Science 10

Anatomy: The study of the structure and organization of living organisms, including humans.

Physiology: The study of the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.

Pathology: The study of diseases, their causes, mechanisms, and effects on the body.

Symptom: Any subjective evidence of disease or physical disturbance noticed by a patient,

indicating the presence of a condition.

Sign: Any objective evidence of disease or physical disturbance observed by a healthcare

provider, indicating the presence of a condition.

Diagnosis: The identification of a disease or condition based on signs, symptoms, and

diagnostic tests.

Prognosis: The likely outcome or course of a disease, including the chances of recovery or
progression.

Treatment: The management and care provided to a patient to alleviate symptoms, cure or
control disease, and improve overall health.

Medication: A substance used to treat, cure, or prevent disease, typically administered orally,
topically, intravenously, or by injection.

Therapy: Any form of treatment intended to relieve or heal a disorder, injury, or disease,
including physical therapy, occupational therapy, and psychotherapy.

Surgery: The branch of medicine that involves operative procedures performed on the body to
treat diseases, injuries, or deformities.

Anesthesia: A medical procedure that induces temporary loss of sensation or consciousness to

allow surgery or other painful procedures to be performed without causing pain or distress to the
patient.

Infection: The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or
parasites) within the body, causing illness or disease.

Immunity: The ability of the body to resist and fight off infections or diseases, often conferred by
the immune system's recognition and response to pathogens.

Vaccine: A biological preparation that stimulates the immune system to produce immunity to a
specific disease, typically containing weakened or inactivated pathogens or their antigens.
Allergy: An abnormal immune response to a harmless substance (allergen), resulting in
symptoms such as itching, swelling, rash, difficulty breathing, or anaphylaxis.

Chronic: Referring to a long-lasting or persistent medical condition, disease, or symptom that

develops gradually and persists over time.

Acute: Referring to a sudden or severe medical condition, disease, or symptom that develops
rapidly and requires immediate attention or treatment.

Cholesterol: A waxy, fat-like substance found in the blood, essential for building cell membranes
and producing hormones but elevated levels can increase the risk of heart disease.

Blood Pressure: The force exerted by circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels,
measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and consisting of systolic pressure (during heart
contraction) and diastolic pressure (during heart relaxation).

Diabetes: A chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels

(hyperglycemia) resulting from insufficient insulin production, impaired insulin function, or both.

Cancer: A group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal
cells, with the potential to invade and damage surrounding tissues and organs.

Stroke: A sudden interruption in the blood supply to the brain, typically caused by a blockage
(ischemic stroke) or rupture (hemorrhagic stroke) of blood vessels, resulting in brain damage
and neurological deficits.

Heart Attack: A medical emergency caused by the obstruction of blood flow to a part of the heart
muscle, typically due to a blockage in coronary arteries, leading to tissue damage and
potentially fatal consequences.

Asthma: A chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the

airways, resulting in symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and
coughing.

Arthritis: Inflammation of one or more joints, causing pain, swelling, stiffness, and decreased
range of motion, with various types such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout.

Hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure persistently exceeding 130/80 mmHg, increasing
the risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and other health complications.

Depression: A mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness,

worthlessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities, often accompanied by changes
in sleep, appetite, energy levels, and concentration.
Anxiety: A mental health condition characterized by excessive worry, fear, or nervousness about
future events or situations, often accompanied by physical symptoms such as rapid heartbeat,
sweating, trembling, and difficulty breathing.

Dementia: A group of cognitive disorders characterized by progressive impairment of memory,

thinking, behavior, and the ability to perform daily activities, often resulting from
neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.