ACS131 Semester 2 Tutorial sheet 2 Solutions

1 3 8 1 3 8   1 0 − 43   1 0 − 43 
1.(a)   →   →   →  
 3 8 7   0 − 1 − 17   0 − 1 − 17   0 1 17 
The row operations are ADD(2,1,–3), ADD(1,2,3), DIVIDE(2,–1)
There are no free variables so the solution is x = −43, y = 17 .
Alternatively
−1
 1 3  x   8   x   1 3  8   8 − 3  8   − 43 
   =  ,   =     = −   =  
 3 8  y   7   y  3 8  7   − 3 1  7   17 

1 3 8  1 3 8   1 3 8  1 0 5
(b)   →   →   →  
 2 − 3 7   0 − 9 − 9   0 1 1  0 1 1 
The row operations are ADD(2,1,–2), DIVIDE(2,–9), ADD(1,2,–3)
There are no free variables so the solution is x = 5, y = 1 .
Alternatively
−1
 1 3  x   8   x  1 3  8 1  − 3 − 3  8   5 
   =  ,   =     = −    =  
 2 − 3  y   7   y   2 − 3 7 9  − 2 1  7   1 

1 3 8  1 3 8   1 3 8  1 3 0 
(c)   →   →   →  
 3 9 7   0 0 − 17   0 0 1   0 0 1 
The row operations are ADD(2,1,–3), DIVIDE(2,–17), ADD(1,2,–8)
The last equation reads 0 = 1 so there is no solution. In fact it is clear after just one
row operation that the equations are inconsistent.

1 3 8  1 3 8
(d)   →   . The row operation is ADD(2,1,–3).
 3 9 24   0 0 0 
The matrix is now in Hermite form. so y is free and x is basic.
 x   − 3  8 
The solution is y = s , x = −3s + 8 , or   = s   +  .
 y   1   0
  1 3 − 1 − 5  1 3 − 1 − 5   1 3 − 1 − 5
     
(e) 1 4 0 2  → 0 1 1 7  → 0 1 1 7 
 2 6 −1 −1  2 6 −1 −1 0 0 1 9 
    
↓
 1 0 0 10   1 3 0 4   1 3 − 1 − 5 
     
 0 1 0 − 2  ←  0 1 0 − 2  ←  0 1 0 − 2
0 0 1 9  0 0 1 9  0 0 1 9 
    
The row operations are ADD(2,1,–1), ADD(3,1,–2), ADD(2,3,–1), ADD(1,3,1),
ADD(1,2,–3).
There are no free variables so the solution is x = 10, y = −2, z = 9 .
Alternatively
−1
 x   1 3 − 1  − 5   − 4 − 3 4  − 5   10 
          
 y = 1 4 0   2 = 1 1 − 1 2  =  − 2 
 z   2 6 − 1  −1  − 2 0 1  − 1   9 
      

 1 3 − 1 − 5  1 3 − 1 − 5  1 3 − 1 − 5 1 3 − 1 − 5
       
(f) 1 4 0 2  → 0 1 1 7  → 0 1 1 7  → 0 1 1 7 
 2 7 −1 −1  2 7 −1 −1 0 1 1 9   0 0 0 2 
    
It is now clear that the equations are inconsistent. The inverse matrix method cannot
be used because the determinant of the coefficient matrix is zero.

 1 3 − 1 − 5  1 3 − 1 − 5  1 3 − 1 − 5
     
(g) 1 4 0 2  → 0 1 1 7  → 0 1 1 7 
 2 7 − 1 − 3   2 7 − 1 − 3  0 1 1 7 
    
↓
 1 0 − 4 − 26   1 3 − 1 − 5 
   
0 1 1 7  ← 0 1 1 7 
0 0 0 0   0 0 0 0 

The matrix is now in Hermite form. It is now clear that z is free and x and y are basic.
 x   4   − 26 
     
So the solution is z = s, x = 4 s − 26, y = − s + 7 or  y  = s  − 1 +  7  .
z  1   0 
     

Once again we cannot use the inverse matrix method as the coefficient matrix has no
inverse.
  2 − 7 − 17 8   1 − 2 − 5 3   1 − 2 − 5 3 
     
(h) − 3 7 19 − 8  →  − 3 7 19 − 8  →  0 1 4 1
 1 − 2 − 5 3   2 − 7 − 17 8   0 − 3 − 7 2 
     
↓
 1 0 0 2   1 0 3 5   1 0 3 5
     
 0 1 0 − 3 ←  0 1 4 1  ←  0 1 4 1 
 0 0 1 1   0 0 1 1   0 0 5 5
     
Notice that if you are careful you can do more than one step at a time, provided you
get the same answer as if you had done them one at a time.
There are no free variables, so the solution is x = 2, y = –3, z = 1.

Alternatively
−1
 x   2 − 7 − 17   8   3 − 1 − 14  8   2 
      1    
 y = − 3 7 19   − 8 = −  4 7 13  − 8  =  − 3 
z  1 −2 −5   3  5    
       − 1 − 3 − 7  3   1 

1 1 1 1 5  1 1 1 1 5  1 0 0 0 2 
     
1 2 2 2 8  0 1 1 1 3  0 1 0 0 5 
(i) 1 → →
2 3 3 6  0 0 1 1 − 2  0 0 1 0 − 7
     
1 4 11  0 1 5   0 1 5 
 2 3 0 0 0 0

So the solution is w = 2, x = 5, y = –7, z = 5

Alternatively,
−1
 w  1 1 1 1  5   2 −1 0 0  5   2 
          
 x  1 2 2 2  8   − 1 2 − 1 0  8   5 
 y  = 1 2 3 3  6  =  0 − 1 2 − 1 6  =  − 7 
          
 z  1 4  11  0 0 − 1 1 11  5 
   2 3   

though it is quite a lot of work getting the inverse matrix.