Solutions for Chapter 4 1

The Chemistry Maths Book

Erich Steiner

University of Exeter

Second Edition 2008

Solutions

Chapter 4. Differentiation

4.1 Concepts
4.2 The process of differentiation
4.3 Continuity
4.4 Limits
4.5 Differentiation from first principles
4.6 Differentiation by rule
4.7 Implicit functions
4.8 Logarithmic differentiation
4.9 Successive differentiation
4.10 Stationary points
4.11 Linear and angular motion
4.12 The differential

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 4 2

Section 4.2

1. For y = x3 , find (i) the change Δ y in y that corresponds to change Δ x in x, (ii) Δ y Δ x .

(i) y + Δ y = ( x + Δ x )3 = x 3 + 3 x 2 Δ x + 3 x ( Δ x ) 2 + ( Δ x )3

Δ y = 3 x 2 Δ x + 3 x ( Δ x ) 2 + ( Δ x )3

Δy
(ii) = 3 x 2 + 3 xΔ x + ( Δ x) 2
Δx

⎛Δy ⎞
2. For y = x3 , find lim ⎜ ⎟
Δx→0 ⎝ Δx ⎠

Δy
From Exercise 1, = 3 x 2 + 3 xΔ x + ( Δ x) 2
Δx

Δy
Therefore lim = 3x2
Δx→0 Δx

3. For the Langmuir isotherm

Kp
θ=
1 + Kp

⎛Δθ ⎞
find (i) the change Δ θ in θ that corresponds to change Δ p in p, (ii) lim ⎜ ⎟
Δp →0 ⎝ Δp ⎠

Kp K ( p + Δ p)
(i) θ = , θ + Δθ =
1 + Kp 1 + K ( p + Δ p)

Then

⎧ p+Δp p ⎫ p + Δ p + Kp 2 + KpΔ p − p − Kp 2 − KpΔ p

Δθ = K ⎨ − ⎬ = K
⎩1 + K ( p + Δ p ) 1 + Kp ⎭ [1 + K ( p + Δ p )][1 + Kp]

KΔ p
=
[1 + K ( p + Δ p )][1 + Kp]

Δθ K
(ii) =
Δ p [1 + K ( p + Δ p)][1 + Kp]

⎛ Δθ ⎞ K
lim ⎜ ⎟ =
Δ x → 0 ⎝ Δ p ⎠ (1 + Kp ) 2

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 4 3

Section 4.3

Find the discontinuities of the following functions and state which are essential and which removable.
Sketch graphs to demonstrate your answers.

1
4. → +∞ as x → −1 from values x > −1 (from the right in Figure 1)
x +1
→ −∞ as x → −1 from values x < −1 (from the left)

The function has an essential discontinuity at x = −1.

Figure 1

x2
5. = x if x ≠ 0, but is not defined at x = 0 .
x
The function has a removable discontinuity at x = 0.

Figure 2

2x 2x
6. =
x2 − 3x x ( x − 3)

The function has a removable discontinuity at x = 0 and an

essential discontinuity at x = 3.

Figure 3
Section 4.4

Find the limits:

⎛ x2 ⎞ x2 ⎛ x2 ⎞
7. lim ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ : = x if x ≠ 0, so that lim ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0
x→0 x x Δx→0 x
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

⎛ x ⎞ x 1 x
8. lim ⎜ ⎟: = if x ≠ 0, so that 2 → ±∞ as x → 0
x → 0 ⎝ x2 ⎠ x2 x x

⎛ x +1 ⎞ x +1 ⎛ x +1 ⎞ 1
9. lim ⎜ ⎟: is continuous at x = 0, and lim ⎜ ⎟=
x →0 ⎝ x+3⎠ x+3 x → 0 ⎝ x+3⎠ 3

⎛ x −1 ⎞ x −1 ( x − 1) 1
10. lim ⎜ 2 ⎟ : = = if x ≠ 1.
x →1 ⎝ x − 1 ⎠ 2
x −1 ( x − 1) ( x + 1) x +1

⎛ x −1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
Therefore lim ⎜ 2 ⎟ = lim ⎜ ⎟= .
x →1 ⎝ x − 1 ⎠ Δ x → 1 ⎝ x + 1 ⎠ 2

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 4 4

⎛ x +1 ⎞ x +1 x
11. lim ⎜ ⎟: → as x → ∞.
x →∞ ⎝ x+3⎠ x+3 x

⎛ x +1 ⎞
Therefore lim ⎜ ⎟ = 1.
x →∞ ⎝ x +3⎠

⎛ x −1 ⎞ x −1 x 1
12. lim ⎜ ⎟: → = as x → ∞.
x → ∞ ⎝ x2 −1 ⎠ 2
x −1 x 2
x

⎛ x −1 ⎞
Therefore lim ⎜
x → ∞ ⎝ x2
⎟=0
−1 ⎠

⎛ x2 − 1 ⎞ x2 − 1 x2
13. lim ⎜⎜ ⎟: → = x as x → ∞.
x →∞ x +1 ⎟ x −1 x
⎝ ⎠

x2 − 1
Therefore → ∞ as x → ∞
x +1

⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
2⎤
14. lim ⎢⎜ 4 x 2 − 2 ⎟ + ⎜ 2x − ⎟ ⎥:
x → 0 ⎢⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣
2
⎛ 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ 2 1 2 1
We have ⎜ 4x − 2 ⎟ + ⎜ 2x − ⎟ = 4x − 2 + 4x − 4 + 2
⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x⎠ x x

= 8 x 2 − 4 when x ≠ 0

⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎤
2
Therefore lim ⎢⎜ 4 x 2 − 2 ⎟ + ⎜ 2 x − ⎟ ⎥ = −4
x → 0 ⎢⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠ ⎦⎥
⎣

⎛ e2 x − 1 ⎞
15. lim ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ :
x →0
⎝ x ⎠

e2 x − 1 (1 + 2 x + 2 x 2 + " ) − 1 2 x + 2 x 2 + "
We have = =
x x x
= 2 + 2 x + " when x ≠ 0

⎛ e2 x − 1 ⎞
Therefore lim ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 2
x→0
⎝ x ⎠

16. lim (ln x − ln 2 x) :

x →0

x 1
We have ln x − ln 2 x = ln = ln when x ≠ 0
2x 2

Therefore lim (ln x − ln 2 x) = − ln 2

x→0

17. lim ⎡⎣ ln( x − 4) − ln(3 x + 2) ⎤⎦ :

x→∞

x−4 x 1
We have ln( x − 4) − ln(3x + 2) = ln → ln = ln as x → ∞
3x + 2 3x 3

Therefore lim ⎡⎣ ln( x − 4) − ln(3 x + 2) ⎤⎦ = − ln 3

x →∞

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 4 5

Section 4.5

Differentiate from first principles:

18 2 x 2 + 3 x + 4 : Let y = 2 x 2 + 3x + 4

Then y + Δ y = 2( x + Δ x) 2 + 3( x + Δ x) + 4
= (2 x 2 + 3x + 4) + (4 x + 3)Δ x + 2(Δ x) 2

Δ y = (4 x + 3)Δ x + 2(Δ x)2

Δy dy Δy
Therefore = 4 x + 3 + 2 Δ x, = lim = 4x + 3
Δx dx Δ x → 0 Δ x

19. y = x 4 : y + Δ y = ( x + Δ x) 4
= x 4 + 4 x 3 Δ x + 6 x 2 ( Δ x ) 2 + 4 x ( Δ x )3 + ( Δ x ) 4

Δ y = 4 x 3 Δ x + 6 x 2 ( Δ x ) 2 + 4 x ( Δ x )3 + ( Δ x ) 4

Δy dy Δy
Therefore = 4 x 3 + 6 x 2 ( Δ x ) + 4 x ( Δ x ) 2 + ( Δ x )3 , = lim = 4 x3
Δx dx Δ x → 0 Δ x

2 2
20. y = : y +Δy =
x2 ( x + Δ x) 2

⎡ 1 1 ⎤ −4 xΔ x − 2(Δ x) 2
Δy = 2⎢ 2
− ⎥=
⎣⎢ ( x + Δ x) x 2 ⎥⎦ x 2 ( x + Δ x)2

Δ y −4 x − 2(Δ x) dy Δ y −4 x 4
Therefore = , = lim = 4 =− 3
Δ x x 2 ( x + Δ x) 2 dx Δ x → 0 Δ x x x

21. y = x3 2 : y + Δ y = ( x + Δ x )3 2

Δ y = ( x + Δ x )3 2 − x 3 2

⎡ ( x + Δ x )3 2 − x 3 2 ⎤ × ⎡ ( x + Δ x )3 2 + x 3 2 ⎤
= ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
( x + Δ x )3 2 + x 3 2

( x + Δ x )3 − x 3 3 x 2 Δ x + 3 x ( Δ x ) 2 + ( Δ x )3
= =
( x + Δ x )3 2 + x 3 2 ( x + Δ x )3 2 + x 3 2

Δ y 3 x 2 + 3 xΔ x + ( Δ x ) 2 dy Δy 3x 2 3
Therefore = , = lim = 3 2 = x1 2
Δx ( x + Δ x )3 2 + x 3 2 dx Δ x → 0 Δ x 2x 2

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 4 6

(Δ x) 2
22. y = e − x : y + Δ y = e− ( x +Δ x ) = e − x × e −Δ x = e − x (1 − Δ x + −")
2

(Δ x)2
Δ y = e − x (−Δ x + −")
2

Δy Δ x −x dy Δy
Therefore = −e − x + e +", = lim = −e − x
Δx 2 dx Δ x → 0 Δx

Section 4.6

Differentiate by rule:

d 3
23. x3 : x = 3 × x3−1 = 3 x 2
dx

d 5 4 5 (5 4) −1 5 1 4
24. x5 4 : x = x = x
dx 4 4

d 1/ 3 1 (1/ 3) −1 1 −2 / 3
25. x1/ 3 : x = x = x
dx 3 3

d d −3
26. 1 x3 : 1 x3 = x = −3x −4 = −3 x 4
dx dx

d
27. (1 − 2 x + 3x 2 − 4 x3 + 5sin x − 6 cos x + 7e x − 8ln x)
dx
d d d d d d d d
= (1) − 2 ( x) + 3 ( x 2 ) − 4 ( x3 ) + 5 (sin x) − 6 (cos x) + 7 (e x ) − 8 (ln x)
dx dx dx dx dx dx dx dx
1
= 0 − 2 × 1 + 3 × (2 x) − 4 × (3x 2 ) + 5 × cos x − 6 × (− sin x) + 7 × e x − 8 ×
x
= −2 + 6 x − 12 x 2 + 5cos x + 6sin x + 7e x − 8 x

28. The virial equation of state of a gas at low pressure is

⎛ nB ⎞
pV = nRT ⎜ 1 − ⎟.
⎝ V ⎠

dp
Find at constant T and n (assume B is also constant).
dV

⎛ nB ⎞ ⎛ 1 nB ⎞
pV = nRT ⎜1 − ⎟ → p = nRT ⎜ − 2 ⎟
⎝ V ⎠ ⎝V V ⎠

dp ⎡d ⎛1⎞ d ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
Then = nRT ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ − nB ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎥ = nRT ⎢ − 2 + 2nB 3 ⎥
dV ⎣ dV ⎝ V ⎠ dV ⎝ V ⎠⎦ ⎣ V V ⎦

nRT
= ⎡⎣ −V + 2nB ⎤⎦
V3

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 4 7

Products and quotients

Differentiate

29. (1 − 4 x 2 ) cos x :

Put u × v = (1 − 4 x 2 ) × cos x

d dv du
Then uv = u +v
dx dx dx
d d
= (1 − 4 x 2 ) × cos x + (cos x) × (1 − 4 x 2 )
dx dx
= (1 − 4 x 2 ) × (− sin x) + (cos x) × ( −8 x)

= −(1 − 4 x 2 ) sin x − 8 x cos x

30. (2 + 3 x)e x :

d d d
(2 + 3x)e x = (2 + 3 x) × e x + e x × (2 + 3x)
dx dx dx
= (2 + 3 x) × e x + e x × 3

= (5 + 3 x) e x

31. e x cos x :
d x d d
e cos x = e x cos x + cos x e x = e x × (− sin x) + (cos x) × e x
dx dx dx
= e x (cos x − sin x)

32. x ln x :
d d d 1
x ln x = x ln x + ln x x = x × + ln x × 1
dx dx dx x
= 1 + ln x

33. (1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 ) (3 + x 3 ) :

Put u v = (1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 ) (3 + x3 )

d ⎛ du dv ⎞ 2
Then u v = ⎜v −u ⎟ v
dx ⎝ dx dx ⎠

⎛ d d ⎞
= ⎜ (3 + x3 ) (1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 ) − (1 + 2 x + 3x 2 ) (3 + x3 ) ⎟ (3 + x3 ) 2
⎝ dx dx ⎠

(3 + x3 ) × (2 + 6 x) − (1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 )(3 x 2 )
=
(3 + x3 ) 2

6 + 18 x − 3 x 2 − 4 x3 − 3x 4
=
(3 + x3 ) 2

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 4 8

34. (1 − 4 x 2 ) sin x :

d ⎛ d d ⎞
(1 − 4 x 2 ) sin x = ⎜ sin x (1 − 4 x 2 ) − (1 − 4 x 2 ) sin x ⎟ sin 2 x
dx ⎝ dx dx ⎠

(sin x) × (−8 x) − (1 − 4 x 2 ) × (cos x)

=
sin 2 x
⎡ 8 x sin x + (1 − 4 x 2 ) cos x ⎤
= −⎢ ⎥
⎣ sin 2 x ⎦

35. cos x sin x :

d ⎛ d d ⎞
cos x sin x = ⎜ sin x cos x − cos x sin x ⎟ sin 2 x
dx ⎝ dx dx ⎠
(sin x) × ( − sin x) − (cos x) × (cos x)
=
sin 2 x
(sin 2 x + cos 2 x ) 1
=− 2
=− 2
= − cosec 2 x
sin x sin x

36. (ln x) x :

d ⎛ d d ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
(ln x) x = ⎜ x ln x − ln x x ⎟ x 2 = ⎜ x × − (ln x) × 1⎟ x 2
dx ⎝ dx dx ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠

= (1 − ln x ) x 2

Chain rule

Differentiate

37. (1 + x)5 :

Write y = u 5 , where u = (1 + x)

dy dy du
Then = × = (5u 4 ) × (1)
dx du dx

= 5(1 + x) 4

38. 2 + x2 :

y = u1 2 , where u = (2 + x 2 )

dy 1 −1 2 x
= u × (2 x) = x(2 + x 2 ) −1 2 =
dx 2 2 + x2

1
39. :
3 − x2
y = u −1 , where u = 3 − x 2

dy 2x
= −u −2 × (−2 x) = 2 x(3 − x 2 ) −2 =
dx (3 − x 2 ) 2

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 4 9

3
40. :
(2 x − 3 x − 1)1 2
2

y = 3u −1 2 , where u = (2 x 2 − 3x − 1)

dy 3 3 32
= − u −3 2 × (4 x − 3) = − (4 x − 3) (2 x 2 − 3 x − 1)
dx 2 2

41. sin 4x :
y = sin u , where u = 4 x
dy
= cos u × (4) = 4 cos 4 x
dx

42. e −2 x :

y = eu , where u = −2 x

dy
= eu × (−2) = −2e−2 x
dx

2
−3 x +1
43. e 2 x :

y = eu , where u = 2 x 2 − 3x + 1

dy 2
= eu × (4 x − 3) = (4 x − 3)e 2 x −3 x +1
dx

44. ln(2 x 2 − 3x + 1) :

y = ln u , where u = 2 x 2 − 3 x + 1
dy 1 (4 x − 3)
= × (4 x − 3) = 2
dx u 2 x − 3x + 1

45. cos(2 x 2 − 3x + 1) :

y = cos u , where u = 2 x 2 − 3 x + 1

dy
= − sin u × (4 x − 3) = −(4 x − 3) sin(2 x 2 − 3 x + 1)
dx

46. e sin x :

y = eu , where u = sin x

dy
= eu × cos x = esin x cos x
dx

47. ln(cos x) :

y = ln u , where u = cos x
dy 1 sin x
= × (− sin x ) = − = − tan x
dx u cos x

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 4 10

2
48. e − cos(3x + 2)
:

Let y = eu , where u = − cos(3x 2 + 2)

= − cos v, where v = 3x 2 + 2

dy dy d u du du dv
We have = × and = × .
dx d u dx dx d v dx

dy dy d u d v
Therefore = × ×
dx d u d v dx

= (eu ) × (sin v) × (6 x)
2
= 6 x sin(3x 2 + 2)e− cos(3 x + 2)

⎛ 2+ x⎞
49. ln ⎜ ⎟:
⎝ 3− x ⎠
y = ln(2 + x) − ln(3 − x) = ln u − ln v , where u = 2 + x and v = 3 − x
dy 1 1
= × 1 − × (−1)
dx u v
1 1
= +
2+ x 3− x

50. ln (sin 2 x + sin 2 x ) :

We have y = ln u , where u = sin 2 x + sin 2 x

and
u = sin v + w 2 , where v = 2 x and w = sin x

dy dy d u dy ⎡ d d ⎤
Then = × = × ⎢ sin v + w 2 ⎥
dx d u dx d u ⎣ dx dx ⎦
1
= ⎡ cos v × 2 + 2w × cos x ⎤⎦
u⎣
2 cos 2 x + 2sin x cos x 2 cos 2 x + sin 2 x
= =
sin 2 x + sin 2 x sin 2 x + sin 2 x

51. 3x 2 (2 + x)1 2 :

y = 3x 2 (2 + x)1 2 = u × v

dy dv du 1
=u +v = 3 x 2 × (2 + x) −1 2 + (2 + x)1 2 × 6 x
dx dx dx 2
3x 2
= 6 x(2 + x)1 2 + (2 + x) −1 2
2

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 4 11

52. sin x cos 2 x :

We have y = sin x cos 2 x = u × v

du dv
u = sin x, = cos x; v = cos 2 x, = −2sin 2 x
dx dx

dy dv du
Therefore =u +v = sin x × (−2sin 2 x) + cos 2 x × cos x
dx dx dx
= cos x cos 2 x − 2sin x sin 2 x

53. tan 4 x cos 2 2 x :

We have y = tan 4 x cos 2 2 x = u × v

du
u = tan 4 x, = 4sec2 4 x
dx
dv
v = cos 2 2 x, = (2 cos 2 x) × (−2sin 2 x) = −2sin 4 x
dx

dy dv du
Therefore =u +v = (tan 4 x) × (−2sin 4 x) + (cos 2 2 x) × (4sec 2 4 x)
dx dx dx

= 4 cos 2 2 x sec 2 4 x − 2 tan 4 x sin 4 x

2
+3
54. x 2 e2 x :
2
+3
We have y = x 2 e2 x = u ×v

du 2 dv 2
u = x2 , = 2 x; v = e2 x + 3 , = 4 xe2 x + 3
dx dx

dy dv du 2 2
Therefore =u +v = x 2 × 4 xe 2 x + 3 + e2 x + 3 × 2 x
dx dx dx
2
+3
= 2 x(1 + 2 x 2 )e2 x

3x 2
55. :
(2 + x 2 )1 2

We have y = 3x 2 (2 + x 2 ) −1 2 = u × v

du dv
u = 3x 2 , = 6 x; v = (2 + x 2 ) −1 2 , = − x(2 + x 2 ) −3 2
dx dx

dy dv du
Therefore =u +v = 3 x 2 × (− x)(2 + x 2 ) −3 2 + 6 x × (2 + x 2 ) −1 2
dx dx dx

−3 x3 6x 3x( x 2 + 4)
= + =
(2 + x 2 )3 2 (2 + x 2 )1 2 (2 + x 2 )3 2

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 4 12

Inverse functions

dy
56. If x = 2 y 2 − 3 y + 1 , find .
dx

dx
We have x = 2 y 2 − 3 y + 1, = 4y − 3
dy

dy dx 1
Therefore =1 =
dx dy 4 y − 3

dV
Find at constant T and n for the following equations of state (assume that B, a and b are
dp

constants).

⎛ nB ⎞
57. pV = nRT ⎜ 1 + ⎟:
⎝ V ⎠

⎛ nB ⎞ ⎛ 1 nB ⎞
pV = nRT ⎜1 + ⎟ → p = nRT ⎜ + 2 ⎟
⎝ V ⎠ ⎝V V ⎠
dp ⎛ 1 nB ⎞ nRT
= nRT ⎜ − 2 − 2 3 ⎟ = − 3 (V + 2nB )
dV ⎝ V V ⎠ V

dV −V 3
=
dp nR (V + 2nB)T

58. p(V − nb) − nRT = 0 :

nRT
p(V − nb) − nRT = 0 → p =
V − nb
dp nRT p
=− =−
dV (V − nb) 2 V − nb

dV V − nb
=−
dp p

⎛ n2 a ⎞
59. ⎜⎜ p + 2 ⎟⎟ (V − nb) = nRT :
⎝ V ⎠

⎛ n2 a ⎞ nRT n2 a
⎜⎜ p + 2 ⎟⎟ (V − nb) = nRT → p = − 2
⎝ V ⎠ V − nb V

dp nRT 2n 2 a
=− +
dV (V − nb) 2 V3
−1
dV ⎡ 2n 2 a nRT ⎤
=⎢ 3 − ⎥
dp ⎣ V (V − nb) 2 ⎦

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 4 13

Differentiate

60. sin −1 2x :
1
We have y = sin −1 2 x → x = sin y
2
dx 1 dy 2 2
Therefore = cos y → = =
dy 2 dx cos y 1 − 4x2

(or by formula from Table 2.5 with a = 1 2 )

61. tan −1 x 2 :

We have y = tan −1 x 2

du
= tan −1 u, where u = x 2 → = 2x
dx
dy dy du dy
Therefore = × = 2x
dx du dx du
Then, by formula from Table 4.5,

dy 1 2x
= 2x × 2
=
dx 1+ u 1 + x4

⎛1− x ⎞
62. cos −1 ⎜ ⎟:
⎝ 1+ x ⎠

⎛ 1− x ⎞ 1− x du −2
We have y = cos −1 ⎜ −1
⎟ = cos u , where u = → =
⎝1+ x ⎠ 1+ x dx (1 + x) 2

Then, by formula from Table 4.5,

dy dy du ⎛ −1 ⎞ ⎛ −2 ⎞
= × =⎜ ⎟ × ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
dx du dx ⎜⎝ 1 − u 2 ⎟ (1 + x) 2
⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2
⎛ 1− x ⎞ 4x
Now 1− u2 = 1 − ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 1+ x ⎠ (1 + x) 2

dy dy du ⎛ (1 + x) ⎞ ⎛ −2 ⎞
Therefore = × = ⎜− ⎟×⎜ ⎟⎟
dx du dx ⎝ 2 x ⎠ ⎜⎝ (1 + x) 2 ⎠
1
=
x (1 + x)

63. sinh −1 2x :
By formula from Table 4.6 with a = 1 2 ,

d 1 2
sinh −1 2 x = =
dx x + (1 2 )
2 2
4 x2 + 1

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 4 14

64. tanh −1 x 2 :

By formula from Table 4.6,

y = tanh −1 x 2 = tanh −1 u , where u = x 2
dy dy du 1 2x
= × = 2
× 2x =
dx du dx 1 − u 1 − x4

Section 4.7

dy
Find :
dx

65. x 2 + y 2 = 4 :

d ⎡ 2 dy
x + y 2 = 4⎤ → 2 x + 2 y =0
dx ⎣ ⎦ dx

dy x
Therefore =−
dx y

66. y 3 + 3x + x 2 − 1 = 0 :

d ⎡ 3 dy
y + 3x + x 2 − 1 = 0⎤ → 3 y 2 + 3 + 2x = 0
dx ⎣ ⎦ dx

dy 3 + 2x
Therefore =−
dx 3y2

67. x = y ln xy :

d d dy
⎡⎣ x = y ln xy ⎤⎦ → 1 = y × ln xy + ln xy ×
dx dx dx
⎡ 1 1 dy ⎤ dy y dy
= y×⎢ + ⎥ + ln xy × = + (1 + ln xy )
⎣ x y dx ⎦ dx x dx

dy x− y
Therefore =
dx x(1 + ln xy )

2
68. y 2 + − x 2 y 2 + 3x + 2 = 0 :
y

d ⎡ 2 2 ⎤ dy 2 dy dy
⎢ y + − x 2 y 2 + 3x + 2 = 0⎥ → 2 y − 2 − 2 xy 2 − 2 x 2 y + 3 = 0
dx ⎣ y ⎦ dx y dx dx

⎡ 2 ⎤ dy
→ ⎢2 y − 2 − 2 x2 y ⎥ = 2 xy 2 − 3
⎣ y ⎦ dx

dy 2 xy 2 − 3
Therefore =
dx 2 y − 2 y 2 − 2 x 2 y

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 4 15

Section 4.8

Differentiate:

13
⎛ 3− x ⎞
69. ⎜ ⎟ :
⎝4+ x⎠
13
⎛ 3− x ⎞ 1
We have y=⎜ ⎟ → ln y = ⎡⎣ ln(3 − x ) − ln(4 + x) ⎤⎦
⎝ 4+ x⎠ 3

1 dy 1 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ 7
Therefore = − − =−
y dx 3 ⎢⎣ 3 − x 4 + x ⎥⎦ 3(3 − x)(4 + x)
13
dy 7 ⎛ 3− x ⎞
=− ⎜ ⎟
dx 3(3 − x )(4 + x) ⎝ 4 + x ⎠

(1 + x 2 )( x − 1)1 2
70. :
(2 x + 1)(3 x 2 + 2 x − 1)1 3

(1 + x 2 )( x − 1)1 2
We have y=
(2 x + 1)(3 x 2 + 2 x − 1)1 3
1 1
→ ln y = ln(1 + x 2 ) + ln( x − 1) − ln(2 x + 1) − ln(3x 2 + 2 x − 1)
2 3

1 dy 2x 1 2 6x + 2
Therefore = + − −
y dx 1 + x 2 2( x − 1) 2 x + 1 3(3 x 2 + 2 x − 1)

dy ⎡ 2 x 1 2 6x + 2 ⎤ (1 + x 2 )( x − 1)1 2
=⎢ + − − ⎥ ×
dx ⎣⎢1 + x 2 2( x − 1) 2 x + 1 3(3 x 2 + 2 x − 1) ⎦⎥ (2 x + 1)(3 x 2 + 2 x − 1)1 3

71. sin1 2 x cos3 ( x 2 + 1) tan1 3 2 x :

We have y = sin1 2 x cos3 ( x 2 + 1) tan1 3 2 x

1 1
→ ln y = ln( sin x) + 3ln(cos( x 2 + 1)) + ln(tan 2 x)
2 3
1 dy 1 1 3 1 1
= × cos x + 2
× (− sin( x 2 + 1)) × 2 x + × sec2 2 x × 2
y dx 2 sin x cos( x + 1) 3 tan 2 x

⎡1 4 ⎤
= ⎢ cot x − 6 x tan( x 2 + 1) +
⎣ 2 3sin 4 x ⎥⎦

dy ⎡ 1 4 ⎤
Therefore = cot x − 6 x tan( x 2 + 1) + × sin1 2 x cos3 ( x 2 + 1) tan1 3 2 x
dx ⎢⎣ 2 3sin 4 x ⎥⎦

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 4 16

72. Show that the equations

d ln p ΔH vap dp pΔH vap
= and =
dT RT 2 dT RT 2
are equivalent expressions of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

d ln p 1 dp
We have =
dT p dT

1 dp ΔH vap dp pΔH vap

Therefore = and =
p dT RT 2 dT RT 2

73. The decomposition of dinitrogen pentoxide in tetrachloromethane at T = 45 °C has stoichiometry:

N 2 O5 → 2NO 2 + 12 O 2

and obeys first-order kinetics. From the volumes of oxygen liberated after various times t, the

following concentrations of N 2 O5 were obtained:

x = [ N 2 O5 ] mol dm −3 | 2.33 1.91 1.36 1.11 0.72 0.55

|
t s | 0 319 867 1196 1877 2315

Plot a graph of ln x against t s and determine the rate constant.

ln x | 0.846 0.647 0.307 0.104 −0.329 −0.598

We have |
t s | 0 319 867 1196 1877 2315

In first-order kinetics, a plot of ln x against t gives a straight line with slope d (ln x) dt = −k . The

tabulated values for the decomposition of N 2 O5 are plotted in Figure 4.

Figure 4

In the present case, the straight line fit obtained by the method of least squares (Section 21.10) is
almost identical to that obtained by drawing a straight line through the end points. The slope
corresponds to rate constant k = 6.1× 10−4 s −1

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 4 17

Section 4.9

74. Find all the nonzero derivatives of the function y = 3x5 + 4 x 4 − 3 x3 + x 2 − 2 x + 1 .

y = 3x5 + 4 x 4 − 3 x3 + x 2 − 2 x + 1

y ′ = 3 × 5 x 4 + 4 × 4 x3 − 3 × 3 x 2 + 2 x − 2

= 15 x 4 + 16 x3 − 9 x 2 + 2 x − 2

y ′′ = 15 × 4 x3 + 16 × 3 x 2 − 9 × 2 x + 2

= 60 x3 + 48 x 2 − 18 x + 2

y ′′′ = 60 × 3 x 2 + 48 × 2 x − 18

= 180 x 2 + 96 x − 18

y (4) = 360 x + 96
y (5) = 360

dy d 2 y d 3 y d 4 y
75. Find , , , for the function y = ln x .
dx dx 2 dx3 dx 4

y = ln x

dy
=1 x
dx
d2y d
2
= ( x −1 ) = − x −2 = −1 x 2
dx dx

d3y d
= (− x −2 ) = 2 x −3 = 2 x3
dx3 dx

d4y d
4
= (2 x −3 ) = −6 x −4 = − 6 x 4
dx dx

76. Find a general formula for the nth derivative of e3 x .

d 3x d 2 3x d 3 3x
We have e = 3e3 x , 2
e = 32 e3 x , e = 33 e3 x , and so on
dx dx dx3

d (n)
Therefore e3 x = 3n e3 x
dx ( n )

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 4 18

77. Find a general formula for the nth derivative of cos 2x .

y = cos 2 x
y ′ = −2sin 2 x

y ′′ = −22 cos 2 x

y (3) = +23 sin 2 x

y (4) = +24 cos 2 x

y (5) = −25 sin 2 x and so on

Then y ( n ) = (−1) n / 2 2n cos 2 x when n is an even integer (or zero),

y ( n ) = (−1)( n +1) / 2 2n sin 2 x when n is an odd integer.

Section 4.10

Find the maximum and minimum values and the points of inflection of the following functions. In each
case, sketch the graph and show the positions of these points.

78. y = x 2 − 3 x + 2 :

dy
We have y = x 2 − 3x + 2, = 2x − 3
dx
= 0 when x = 3 2

The quadratic has a single stationary value at

2
3 ⎛3⎞ 3 1
x= , when y = ⎜ ⎟ − 3 × + 3 = −
2 ⎝2⎠ 2 4 Figure 5
2
d y
The second derivative = 2 is positive, so that the stationary value is a (local) minimum value.
dx 2

The sketch of the graph should look like Figure 5.

79. y = x3 − 7 x 2 + 15 x − 9 :

y = x3 − 7 x 2 + 15 x − 9
dy
= 3x 2 − 14 x + 15 = ( x − 3)(3x − 5)
dx
= 0 when x = 3 and x = 5 3

⎧> 0 when x = 3, a minimum point

d 2y ⎪
= 6 x − 14 ⎨< 0 when x = 5 3, a maximum point
dx 2 ⎪= 0 when x = 7 3, a point of inflection
⎩

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 4 19

The graph of the function has

minimum point at x = 3 , when y = 0

maximum point at x = 5 3 , when y = 32 / 27

point of inflection at x = 7 3 , when y = 16 / 27

The sketch of the graph should look like Figure 6.

Figure 6
80. y = 4 x3 + 6 x 2 + 3

y = 4 x3 + 6 x 2 + 3
dy
= 12 x 2 + 12 x = 12 x( x + 1)
dx
= 0 when x = 0 and x = −1

⎧> 0 when x = 0, y = 3 a minimum point

d 2y ⎪
= 24 x + 12 ⎨< 0 when x = −1, y = 5 a maximum point
dx 2 ⎪= 0 when x = − 1 2, y = 4 a point of inflection
⎩

The sketch of the graph should look like Figure 7.

Figure 7

81. y = x e − x (see Figure 3.20)

y = x e− x
dy
= (1 − x)e− x = 0 when x = 1
dx
⎧ −1
d 2y − x ⎪< 0 when x = 1, y = e a maximum point
= − (2 − x ) e ⎨
dx 2 ⎪⎩= 0 when x = 2, y = 2e
−2
a point of inflection

The sketch of the graph should look like Figure 8.

Figure 8

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 4 20

82. Confirm that the cubic y = x3 − 7 x 2 + 16 x − 10 , discussed in Example 2.23, has local maximum

and minimum values at x = 2 and x = 8 3 .

y = x3 − 7 x 2 + 16 x − 10
dy
= 3x 2 − 14 x + 16 = (3 x − 8)( x − 2)
dx
= 0 when x = 8 3 and x = 2

d 2y ⎧= +2 > 0 when x = 8 3 a minimum point

= 6 x − 14 ⎨
⎩= −2 < 0 when x = 2
2 a maximum point
dx

83. Find the maximum and minimum values and the points of inflection of y = 2 x5 − 5 x 4 + 3 . Sketch a
graph to show the positions of these points.

y = 2 x5 − 5 x 4 + 3
dy
= 10 x 4 − 20 x3 = 10 x3 ( x − 2)
dx
= 0 when x = 0, a triple root
and x = 2

⎧> 0 when x = 2, y = −13 a minimum point

d 2y 3 2 2 ⎪
= 40 x − 60 x = 20 x (2 x − 3) ⎨= 0 when x = 0, y = 3 ?
dx 2 ⎪= 0 when x = 3 2, y = −57 8
⎩ a point of inflection

The nature of the point (0, 3) is determined by the first non-zero higher derivative:

d 3y
= 120 x 2 − 120 x = 120 x( x − 1) = 0 when x = 0
dx3
d 4y
= 120(2 x − 1) < 0 when x = 0, a maximum point
dx 4

The sketch of the graph should look like Figure 9.

Figure 9

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 4 21

84. The Lennard-Jones potential for the interaction of two molecules separated by distance R is

A B
U ( R) = 12
−
R R6

where A and B are constants. The equilibrium separation Re is that value of R at which U ( R ) is a

minimum and the binding energy is De = −U ( Re ) . Express (i) A and B in terms of Re and De ,

(ii) U ( R ) in terms of R, Re and De .

To obtain the minimum value of the function:

A B A B
Let U ( R) = 12
− 6
= 2
− , where x = R 6
R R x x

dU dU dx ⎡ 2 A B ⎤ 6 ⎡2A ⎤
Then = × = ⎢− + 2 ⎥ × 6 R5 = − 7 ⎢ 6 − B ⎥
dR dx dR ⎣ x3 x ⎦ R ⎣R ⎦

= 0 when R 6 = 2 A B

A B A
Therefore Re6 = 2 A B , De = −U ( Re ) = 12
− 6
= .
Re Re Re12

A
Then (i) De = 12
→ A = De Re12
Re

Re6 = 2 A B → B = 2 De Re6

A B ⎡⎛ R ⎞12 ⎛ Re ⎞ ⎤
6
e
(ii) U ( R ) = − = De ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ − 2 ⎜ R ⎟ ⎥
R12 R6 ⎢⎣⎝ R ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦

85. The probability that a molecule of mass m in a gas at temperature T has speed v is given by the
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
32
⎛ m ⎞ 2 − mv 2 2kT
f (v ) = 4π ⎜ ⎟ v e
⎝ 2π kT ⎠
where k is Boltzmann’s constant. Find the most probable speed (for which f (v ) is a maximum).

32
⎛ m ⎞ 2
Let f (v ) = 4π ⎜ ⎟ y (v ), where y (v ) = v 2 e − a v , a = m 2kT
⎝ 2π kT ⎠
Then, for a maximum,
d 2 2
y (v ) = (2v) × (e − a v ) + (v 2 ) × (−2av e − a v )
dv
2
= 2v e − a v (1 − av 2 ) = 0 when v = 1 a

2kT
and the most probable speed is v =
m

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 4 22

1 2 k k
86. The concentration of species B in the rate process A ⎯⎯ → B ⎯⎯→ C , consisting of two

consecutive irreversible first-order reactions, is given by (when k1 ≠ k2 )

k1
[B] = [A]0 (e − k1t − e − k2t )
k2 − k1

(i) Find the time t, in terms of the rate constants k1 and k2 , at which B has its maximum
concentration, and (ii) show that the maximum concentration is
k2 ( k2 − k1 )
⎛k ⎞
[B]max = [A]0 ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ k2 ⎠

k1
(i) Let [B] = [A]0 (e − k1t − e − k2t )
k2 − k1

k1
= [A]0 b(t ), where b(t ) = e − k1t − e − k2t
k2 − k1

Then, for a maximum,

db
= −k1e − k1t + k2 e− k2t = 0 when k1e− k1t = k2 e− k2t
dt

k2 k
Therefore = e( k2 − k1 )t → ln 2 = (k2 − k1 )t
k1 k1

1 k
→t= ln 2 (Equation 1)
k2 − k1 k1

(ii) At the maximum, k1e − k1t = k2 e − k2t .

k1 1
Therefore [B] = [A]0 (e − k1t − e − k2t ) = [A]0 (k2 e− k2t − k1e− k2t )
k2 − k1 k2 − k1

= [A]0 e − k2t

Now, by Equation 1,

k2 ( k2 − k1 )
−k2 k ⎛k ⎞
−k2t = ln 2 = ln ⎜ 1 ⎟
k2 − k1 k1 ⎝ k2 ⎠

k2 ( k2 − k1 )
⎛k ⎞
Therefore e − k2 t = ⎜ 1 ⎟ and, at maximum concentration of B,
⎝ k2 ⎠

k2 ( k2 − k1 )
⎛k ⎞
[B]max = [A]0 e − k2t = [A]0 ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ k2 ⎠

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 4 23

Section 4.11

87. A particle moving along a straight line travels the distance s = 2t 2 − 3t in time t. (i) Find the
velocity v and acceleration a at time t. (ii) Sketch graphs of s and v as functions of t in the
interval t = 0 → 2 , (iii) find the stationary values, and describe the motion of the particle.

ds dv
(i) s = 2t 2 − 3t , v = = 4t − 3, a = =4
dt dt

(ii) The sketch of the graphs should look like Figure 10.

Figure 10
ds
(iii) v = = 4t − 3
dt
= 0 when t = 3 4, s = − 9 8

The particle moves from s = 0 at time t = 0 with velocity v = −3 , in the negative s-direction
(downwards in Figure 10). The acceleration is constant, a = +4 , in the positive s-direction. The
particle slows down, and turns at t = 3 4 and s = − 9 8 , when v = 0 It then moves in the positive
s-direction (upwards) with increasing speed.

88. A particle moving on the circumference of a circle of radius r = 2 travels distance

s = t 3 − 2t 2 − 4t in time t. (i) Express the distance travelled in terms of the angle θ subtended at the
centre of the circle, (ii) find the angular velocity ω and acceleration ω around the centre of the
circle, (iii) Sketch graphs of θ, ω and ω as functions of t in the interval t = 0 → 4 , (iv) find the
stationary values, and describe the motion of the particle.

s 1 3
(i) s = rθ → θ = = (t − 2t 2 − 4t )
r 2

dθ 1 2
(ii) ω = = (3t − 4t − 4)
dt 2
dω 1
ω = = (6t − 4) = 3t − 2
dt 2 Figure 11

© E Steiner 2008
Solutions for Chapter 4 24

(iii) The sketch of the graphs should look

Figure 12
like Figure 12.

1 2
(iv) ω = (3t − 4t − 4)
2
1
= (3t + 2)(t − 2) = 0 when t = 2
2

The particle moves from θ = 0 at time t = 0 in a clockwise direction around the circle with
decreasing speed, comes to rest at t = 2 when θ = −4 , then moves in an anticlockwise direction
with increasing speed.

Section 4.12

Find the differential dy:

89. y = 2 x :

dy
y= dx = 2 dx
dx

90. y = 3x 2 + 2 x + 1 :

dy
dy = dx = (6 x + 2)dx
dx
91. y = sin x

dy
dy = dx = cos x dx
dx

92. The volume of a sphere of radius r is V = 4πr 3 3 . Derive the differential dV from first principles.

Give a geometric interpretation of the result.

4π 4π ⎡ 3
We have V + ΔV = (r + Δ r )3 = r + 3r 2 Δ r + 3r ( Δ r ) 2 + ( Δ r )3 ⎤
3 3 ⎣ ⎦
4π ⎡ 2 ΔV 4π ⎡ 2
ΔV = 3r Δ r + 3r (Δ r ) 2 + (Δ r )3 ⎤ → = 3r + 3r Δ r + (Δ r ) 2 ⎤
3 ⎣ ⎦ Δr 3 ⎣ ⎦

dV ⎛ ΔV ⎞ 2
Then = lim ⎜ ⎟ = 4π r
dr Δ r → 0 ⎝ Δ r ⎠

and dV = 4π r 2 dr

= surface area of sphere × differential radius

= volume of a spherical shell of radius r and thickness dr

© E Steiner 2008