TERMS DEFINITIONS

CHAPTER 1 - The Human Body:

An Orientation
Anatomy Study of body structure
Gross Anatomy Large structures and easily observable
Microscopic Anatomy Small structures
Physiology Study of the functions of body structures
Levels of Structural
Organization
Atoms Smallest
Cells Basic unit of life
Tissues Similar cells combined
Organs Different tissues combined
Organ Systems Different organs that works together
Organisms Organ systems combined
Organ Systems
Integumentary System Skin; protects body from outside environment
Skeletal System Framework of the body
Muscular System For movement
Nervous System Fast control system
Endocrine System Slow control system; hormones and other chemicals
Cardiovascular System Pumps blood throughout the body
Lymphatic System Cleanses blood; white blood cell
Respiratory System For oxygen
Digestive System For nutrients
Urinary System Excretes fluid wastes
Reproductive System Reproduction
Necessary Life Functions
Maintaining Boundaries Separates inside and outside environment
Movement Locomotor; movement of substances inside the body
Responsiveness Irritability; ability to respond to a stimulus
Digestion For absorption of nutrients
Metabolism Break down large molecules
Excretion Excrete fluid wastes
Reproduction Reproduction of organisms; of cells
Growth Increase of cell size and number
Survival Needs
Nutrients Needed for energy and cell building
Oxygen For chemical reactions inside the body
Water Fluid base for wastes excretion
Normal Body Temperature 37 C; below = slow reactions; above = fast reactions
Atmospheric Pressure For gas exchange
The Language of Anatomy
Anatomical Position Stand erect, arms on side, palm facing front, thumbs away from the body
Directional Terms

Superior (cranial or cephalic) above

Inferior (caudal) below
Anterior (ventral) front
Posterior (dorsal) back
Medial middle
Lateral sides
Intermediate between the middle and side
Proximal near the origin
Distal away from the origin
Superficial (external) external
Deep (internal) internal
Regional Terms
Anterior (ventral) Body
Landmarks
Posterior (dorsal) Body
Landmarks
Body Planes and Sections
Sagittal Section divides left and right

Median or Midsagittal Section divides left and right equally

Frontal or Coronal Section divides front and back
Transverse or Cross Section divides top and bottom
Body Cavities
Dorsal Cranial, and Spinal cavities
Ventral Thoracic, Abdominal, and Pelvic Cavities
Four (4) Quadrants of
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Nine (9) Regions of
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Homeostasis
Homeostasis State of balance
Main Controlling Systems Nervous system and Endocrine system
Homeostatic Imbalance Causes diseases
Homeostatic Control
Mechanisms Stimulus -> Receptor -> Afferent pathway -> Control center -> Efferent pathway -> Effector
Negative Feedback Pinapababa yung nagkocause
Positive Feedback Pinapataas yung nagkocause; rare sa human body

CHAPTER 3 - Cells and Tissues

1. Cell is the basic unit of life; 2. activity of cell depends on collective activity of cells; 3. principle of complementarily; 4.
Cell Theory continuity of life has a cellular basis
Four (4) Elements of Cells Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Three (3) Major Regions of
Cells Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Plasma Membrane
Nucleus Control center of cells
Nuclear Envelope Encloses the nucleus
Nucleolus Sites of ribosome assembly
Chromatin Carries genes
Plasma Membrane Protects the cell
Fluid Mosaic Model Phospholipid bilayer
Tight Junctions Zipper; impermeable
Desmosomes Rivets; prevent cells from being pulled apart
Gap Junctions Allows communication between cells
Cytoplasm Cytosol and organelles
Cytosol Fluid part of cytoplasm
Inclusions Chemical substances
Organelles Membrane-bounded metablic machinery of cells
Mitochondria Powerhouse
Ribosomes For protein synthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) For transport

Rough ER Protein transport
Smooth ER Lipid transport
Golgi Apparatus Packaging
Lysosomes Scavenger
Peroxisomes Detoxifier
Cytoskeleton Structure and support
Centrioles Generate microtubules; formation of mitotic spindle
Microtubules Give cell shape
Cilia Move materials acrross cell surface
Flagella Propels the cell
Microvilli Finger-like extensions
Cell Diversity
Fibroblast Creates fibers
Erythrocyte Red blood cell
Epithelial Cell Lines and protects organs
Skeletal Muscle and Smooth
Muscle Cells Contractile filaments
Fat Cells Stores lipids
White Blood Cells Defense
Nerve Cell Transport nerve impulses
Oocyte Ovum; egg cell; largest cell
Sperm Has flagella
Cell Physiology
Seven (7) Abilities of Cells Metabolize, digest, dispose, reproduce, grow, move, respond
Membrane Transport
Solution Homogeneous mixture
Solvent Water; dissolving medium; larger quatities
Solutes Solids; smaller quantities
Intracellular Fluid Nucleoplasm and cytosol
Extracellular Fluid (Interstitial
Fluid) Exterior of cell
Plasma Membrane
Permeability is: Semi-permeable
Passive Process Doesn't require energy
Diffusion Based on the concentration gradient
Simple Diffusion Unassisted process
Osmosis Diffusion of water
Facilitated Diffusion With channel proteins
Filtration From high-pressure to low-pressure
Active Process Needs ATP
Sodium-Potassium Pump K in, Na out
Vesicular Transport Use of vesicles
Exocytosis Palabas ng cells
Endocytosis Papasok ng cells
Phagocytosis Cell eating
Pinocytosis Cee drinking
Receptor-mediated
Endocytosis May receptor
Cell Division
Interphase Cell growth
DNA Replication Duplicate DNA
Cell Division Reproduces itself
Mitosis Division of nucleus
Prophase Start; chromosomes appear; nuclear envelope disappear
Metaphase Chromosomes line up at metaphase plate
Anaphase Chromosomes separate
Telophase Nuclear envelope reforms
Cytokinesis Division of cytoplasm; cleavage furrow; two (2) daughter cells
Protein Synthesis
Fibrous (Structural) Proteins
Globular (Functional) Proteins
Role of DNA
DNA
RNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transcription
Translation
Body Tissues
Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial Tissue Locations
Epithelial Tissue Funcions
Simple Epithelia
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Pseudostratified Columnar
Epithelium
Stratified Epithelia
Stratified Squamous Epithelium Many layers, flat
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Building materials for cells
Act as enzymes
Carries instructions to build proteins
Double-stranded; deoxyribose sugar
Single-stranded; ribose sugar
Transfers codes for amino acids
Codes for ribosome production
Carries codes for proteins
Template: DNA; Product: mRNA
Needs tRNA; occurs in cytoplasm
Lines and covers body organs
Body coverings, body linings, glandular tissue
Protection, absoption, filtration, secretion
Thin
Single layer, flat
Single layer, cube
Single layer, column
Single layer, some cells are smaller than other making it look like stratified
Many layers
Many layers, cube
Strattified Columnar
Epithelium
Transitional Epithelium
Glandular Epithelia
Endocrine Glands
Exocrine Glands
Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue Locations
Connective Tissue Functions
Bone (Osseous Tissue)
Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Dense Connective Tissue
Tendons
Ligaments
Dermis
Loose Connective Tissue
Areolar Connective Tissue
Adipose Connective Tissue
Reticular Connective Tissue
Blood (Vascular Tissue)
Muscle Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Smooth (Visceral) Muscle
Tissue
Many layers, column
Modified stratified squamous epithelium
With secretions
Ductless
With ducts
Connects body parts
Most abundant and widely distributed
Protection, support, binding
Hardest tissue
Less hard, flexible; Chondrocyte
Most widespread cartilage
For elasticity
Higly compressible
Collagen fibers
Muscle to bone
Bone to bone
Lower layer of skin
Softer, more cells, few fibers
Most widely distributed connective tissue
Fat cells
Interwoven fibers; forms stroma (internal framework) of organs
Fluid; transport vehicle of cardiovascular system
Contract, shorten, produce movements
Voluntary; striated, multinucleate, cylindrical
Involuntary; striated, uninucleate, branching
Involuntary; not straited, uninucleate
Nervous Tissue
Nervous Tissue Receive and conduct electrochemical impulses

Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)

Regeneration Replacement of cell with same kind of cells
Fibrosis Repair by dense connective tissue (scar tissue)

Tissues that regenerate easily: Epithelial, Connective, Bone

Tissues that regenerate poorly: Skeletal muscle

Tissues that are replaced

largely with scar tissue: Cardiac, Nervous
CHAPTER 4: Skin and Body
Membranes
Body Membranes
Epithelial Membranes Simple organs; covering and lining membranes
Cutaneous Membrane Skin; outermost; keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Mucous Membrane Moist membranes; lines body cavities that open to the exterior body surface
Serous Membrane Lines body cavities closed to the exterior of the body
Peritoneum Abdomen
Pleura Lungs
Pericardium Heart

Connective Tissue Membranes ;;

Synovial Membranes Secrete lubricating fluid to cushion organs; loose areolar connective tissue
Integumentary System
Skin appendages Sweat glands, oil glands, hair, nails
Functions of Integumentary
System Protects from: mechanical damage, chemical damage, thermal damage, UV radiation, microbes, desiccation
Epidermis Outermost; stratifies squamous epithelium; keratinocytes; avascular
Stratum Corneum Outermost; dead cells with keratin; waterproof
Stratum Lucidum Dead cells; thick hairless skin
Stratum Granulosum Water retention; heat regulation
Stratum Spinosum More keratinized; more flat
Stratum Basale Deepest; mitosis happens
Epidermal Dendritic Cells Allert and activate immune cells
Merkel Cells Sensory nerve endings
Dermis Underlies the epidermis
Papillary Layer With dermal papillae; fingerprints
Reticular Layer Blood; sweat and oil glands
Free Nerve Ending Pain and itch
Merkel's Disc Light touch
Meissners Deep touch
Ruffinit Hot sensation
Krauss End Bulbs Cold sensation
Pasinian Pressure and vibrations
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous
Layer) Fats
Melanin Yellow, reddish brown, black
Carotene Orange
Hemoglobin Red
Erythema Redness
Pallor Blanching, pamumutla
Jaundice Yellow; liver problems
Hematoma Bruises; black and blue marks
Sebaceous (Oil) Glands All over the skin except for palms and soles; produces sebum (oil)

Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands Produces sweat

Eccrine Glands Walang amoy; majority
Apocrine Glands May amoy; hairy areas
Hair Melanocytes for hair color; produced by hair follicle
Hair Follicle Provides blood supply to the hair buld
Nails Heavily keratinized; stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed
Homeostatic Imbalance
Athlete's Foot Fungal infection; itchy red peeling between the toes
Boils (Furuncles) and
Carbuncles
Cold Sores (Fever Blisters)
Contact Dermatitis
Impetigo
Psoriasis
Burns
Rule of Nines
First-degree Burn
Second-degree Burn
Third-degree Burn
Fourth-degree Burn
Critical Burns:
Skin Cancer
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Malignant Melanoma
Grafting
Allograft (Homograft)
Xenograft (Heterograft)
Autograft
Biosynthetic
Amputation
CHAPTER 5: The Skeletal
System
Parts of Skeletal System
Two (2) Subdivisions of
Skeleton
Functions of Bones
Number Bones in Adult
Skeleton:
Inflammation of hair follicles
Human herpesvirus 1; blisters itch and sting
Exposure to chemicals that provoke allergic responses; itching, redness, and swelling of skin
Bacterial infection; pink, fluid-filled raised lessions around mouth/nose
Trauma, infection, hormonal changes, or stress; red epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, crack,
or sometimes bleed
Caused by heat, electricity, UV radition, or chemicals
Superficial burn; only epidermis
Partial-thickness burn; epidermis + superficial dermis; most painful
Full-thickness burn; both epidermis and dermis; painless
Full-thickness burn; deeper tissues such as bones, muscles, tendons
30% second-degree; 10% third/fourth-degree; third/fourth degree of face, hands, feet, or genitals; airways, circumferential
burns (surrounds body or limb)
Most common cancer; benign = neoplasm (tumor) has not spread; malignant = spread
Less malignant and most common; stratum basale
UV exposure; stratum spinosum
Most deadly; melanocytes
Culture skin
From cadaver's skin
From animal's skin
Patient's own skin
Collagen and synthesis
Removal of limb
Bones (skeleton), joints, cartilages, ligaments
Axial skeleton and Appendicular Skeleton
Support the body; protects soft organs; allow movements
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Compact Bone Dense, smooth, homegeneous
Spongy Bone Small needlelike pieces, many open spaces
Long Bones Shaft with enlarged ends; limbs
Diaphysis (Shaft) Bone's length
Periosteum Outer covering od diaphysis
Epiphysis (Ends) Spongy bones; with thin layer of compact bones
Articular Cartilage Covers epiphyses
Epiphyseal Line Remnant of epiphyseal plate
Epiphyseal Plate Flat plate; sa growing bones makikita
Endosteum Lines inner surface of shaft
Medullary Cavity Cavity inside the shaft; yellow marrow
Flat Bones Thin, flat, curved, sternum
Short Bones Cube-shaped; spongy bone with outer layer of compact bone; sesamoid bones
Irregular Bones Irregular shape; vertebrae
Bone Markings Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
Projections or Processes Grow out from bone surfaces; begins with "T"
Depressions or Cavities Indentions; begins with "F"
Trabaculae Small, needlelike pieces of bones
Osteocytes Mature bone cells
Lacunae Cavities in bone matrix; houses osteocytes
Lamellae Circles of lacunae
Central (Haversian) Canal Center of osteon
Osteon (Haversian System) Unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings
Canaliculi Tiny canals; nutrient supply

Perforating (Volkmann's) Canal Canal perpendicular to the central canal; blood vessels and nerves
Bone Formation, Growth, and
Remodeling
Ossification Process of bone formation
Osteoblasts Bone-forming cells
Bone Formation Process and
Growth
Appositional Growth Grow in width
 Released when calcium ion levels in blood are low; activates osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells) to release calcium to the
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) blood
Hypercalcemia High blood calcium levels; prompts calcium storage to bones by osteoblasts
Fracture
Fracture Break in bone
Closed (Simple) Fracture Do not penetrate skin
Open (Compound) Fracture Penetrates through skin
Closed Reduction Manually coaxed into position by physician's hands
Open Reduction Secured with pins or wires during surgery
Healing Time: 6-8 weeks
Four (4) Major Events in Bone
Fracture Repair Hematoma; Fibrocartilage callus forms; Bony callus replace fibrocartilage callus; Bone remodelling
Comminuted Breaks into three (3) or more fragments
Compression Crushed
Depressed Pressed inward
Impacted Bone ends are forced into each other
Spiral Twisting
Greenstick Breaks incompletely; like twigs
Axial Skeleton
Three (3) Parts of Axial
Skeleton Skull, Vertebral column, Bony thorax
(Refer to quizizz and song
recordings)
Appendicular Skeleton
(Refer to quizizz and song
recordings)
Developmental Aspects
Fontanels Fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones in fetus
Osteoporosis Bone-thinning disease; bones became fragile
Kyphosis Vertebral collapse; "Dowager's hump"