiling point of
liquid) is given as
Q = mc(θ2−θ1¿ = 0.5 x c x (84 – 24) = 30c. c is the specific heat capacity of the liquid.
Heat required to raise temperature of can from 24 0C to 840C = 400 x 60 = 24000J
(thermal capacity x change in temperature).
Heat supplied by heating coil is
Ivt = I2Rt = 4 x 4 x 12.5 x 10 x 60 = 120000J
Since this heat is used to raise the temperature of the can and the liquid to
boiling point, we have
30 c + 24000 = 120000 30c = 120000 – 24000 c = 3200Jkg – 1
(b) let L be the specific latent heat of vaporization of the liquid.
Heat required to vaporize liquid = mL = 0.5L
Heat supplied by current = I2Rt = 4 x 4 x 12.5 x 2 x 60 = 24000J
Since this heat is required to boil away the liquid at 840C, we have
0.5 L = 24000 (neglecting heat loss to the surrounding ) L = 24000/0.5 = 4.8 x 104 Jk – 1

GENERAL EVALUATION:

A cup containing 100g of pure water at 20℃ is placed in a refrigerator. If the

refrigerator extracts heat at the rate of 840J per minute, calculate the time taken
for the water to freeze. [Neglect the heat capacity of the material of the cup.]
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2Jg 1K-1; specific latent heat of fusion of ice =
336Jg-1].

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. 80% of the heat supplied to a 30g block of ice at 0℃ completely melts it to water at 0℃.
Calculate the total heat energy supplied. [Specific latent heat of ice = 336Jg -1].
( A) 26880J (B) 12600J (C) 10080J (D) 8064J (E) 4200J

2. Which of the following best explains why a person suffers a more severe burn
when his skin is exposed to steam than when boiling water pours on his skin?
(A) Steam is at a high temperature than boiling water.
(B) Steam possesses greater heat energy per unit mass than boiling water.
(C) Steam spreads more easily over a wider area of the skin than boiling water.
(D) Steam penetrates more deeply into the skin than boiling water.
(E) The specific latent heat of vaporisation is released in changing from boiling water to steam.

3. A steam trap is a component of the apparatus used in determining the specific latent heat of
vaporization of steam. In steady state, the steam trap
(A) stores the steam for future use
(B) prevents the steam from escaping
(C) ensures that only dry steam gets into the calorimeter
(D) determines the quantity of steam used
(E) allows condensed steam to go into the calorimeter

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4. Water of mass 5kg at 30℃ absorbs8.4×105 J of heat. Neglecting heat losses to
the surroundings, calculate the final temperature of the water.
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4200Jkg-1K-1]
(A) 30℃ (B) 34.0℃ (C) 37℃ (D) 40℃ (E) 70℃

5. A block of ice at its melting point is left on a table in the atmosphere and it is
observed to melt gradually. Which of the following statements is true about the
melting process?
(A) Heat extracted from the ice block makes the ice block cold.
(B) he atmosphere absorbs heat from the ice block and the temperature of the ice block
falls.
(C) The ice block absorbs heat from the atmosphere and the temperature of the ice block
remains constant as it melts.
(D) The ice block absorbs heat from the atmosphere and the temperature of the ice block
rises.
(E) The reaction force of the table on the ice breaks the ice into water molecules.

ESSAY
i. A piece of copper of mass 300g at a temperature of 9500C is quickly
transferred to a vessel of negligible thermal capacity containing 250g of
water at 250C. If the final steady temperature of the mixture is 1000C,
calculate the mass of the water that will boil away.
(Specific heat capacity of copper = 4.0 x 102Jkg-1K-1,
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 x 103Jkg-1k-1
Specific latent heat of vapourization of steam = 2.26 x 106Jkg-1)

2. Using the kinetic theory of matter. Explain why ice can change to water at
0 C without any change in temperature.
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PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT
Read evaporation in your physics Text book

WEEKEND ACTIVITY
Mention four factors that affect the rate of evaporation

REFERENCES:
1. New School Physics for senior secondary schools by M.W. Anyakoha
2. Senior secondary physics by P.N Okeke, F.N Okeke, S.F. Akande

Engr. B.A Mainagari