Appendices
Capitalization and Punctuation Rules
Capitalize
The first letter of the first word of a sentence
The pronoun /
Names of people
4 Names of buildings, streets, geographic
locations, and organizations
Titles of people
6 Days, months, and holidays
Names of courses or classes
8 Titles of books, movies, and plays
9 States, countries, languages, and nationalities
10 Names of religions
Punctuation
Use a period (.) at the end of a sentence.
Use a question mark (?) at the end of a question.
Use an exclamation point (! ) to show strong
emotion (e. g., surprise, anger, shock).
4 Use an apostrophe 0 for possessive nouns.
Add 's for singular nouns.
Add s ' for plural nouns.
Add ' s for irregular plural nouns.
Use an apostrophe ( ') for contractions.
Use a comma (,):
• between words in a series of three or more
items. (Place and before the last item.)
• before and, or, but, and so to connect two
complete sentences.
A1 Appendices
Examples
oday is a great day .
Simon Bolivar , Joseph hung
-
Yesterday went to hear a new rock band .
aj Majal, Broadway , Mt . Everest,
nited ations
Dr ., Mr ., Mrs., Ms .
Tuesday, April, Valentine' s Day
Biology 101, nglish Composition II
Crime and Punishment, Avatar, Hamlet
California, Mexico, Spanish, South orean ,
Canadian
Hinduism, Catholicism , Islam, Judaism
Examples
He is Korean.
Do you want to buy a car ?
Wait! I' m not ready yet. I can' t believe it !
That' s Sue' s umbrella.
Those are the students ' books , BUT
Bring me the children' s shoes .
I be back next week . He can' t drive a car .
I like fish , chicken , turkey , and mashed
potatoes .
You can watch TV, but I have to study for
a test.
日Spell i ng Rules for Noun Plurals
1 Add -s to most s i ng ular nouns to fo rm a camera - two cameras a a model - two models
plural nouns.
key-keys a s tuden t - s tuden ts

2 Add -es to nouns that end i n -ch, -sh, -ss, watch- watches dish - dishes
and -x. tax- taxes
class - classes

3 With nouns that end in a consonant + -y, accessory - accessones ba ttery - batter ies
chan g e the y to i and add -es

4 With nouns that end in -ife, change the kn ife - kn ives life - lives
end i n g to -ives.
wife-wives
5 Add -s only to nouns that end in -o radio - radios kangaroos

piano - pianos shampoo - shampoos

Exception: Add -es to these nouns : potato -potatoes ; mango-mangoes;

potato; tomato; mango; hero tomato -tomatoes hero -heroes

6 Some plural nouns have irre gular forms

man -men
These are the most common i rre g ular woman -women
child-children
plural nouns in academi c wr itin g foot- feet person -people
too th- tee th
7 Some nouns have the same form for one deer -two deer
s i ng ular and p lural one fish－切o fish one sheep - two sheep
8 Some nouns are only p lural. They do not
clothes
have a s i n gular fo rm
glasses pan ts
headphones SC/SSO(S

jeans sunglasses

Appendices A2
 Indefinite Article
1 Use a / an with singular count nouns .
Use a when the noun begins with a
consonant sound.
3 Use an when the noun begins with a vowel
sound.
Use a before adjectives or adverbs that begin
with a consonant sound.
Use a before words that begin with u when
the u makes a " you " sound.
6 Use a/an to introduce a person or thing for
the first time to a listener . When you mention
the person or thing again, use the .
Definite Article
You can use the before singular or plural
count nouns, and before noncount nouns.
2 Use the to talk about people or things that
both the listener and speaker know about.
3 Use the to talk about a specific noun.
A19 Appendices
She made a decision about her job.
An analyst examines something in detail
She made a decision about her job.
An analyst examines something in detail .
Tony found a great apartment in Chicago.
James went to a university in Boston.
The economy is a universal concern .
Tom bought a car .
(The listener does not know about this car.)
The car was not very expensive.
(Now the listener knows about this car .)
The job is a good one.
The choices were interesting .
The information is very useful .
The president discussed the plan. (Everyone
knows the president and the plan.)
The moon and the stars were beautiful last night.
(Everyone knows the moon and the stars.)
" The teacher gave us difficult homework tonight. "
(The speaker and listener know this teacher .)
" The game was interesting. " " I agree ."
(The speaker and listener are thinking of the
same game .)