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Sri Surasaraswathi Sabha, Sringeri

# 5/1, Abhinava Mandira, Adjacent to Sringeri Shankara Math,
Shankara Math Road,
Shankarapuram, Bengaluru - 560 004.
Website : www.surasaraswathisabha.org
ii _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

Samskritabhashadeepika - Part one English, & Kannada Version,

Published by Sri Surasaraswathi Sabha, Sringeri

Copies : 5000

Price : Rs.25/-

Typeset : Vagartha, N.R. Colony, Bangalore.

Printed at : Vidya Bharati Press

(An In-house publication wing of
Dakshinamnaya Sri Sharadapeetham, Sringeri)
Shankarapuram, Bengaluru - 560 004.
Website : www.surasaraswathisabha.org
e-mail : surasaraswathisabha@gmail.com
surasaraswathisabhaexams@gmail.com

This Book is available at :

Sri Surasaraswathi Sabha, Sringeri
# 5/1, Abhinava Mandiram, Adjacant to Sringeri Shankara Math,
Shankara Math Road, Shankarapuram,
Bengaluru - 560 004. (INDIA) Ph. 080-2242 5096
_"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 iii

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Sree
The pontiff of Dakshinamnaya Sree Sringeri Sharada Peetham adorned with infinite
virtues, His Holiness Sri Sri Bharathitheertha Mahaswamiji’s benedictary message.

It gives me immense pleasure to note that Sri Surasaraswathi Sabha, established by our
Guru His Holiness Jagadguru Sri Sri Abhinava V idyatheertha Swamiji, for propagation of
Sanskrit language, has been training lakhs of students by serving as an introduction to
the uninitiated and develop taste for this language. For students, the Sabha has
published text books from Prathama to Pravesha with the help of scholars. Puranic
stories, prayers, morals etc are incorporated in these books which help students develop
devotion and values. The text books have been meeting goals of the Sabha, despite
being revised periodically. I wish that good hearted Sanskrit loving people become true
Bharathiyas by getting introduced to Sanskrit language and our culture through the
proper study of these books.
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 v

Administrator’s Message
As goes the saying “Samskritihi Samskrutaashritaa”, the entire
Bharateeya Samskruti can be known only through Samskruta. Mindful of
the importance of Devabhasha, Sri Sura Saraswathi Sabha was
established in the year 1969 by His Holiness Jagadguru Sri Sri Abhinava
Vidyateertha Swamiji of Sringeri with the ultimate desire of educating the
masses in Sanskrit language and thereby in Bharateeya Samskruti. Now the
Sabha is being sustained by the divine blessings of H.H. Jagadguru Sri Sri
Bharathiteeertha Mahasannidhaanam and H.H. Jagadguru Sri Sri
Vidhushekhara Bharati Sri sannidhaanam. As Samskruta aficionados
are aware, the Sabha conducts exams at five levels and lakhs of people have
been benefited by these exams.
As per the directions of Mahasannidhaanam, syllabus and text books are
periodically updated keeping in mind the requirements of Samskruta learn-
ers. The text books are priced very nominally so that it is in the reach of
every one. I urge the entire astika-community to get benefited by this en-
deavor of the Math.
Padmashree, Gurusevadhureena,
Dr. V.R. Gowrishankar
Administrator and CEO
Sringeri Shankar Math and Its Properties

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04.07.2019 ¤zÉÃð±ÀPgÀ ÄÀ , ²æøÀÄgÀ¸gÀ ¸
À éÀwøÀ¨Ás
¨ÉAUÀ¼ÆÀ gÀÄ
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 vii

Preface
His Holiness Jagadguru Sri Sri Abhinavavidyateertha Mahasannidhanam, the thirty
fifth pontiff of Dakshinamnaya Sri Sharada Peetham, Sringeri, established the institution
Sri Surasaraswathi Sabha in view of propogating the study of Sanskrit, the mother
language of all Indian languages, in the year 1969. This is now growing under the
patronage of His Holiness Jagadguru Sri Sri Bharathiteertha Mahasannidhanam and
His Holiness Jagadguru Sri Sri Vidhushekhara Bharathi Srisannidhanam.

As per the order of His Holiness Jagadguru Sri Sri Bharathiteertha

Mahasannidhanam to prepare a new text book for Dwiteeya, a committee of Sanskrit
scholars was constituted as follows :

1. President - Vidwan Sri T.C. Ashwath Kumar

Principal, Manonmani Samskrita Pathashala
Bangalore
2. Member - Vidwan Prasad M.A., B.Ed.
Sanskrit Teacher, Bharatha Mata Girls High School,
Hanumantanagar, Bangalore
3. Member - Dr. Mallikarjun
Dept. of Sanskrit, Bangalore University, Bangalore

The committee with great efforts has brought out this colourful bilingual work book
cum text book with a modern out look, conducive for the students to learn the language. I
thank the committee for their commendable work.

His Holiness Jagadguru Sri Sri Bharathiteertha Mahasannidhanam has

scanned through the text book and given his blessings. I offer my heartful pranamas at His
lotus feet.

Vidwan M.A.Venkatesh Bhat and Vidwan N.R. Subramanya have given their
valuable in puts in this endeavour. Type setting and colourful book layout is the skilled
hand work of Sri Prasad, Vagartha Printers. I whole heartedly thank all these scholars
for their valuable contribution.

I also extended my heartful thanks to the Administrator, Gurusevadhurana,

Padmashree Dr. V.R. Gowrishankar for his support.

I also thank Sri Srinivasan, Manager, Sri Vidya Bharathi Press, for printing and
supplying the books on time.

I trust and hope that this text book will serve as a best tool and motivate the aspirants
of Sanskrit language.

04-07-2019 Dr. N. S. Suresh

Director, Sri Surasaraswathi Sabha
Bangalore
viii _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

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8. ^"Î>: T"pK>: - ò[SçY"p{Np 54
9. _"Ê"X": T"pK>: - _"[SR": 57
10. ìÍ>X": T"pK>: - S"Qr 64
11. S"\"X": T"pK>: - ìpZpX": 69
12. QðpX": T"pK>: - G"S"@¡_"sO"Y"pu: _"XW"p^"NpX"o 75
13. ï@¡pQðp: T"pK>: - {X"e"Y"pu: _"XW"p^"NpX"o 80
14. ŸpQðp: T"pK>: - {O"D>SO"X"o ({@ø¡Y"pT"QX"o) 85
15. e"Y"puQðp: T"pK>: - ðpVQá¡T"p{Np 93
16. E"O"sQêðp: T"pK>: - _"‹÷p 100
17. T"ú"Qðp: T"pK>: - ìS"s\"pQpWY"p_": 108
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 1

T"øpP"êS"p
ìG"z {S"{\"ê@¡ÚT"z {S"Zp@¡pZX"u@z¡
{S"ZpS"SQX"pS"SQX"ŸvO"T"tNpêX"o $
T"Zz {S"BpsêNpz {S"{\"êðpu^"z {S"Zr`z
T"ZV"øÏ"á¡T"z BpNpuðpz W"G"uX" $$1$$

X"p“p_"sR"p@s¡XW"{\"V"puR"X"sçp-
{\"üp{\"ZpG"O@¡Z\"pqZG"pO"pX"o $
ìT"pZ@¡pàNY"_"sR"pXV"sZp{ðpz
drðppZQpXV"pz T"øNpO"pu&[_X" {S"OY"X"o $$ 2 $$

\"_"sQu\"_"sO"z Qu\"z @z¡_"E"pNptZX"QêS"X"o $

Qu\"@¡”T"ZX"pS"SQz @w¡^Npz \"SQu G"BpÿlàX"o $$ 3 $$

S"X"pu_O"s O"u \Y"p_"{\"ðpp“V"s«u

Us¡„pZ{\"SQpY"O"T"e"S"ue" $
Y"uS" O\"Y"p W"pZO"O"v“T"tNpê:
T"øG\"p{“O"pu c"pS"X"Y"T"øQrT": $$ 4 $$
2 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

ðpŠ¡pá¡T"uNp X"{‚"f"z
T"Š¡r@w¡O"X"W"tüY"p $
{@¡Š¡Zr Y"_Y" _"p X"pY"p
ðpŠ¡ZpE"pY"êX"pdY"u $$ 5 $$

{\"\"u{@¡S"z X"`pT"øc"z
R"vY"pvêQpY"êb"X"p{S"{R"X"o $
_"Qp{W"S"\"T"t\"| O"z
{\"üpO"rP"êBpsàz W"G"u $$ 6 $$

W"pZO"r@¡àNppT"pe"z
W"pZO"rT"QW"t^"NpX"o $
W"pZO"rT"QX"pá¡M>z
W"pZO"rO"rP"êX"pdY"u $$ 7 $$
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 3
T"øP"X": T"pK>:

\"NpêX"p“p
_"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pY"pX"o ìÍ>E"O\"pqZzðpO"o ìb"Zp{Np _"[SO" $ \"NpêX"p“pY"pz T"øR"pS"O"Y"p e"Y": {\"W"pBpp:
_"[SO" $ O"u -
ìb"Zp{Np

_\"Zp: ìY"puBp\"p`pv \Y"ý"S"p{S"

_\"Zp: - 13 ìY"puBp\"p`pv - 02
ì ìp ò òê í î¡ ìz - ìS"s_\"pZ:
h¡ i¡ j ï ïu ìpu ìpv ì: - {\"_"Bpê:
\Y"ý"S"p{S" - 33
@¡ A" Bp C" D>
E" F G" H" I"
J> K> L M Np
O" P" Q R" S"
T" U¡ V" W" X"

Y" Z “ \" ðp ^" _" `o

4 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

ã_\"_\"Zp:-5 QrC"ê_\"Zp:-8
ì ò í h¡ j ìp òê î¡ i ï ïu ìpu ìpv
ìS"s_\"pZ: ìz {\"_"Bpê: ì:

\"BprêY"\Y"ý"S"p{S"

ìÚT"T"øpNpp: X"`pT"øpNpp: ìS"sS"p{_"@¡p:

@¡o Bpo A"o C"o D>o
E"o G"o F>o H"o I"o
Jo> Lo> K>o M>o Npo
O"o Qo P"o R"o S"o
T"o V"o U¡o W"o X"o

ì\"BprêY"\Y"ý"S"p{S"
Y"o Zo “o \"o ðpo ^"o _"o `o
˨ݦìWÜÙÜá j (ÓÜÌÃÜ) ÊÜáñÜᤠ“o+h¡= j(WÜá~ñÝPÜÒÃÜ) WÜÙÜÈÉ CÃÜŸÖÜá¨Ý¨Ü EaÝcÃÜOæ¿á ÊÜÂñÝÂÓÜÊÜ®Üá°
A«Ý±ÜPÜÄí¨Ü £Ú¨ÜáPæãÙÜÛ¸æàPÜá.
Students should learn the difference in pronounciation between j and “o+h¡= j from the
teacher.
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 5
_\"ZpNppz “uA"S"pWY"p_"z @s¡àO"
ÓÜÌÃÜWÜÙÜ ÇæàS®Ý»ÝÂÓÜÊÜ®Üá° ÊÜÞwÄ. Write and practise the vowels
ìpv ìz ì:
ìpu
ïu
ï
j
i
h¡
î¡
í
òê
ò
ìp
ì

u
6 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

\Y"ý"S"pS"pz “uA"S"pWY"p_"z @s¡àO"

ÊÜÂíg®ÜWÜÙÜ ÇæàS®Ý»ÝÂÓÜÊÜ®Üá° ÊÜÞwÄ. Write and practise the consonants
@¡ A" Bp C" D> E" F> G" H" I" J>
u

K> L> M> Np O" P" Q R" S" T" U¡

u

V" W" X" Y" Z “ \" ðp ^" _" `

u
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 7

\Y"ý"S"X"o + _\"Z: = Bps{NpO"pb"ZX"o

\Y"ý"S"X"o + _\"Z: {E"¢X"o = Bps{NpO"pb"ZX"o T"QX"o
@o¡ + ì - = @¡ @¡NK>:
@o¡ + ìp p = @¡p @¡p“:
@o¡ + ò q = {@¡ {@¡SO"s
@o¡ + òê r = @¡” @¡”J>:
@o¡ + í s = @s¡ @s¡ý"Z:
@o¡ + î¡ t = @t¡ @t¡T":
@o¡ + h¡ w = @w¡ @w¡^"r\"“:
@o¡ + i¡ % = @%¡ -
@o¡ + j j = ×j¡ ×jÊ"@¡p“:
@o¡ + ï u = @u¡ @u¡ðp:
@o¡ + ïu v = @v¡ @v¡“p_":
@o¡ + ìpu pu = @¡pu @¡pu{@¡“:
@o¡ + ìpv pv = @¡pv @¡pvX"sQr
@o¡ + ìz z = @z¡ @z¡_":
@o¡ + ì: : = @¡: @¡: (V"@¡:)
8 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

Bps{NpO"pb"ZpWY"p_"z @s¡àO"
WÜá~ñÝPÜÒÃÜWÜÙÜ ÇæàS®Ý»ÝÂÓÜÊÜ®Üá° ÊÜÞwÄ. Write and practise

@¡ @¡p {@¡ @¡” @s¡ @t¡ @w¡ @%¡ ×j @u¡ @v¡ @¡pu @¡pv @z¡ @¡:
A"
Bp
C"
D>
E"
F>
G"
H"
I"
J>
K>
L>
M>
Np
O"
P"
Q
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 9

R" R"p {R" R"r R"s R"t R"w R"% Rj R"u R"v R"pu R"pv R"z R":
S"
T"
U¡
V"
W"
X"
Y"
Z
“
\"
ðp
^"
_"
`
10 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

\Y"ý"S"X"o + \Y"ý"S"X"o = _"zY"s˜¡\"Npê:

Y"P"p - Zo + @o¡ + ì = @ê¡ = ì@ê¡:
íQp`ZNppS"s_"pZz {e"\"pZz {“A"O" -

Zo + @¡ = @ê¡ O"@ê¡: O"@ê¡: O"@ê¡: O"@ê¡:

Do> + A" = ‹ ðp‹: ------ ------ ------
Do> + @¡o = Š¡ 슡X"o ------ ------ ------
Do> + C" = û _"û: ------ ------ ------
E"o + E" = ‚" _"‚"qZO"X"o ------ ------ ------
E"o + F> = EF> T"sEF>X"o ------ ------ ------
G"o + G" = ƒ" _"ƒ"S": ------ ------ ------
Zo + H" = H"ê {S"H"êZ: ------ ------ ------
G"o + I" = c" ìc": ------ ------ ------
Npo + J> = NJ> C"NJ>p ------ ------ ------
Npo + K> = NK >@¡NK>: ------ ------ ------
Lo> + L> = ›> í›>Y"S"X"o ------ ------ ------
S"o + O" = SO" ìS"SO": ------ ------ ------
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 11

_"o + P" = _P" _P"“X"o ------ ------ ------

S"o + Q = SQ _"sSQZr ------ ------ ------
S"o + R" = SR" ìSR": ------ ------ ------
S"o + S" = ß" ìpvß"OY"X"o ----- ----- -----
Zo + T" = T"ê ðptT"ê: ----- ----- -----
_"o + Ut¡ = _Ut¡ _Ut¡{O"ê: ----- ----- -----
Zo + V" = V"ê QlV"ê“: ----- ----- -----
Zo + W" = W"ê ìW"ê@¡: ----- ----- -----
_"o + X" = _X" _X"ZNpX"o ----- ----- -----
ðpo + Y" = ðY" @¡pðY"T": ----- ----- -----
T"o + Z = T"ø T"ø\"rNp: ----- ----- -----
`o + “ = ‡ ìp‡pQ: ----- ----- -----
O"o + \" = O\" O"f\"X"o ----- ----- -----
Zo + ^" = ^"ê `^"ê: ----- ----- -----
T"o + _" = T_" G"sBpsT_"p ----- ----- -----
Zo + ` = `ê ì`ê: ----- ----- -----
12 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

ðpp@¡p{S"

í\"pêà@¡X"o X"t“@¡X"o \"wSO"p@¡:

Bpwý"S"X"o {W"NL>rS"@¡X"o ìp“s@¡X"o

@t¡^X"pNL>: G"XV"rZX"o @¡pZ\"u„X"o

{S"^T"p\": ìpçê@¡X"o {ðpBpøs:

 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 13

U¡“p{S"

ìpX"øU¡“X"o @¡Q“rU¡“X"o _"u\"U¡“X"o

ìS"pS"_": çpb"pU¡“X"o X"R"s@¡@ê¡J>r

_"rO"pU¡“X"o S"pZŒX"o @¡{“ŒU¡“X"o

V"`lV"rG"U¡“X"o Qp{L>X"U¡“X"o S"pqZ@u¡“X"o

14 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

\"SY"X"wBpp:

BpG": {_"z`: @w¡^NpX"wBp:

\Y"pC"ø: `qZNp: {E"e"@¡:

íÍ~>: W"„m@¡: \"w@¡:

_"t@¡Z: ówBpp“: {E"e"Zp_"W":

 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 15

T"øp{NpS":

R"uS"s: \"w^"W": ðpsS"@¡:

{V"L>p“: ìÄ": \"pS"Z:

X"t^"@¡: {E"@ø¡puL>: BpQêW":

X"{`^"r X"u^": ðpðp:

16 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

T"s^T"p{Np

G"T"pT"s^T"X"o ZG"S"rBpSR"X"o T"pqZG"pO"X"o

_"u\"[SO"@¡p E"XT"@¡X"o @¡X"“X"o

@s¡X"sQX"o ðp‹T"s^T"X"o T"pJ>“X"o

T"{µ¡T"s^T"X"o @¡Z\"rZX"o @u¡O"@¡”

 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 17

T"{b"Np:

ðps@¡: @s¡Ès¡J>: @¡T"puO":

ðY"uS": @¡p@¡: E"J>@¡:

í“t@¡: BpàL>: `z_":

@¡pQXV": V"@¡: X"Y"tZ:

18 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

\"Nppê:
Z˜¡\"Npê:

T"rO"\"Npê:

Ä"uO"\"Npê:

S"r“\"Npê:

`qZO"\"Npê:

T"pJ>“\"Npê:

@¡pv_O"sW"\"Npê:

ðY"pX"“\"Npê:
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 19

APÜÒÃÜWÜÙÜá \"NpêX"p“p Alphabets

®ÝÊÜâ QËÀáí¨Ü PæàÙÜáÊÜ ÊÜáñÜᤠ¸ÝÀáÀáí¨Ü EaÜcÄÓÜáÊÜ ÊÜ|ìPæR APÜÒÃÜÊæí¨Üá ÖæÓÜÃÜá. PæçÀáí¨Ü
ŸÃæ¿ááÊÜâ¨Üá ÊÜáñÜᤠPÜ~¡¯í¨Ü ®æãàw K¨ÜáÊÜâ¨Üá Ȳ. APÜÒÃÜWÜÙÜ ÓÜÊÜáá¨Ý¿áÊæà ÊÜ|ìÊÜÞÇæ. ÓÜíÓÜ¢ñÜ
»ÝÐæ¿áÈÉ ®ÜÆÊÜñæ¤íoá APÜÒÃÜWÜÚÊæ. ÊÜááSÂÊÝX AÊÜâ ÊÜáãÃÜá Ë«Ü. _\"Z:, \Y"ý"S"X"o ÊÜáñÜᤠìY"puB"\"p`pv.

Alphabets are those letters which we hear and pronounce. Script is that which is
written by hand and read through eyes. The group of alphabets is called as \"NpêX"p“p the
'Garland of Letters'. Samskrita has fortyeight alphabets. They are divided mainly into
three varieties. _\"Z:, \Y"ý"S"X"o and ìY"puB"\"p`pv.
ÓÜÌñÜíñÜÅÊÝX EaÜcÄÓÜŸÖÜá¨Ý¨Ü APÜÒÃÜWÜÚWæ ÓÜÌÃÜWÜÙæí¨Üá ÖæÓÜÃÜá. ã_\"_\"Zp: 5, QrC"ê_\"Zp: 8
Jí¨Üá ÊÜÞñÝÅPÝƨÜÈÉ EaÜcÄÓÜŸÖÜá¨Ý¨Ü ÓÜÌÃÜWÜÚWæ ÖÜÅÓÜÌÓÜÌÃÜWÜÙæí¨Üá ÖæÓÜÃÜá. E¨Ý : ì, ò, í, h¡, “w
A svara or a vowel is that which can be pronounced without the help of any other
letter. The time required to pronounce a Hrasva or a short vowel is called a matra.
Ex., ì, ò, í, h¡, “w.
GÃÜvÜá ÊÜÞñÝÅ PÝƨÜÈÉ EaÜcÄÓÜŸÖÜá¨Ý¨Ü ÓÜÌÃÜWÜÚWæ ©àZìÓÜÌÃÜWÜÙæí¨Üá ÖæÓÜÃÜá. E¨Ý : ìp, òê, î¡,
h¡, ï, ïu, ìpu, ìpv. The time required to pronounce a Deergha or a long vowel is two
matras. Ex., ìp, òê, î¡, h¡, ï, ïu, ìpu, ìpv.
ÊÜÂíg®ÜÊÜâ A«Üì ÊÜÞñÝÅ PÝƨÜÈÉ EaÜcÄÓÜƳvÜáñܤ¨æ. E¨Ý : @o¡, E"o. ÊÜÞñÝÅPÝÆÊæí¨ÜÃæ, Jí¨Üá bqPæ
Öæãvæ¿áÆá ¸æàPÝWÜáÊÜÐáÜ r PÝÆ.

PÜísܱÝsÜ ÊÜÞwÄ - Memorise

ï@¡X"pe"pu W"\"uO"o ã_\": {ŸX"pe"pu QrC"ê íEY"O"u $

{e"X"pe"_O"s älO"pu c"uY": \Y"ý"S"z O\"R"êX"pe"@¡X"o $$
ÊÜáãÃÜá ÊÜÞñÝÅPÝƨÜÈÉ EaÜcÄÓÜƳvÜáÊÜ ÓÜÌÃÜPæR ±ÜâÉñÊ
Ü æí¨Üá ÖæÓÜÃÜá.
WÜÊÜá¯Ô :& ÓÜíÓÜ¢ñܨÜÈÉ ï, ìpu WÜÚWæ ÖÜÅÓÜÌËÆÉ. “w PÝÃÜPæR ©àZìËÆÉ.
The time required to pronounce a Consonant is a half matra.
The time required to pronounce a 'Pluta' or a Protracted vowel is three matras.
Note :- ï, ìpu do not have short vowels and “w does not have a long vowel.
20 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

ÓÜÌÃÜWÜÙÜ ÊÜáñÜᤠÊÜÂíg®ÜWÜÙÜ WÜáí²Wæ ÓæàÃܨæ, ÓÜÌÃÜ¨Ü hæãñæ¿áÈÉÁáà EaÜcÄÓÜŸÖÜá¨Ý¨Ü APÜÒÃÜWÜÚWæ

ìY"puBp\"p`pv WÜÙæí¨Üá ÖæÓÜÃÜá. AÁãàWÜÊÝÖÜWÜÙÜÈÉ GÃÜvÜá Ë«Ü. ìS"s_\"pZ: E¨Ý. ìz, òz, CñÝ©. {\"_"B"ê: -
E¨Ý. ì:, ò:, CñÝ©.
Ayogavahas :- Those alphabets which are pronounced with the vowels, without com-
ing under the group of either vowels or consonants are called Ayogavahas. These are of
two varieties : Anuswara : Eg. ìz, @z¡ etc., Visarga : Eg. ì:, @¡:, etc.,

ÊÜÂíg®ÜWÜÙÜá \Y"ý"S"p{S" Consonants

ÓÜÌÃÜWÜÙÜ ÓÜÖÝ¿á©í¨Ü EaÜcÄÓÜŸÖÜá¨Ý¨Ü APÜÒÃÜWÜÚWæ ÊÜÂíg®ÜWÜÙæí¨Üá ÖæÓÜÃÜá. D ÊÜÂíg®ÜWÜÚWæ EaÝcÃÜOæ¿á
ÓèPÜ¿áìPÝRX APÝÃÜÊÜ®Üá° ÓæàÄÓÜÇÝX¨æ. AÊÜâ GÃÜvÜá Ë«Ü. \"B"rêY"\Y"ý"S"X"o ÊÜáñÜᤠì\"B"rêY"\Y"ý"S"X"o.

\"B"rêY"\Y"ý"S"p{S" 25
@¡\"B"ê: - @¡ A" B" C" D>
E"\"B"ê: - E" F> G" H" I"
J>\"B"ê: - J> K> L> M> N"
O"\"B"ê: - O" P" Q R" S"
T"\"B"ê: - T" U¡ V" W" X"
ì\"B"rêY"\Y"ý"S"p{S" 8
ìSO"_P"p: - Y" Z “ \"
î¡^X"pN": - ð" ^" _" `
ÊÜÂíg®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° PÜPÜìÍÜ ÊÜáñÜᤠÊÜáê¨ÜáÊÜÂíg®Ü Gí¨Üá GÃÜvÜá Ë«ÜÊÝX ËíWÜwԨݪÃæ.

@¡@ê¡ð"\Y"ý"S"p{S" - ±ÜÅ£ ÊÜWÜì¨Ü Êæã¨ÜÆ®æ¿á ÊÜáñÜᤠGÃÜvÜ®æ¿á APÜÒÃÜWÜÙÜá ÊÜáñÜᤠð" ^", _" WÜÙÜá.
X"wQl\Y"ý"S"p{S" - ±ÜÅ£ ÊÜWÜì¨Ü Pæã®æ¿á ÊÜáãÃÜá APÜÒÃÜWÜÙÜá ÊÜáñÜᤠY" Z “ \" WÜÙÜá.
ÊÜÂíg®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° AƳ±ÝÅ|, ÊÜáÖݱÝÅ| ÊÜáñÜᤠA®Üá®ÝÔPÜ Gí¨Üá ÊÜáãÃÜá Ë«ÜÊÝX¿áã ËíWÜwԨݪÃæ.

ìÚT"T"øpN"pb"Zp{N" - ±ÜÅ£ ÊÜWÜì¨Ü Êæã¨ÜÆ®æ¿á ÊÜáñÜᤠÊÜáãÃÜ®æ¿á APÜÒÃÜWÜÙÜá ÊÜáñÜᤠY" Z “ \" WÜÙÜá.
X"`pT"øpN"pb"Zp{N" - ±ÜÅ£ ÊÜWÜì¨Ü GÃÜvÜ®æ¿á ÊÜáñÜᤠ®ÝÆR®æ¿á APÜÒÃÜWÜÙÜá ÊÜáñÜᤠð" ^" _" ` WÜÙÜá
ìS"sS"p{_"@¡pb"Zp{N" - D> I" N" S" X" WÜÙÜ®Üá° EaÜcÄÓÜÆá ÊÜáãX®Ü ÓÜÖÝ¿áÊÜä ¸æàPݨÜá¨ÜÄí¨Ü CÊÜPæR
A®Üá®ÝÔPÜWÙÜ íæ ¨Üá ÖæÓÃÜ áÜ .
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 21
ÓÜãaÜ®æ : APÜÒÃÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÖæàÙÜáÊÝWÜ APÜÒÃÜ¨Ü Pæã®æWæ ‘@¡pZ’ GíŸ ±ÜÅñÜ¿áÊÜ®Üá° ÓæàÄÔ ÖæàÙܸæàPÜá.
E¨Ý : ì@¡pZ:, @¡@¡pZ:, E"@¡pZ: CñÝ©. ‘Z’ GíŸ APÜÒÃÜÊÜ®Üá° ‘ZuU¡’ Gí¨Üá ÖæàÙÜáñݤÃæ.
A Vyanjana or a consonant is that which is pronounced with the help of a vowel.
To facilitate the pronunciation of the consonants the vowel ì is added to them.
They are of two varieties :
\"B"rêY"\Y"ý"S"p{S" 25
@¡\"B"ê: - @¡ A" B" C" D>
E"\"B"ê: - E" F> G" H" I"
J>\"B"ê: - J> K> L> M> N"
O"\"B"ê: - O" P" Q R" S"
T"\"B"ê: - T" U¡ V" W" X"
ì\"B"rêY"\Y"ý"S"p{S" 8
ìSO"_P"p: - Y" Z “ \"
î¡^X"pN": - ð" ^" _" `
The consonants are further divided as Hard consonants (@¡@ê¡ð"\Y"ý"S") and Soft
consonants (X"wQl\Y"ý"S")
@¡@ê¡ð"\Y"ý"S"p{S" - The first two letters of the five classes of the consonants and the
sibilants ð", ^", _" are Surds or Hard-consonants
X"wQl\Y"ý"S"p{S" - The last there letters of the five classes of the consonants and
Sonants. Y" Z “ \" ` Sonants or soft consonants
The consonants are further divided as Alpaprana (pronounced with slight breathing)
Mahaprana (pronounced with hard breathing), and Nasals (Anunasikas).
ìÚT"T"øpN"pb"Zp{N" - The first and the third letters of each class and semi-vowels Y" Z “
\" are Alpapranas.
X"`pT"øpN"pb"Zp{N" - The second and the fourth letter of each class and ð" ^" _" ` are
Mahapranas.
ìS"sS"p{_"@¡pb"Zp{N" = D> I" N" S" X". The fifth letter of every class is termed as
Anunasika or Nasal, as they need the help of the nose for their pronunciation.
Note : While pronouncing, the suffix ‘@¡pZ’ should be added to every alphabet.
22 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

Eg.ì@¡pZ:, @¡@¡pZ:, E"@¡pZ: etc.

The alphabet ‘Z’ is called as ‘ZuU¡’.

APÜÒÃÜWÜÙÜ Eñܳ£¤ ËaÝÃÜ

APÜÒÃÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° EaÜcÄÓÜáÊÝWÜ AÊÜâ ÖÜáoárÊÜ Óݧ®Ü ÊÜáñÜᤠ±ÜÅ¿áñÜ°WÜÙÜ®Üá° WÜÊÜá¯ÓܸæàPÜá. AÊÜâ ÖÜáoárÊÜ
Óݧ®ÜWÜÙÜá. PÜísÜ, ñÝÆá, ÊÜáã«Ýì, ¨ÜíñÜWÜÙÜá, KÐÜuWÜÙÜá (ñÜáqWÜÙÜá), PÜísÜñÝÆá, PÜísæãàÐÜu, ¨ÜíñæãàÐÜu
ÊÜáñÜᤠ®ÝÔPÝ.

1. ì @s¡ ` {\"_"G"êS"rY"pS"pz @¡NK>: $

ì, ìp, @¡\"B"ê, ` ÊÜáñÜᤠ{\"_"B"ê(:) - CÊÜâ PÜísܨÜÈÉ ÖÜáoárñܤÊæ. CÊÜâ PÜísÜÂWÜÙÜá.
2. ò E"s Y" ð"pS"pz O"p“s $
ò, òê, E"\"B"ê, Y" ÊÜáñÜᤠð" - CÊÜâ ñÝÆáË®ÜÈÉ ÖÜáoárñܤÊæ. CÊÜâ ñÝÆÊÜÂWÜÙÜá.
3. h¡ Js> Z ^"pN"pz X"tR"pê $
h¡ i¡, J>\"B"ê, Z ÊÜáñÜᤠ^" - CÊÜâ ÊÜáã«Ýì¨ÜÈÉ ÖÜáoárñܤÊæ. CÊÜâ ÊÜáã«Üì®ÜÂWÜÙÜá.
4. “w O"s “_"pS"pz QSO"p: $
“w, O"\"B"ê, “ ÊÜáñÜᤠ_" - CÊÜâ ÖÜÆáÉWÜÙÜÈÉ ÖÜáoárñܤÊæ. CÊÜâ ¨ÜíñÜÂWÜÙÜá.
5. í T"s íT"RX"pS"rY"pS"pX"o ìpuÎ>pv $
í î¡, T"\"B"ê ÊÜáñÜᤠíT"RX"pS"rY" ( T"o Uo¡) CÊÜâ ñÜáqWÜÙÜÈÉ ÖÜáoárñܤÊæ. CÊÜâ KÐÜu$ÂWÜÙÜá.
U U

6. I" X" D> N" S"pS"pz S"p{_"@¡p E" $

I", X", D>, N", S" - CÊÜâWÜÚWæ ®ÝÔPÝ ÓÜÖÝ¿áÊÜä AWÜñÜÂ. CÊÜâ A®Üá®ÝÔPÜ ÊÜ|ìWÜÙÜá.
7. ïQvO"pu: @¡NK>O"p“s $
ï ïu WÜÙÜá PÜísÜ ÊÜáñÜᤠñÝÆáË®ÜÈÉ ÖÜáoárñܤÊæ. CÊÜâ PÜísÜñÝÆÊÜÂWÜÙÜá.
8. ìpuQpvO"pu: @¡NK>puÎ>X"o $
ìpu ìpv WÜÙÜá PÜísÜ ÊÜáñÜᤠñÜáqWÜÙÜÈÉ ÖÜáoárñܤÊæ. CÊÜâ PÜísæãàÐÜu$ÂWÜÙÜá.
9. \"@¡pZ_Y" QSO"puÎ>X"o $
\" PÝÃÜÊÜâ ¨ÜíñÜ ÊÜáñÜᤠKÐÜuWÜÙÜÈÉ ÖÜáoárñܤÊæ. C¨Üá ¨ÜíñæãàÐÜu$ÂÊÜ|ìWÜÙÜá $
10. {G"ˆpX"t“rY"_Y" {G"ˆpX"t“X"o $
( @¡ A") iÖÝÌÊÜáãÈà¿áÊÜâ ®ÝÈWæ¿á ŸávܨÜÈÉ ÖÜáoárñܤ¨æ. C¨Üá iÖÝÌÊÜáãÈà¿áÊÜâ.
U U
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 23
11. S"p{_"@¡pS"s_\"pZ_Y" $
A®ÜáÓÝÌÃÜÊÜâ ®ÝÔPܨÜÈÉ ÖÜáoárñܤ¨æ. C¨Üá ®ÝÔPÜÂÊÜâ. E¨Ý : ìz
ÓÜãaÜ®æ : @¡, A" WÜÙÜ ×í©ÃÜáÊÜ ËÓÜWÜìPæR (AT…) GíŸ EaÝcÃÜOæ ŸÃÜáñܤ¨æ. A¨ÜPæR
iÖÝÌÊÜáãÈà¿áÊæí¨Üá ÖæÓÜÃÜá. E¨Ý : ZpX": @¡Zpu{O", E"ve": A"S"{O" $
T", U¡ WÜÙÜ ×í©®Ü ËÓÜWÜìPæR (A´…) GíŸ EaÝfÃÜOæ ŸÃÜáñܤ¨æ. A¨ÜPæR E±Ü«Ý¾¯à¿áÊæí¨Üá ÖæÓÜÃÜá.
E¨Ý : ZpX": T"E"{O", O"à: U¡“{O" $

Organs of Pronounciation
It is imperative to know the place of origin and effort while pronouncing the
alphabets.

The places of origin are :

Throat (@¡NK>:), Palate (O"p“s), Cerebram (X"tR"pê), Labials (ìpuÎ>:), Teeth (QSO":), Throat
and Palate (@¡NK>O"p“s), Throat and Lips (@¡NK>puÎ>X"o), Teeth and Lips (QSO"puÎ>X"o) and Nose.

1. ì @s¡ ` {\"_"G"êS"rY"pS"pz @¡NK>: $

ì, ìp, @¡\"B"ê, ` :- These originate in throat and these are called Gutturals.
2. ò E"s Y" ð"pS"pz O"p“s $
ò, òê, E"\"B"ê, Y", ð" - The place of origin of these is palate and these are called
Palatals.

3. h¡ Js> Z ^"pN"pz X"tR"pê $

h¡, i¡, J>\"B"ê, Z, ^" - The place of origin of these is cerebrum and these are called
Cerebrals.

4. “w O"s “_"pS"pz QSO"p: $

“w, O"\"B"ê, “, _" - The place of origin of these is teeth and these are called Dentals.
5. í T"s íT"RX"pS"rY"pS"pX"o ìpuÎ>pv $
í î¡, T"\"B"ê, íT"RX"pS"rY" ( T"o Uo¡)
U U The place of origin of these is the lips and are
called Labials.
24 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

6. I" X" D> N" S"pS"pz S"p{_"@¡p E" $

I", X", D>, N", S" - To pronounce these letters the help of nose is also needed and
hence these are called Anunasikas or nasals.

7. ïQvO"pu: @¡NK>O"p“s $
ï and ïu are both gutturals and palatals.
8. ìpuQpvO"pu: @¡NK>puÎ>X"o $
ìpu and ìpv are both gutturals and labials.
9. \"@¡pZ_Y" QSO"puÎ>X"o $
\" is dental and labial.
10. {G"ˆpX"t“rY"_Y" {G"ˆpX"t“X"o $
@¡ A" The root of the tongue is the place of origin of Jihvamuliya.
U U

11. S"p{_"@¡pS"s_\"pZ_Y" $
The nose is the place of origin of the anusvara and is called nasal. Eg., ìz.
Note : Jihvamuliya and upadhmaniya are the visargas that are followed by @¡/A" and
T"/U¡ respectively. Eg.: ZpX": @¡Zpu{O", E"ve": A"S"{O" and ZpX": T"E"{O", O"à: U¡“{O" $

ìWY"p_": - 1
I. _"zY"puGY" {“A"O" :-
íQp`ZNpX"o = Uo¡+ì+“o+ìp+S"o+ò = U¡“p{S"
1. Zo + ì + X"o + ìp + V"o + ìp + òê =
2. Zo + ì + P"o + ìpu + O"o + _"o + ì + \"o + ì: =
3. ðpo + ò + @o¡ + ^"o + ì + @o¡ + ì: =
4. \"o + ìp + _"o + ì + Zo + ìp: =
5. \"o + ìp + Zo + ìp + Npo + ì + _"o + òê =
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 25
6. _"o + ï + \"o + ìp + Uo¡ + ì + “o + ìX"o =
7. ìp + @o¡ + ìp + ðpo + ì: =
8. ïu + Zo + ìp + \"o + ì + O"o + ì: =
II. {\"W"GY" {“A"O" :-
íQp`ZNpX"o = Qu\"p“Y": = Qo + ï + \"o + ìp + “o + ì + Y"o + ì:
íf"pS"T"pQ: =
.........................................................................
ZpG"R"pS"r =
.........................................................................
X"uS"@¡p =
.........................................................................
ìpX"øU¡“X"o =
.........................................................................
G"pS"@¡”ZX"Np: =
.........................................................................
ìÄ"X"uR": =
.........................................................................
R"X"ê\Y"pR": =
.........................................................................
W"p_@¡Z: =
.........................................................................
26 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

III. @¡ß"L>{“TY"p _\"X"pO"w{“TY"p \"p {“A"O" :-

íQp`ZNpX"o = ìŒp{S" - AíWݯ
_"sSQZX"o SY"pY"ðpp®X"o
\"^"êO"s: {BpZrðp:
íf"pS"T"pQ: T"øW"p@¡Z:
T"SP"pS": _"tY"puêQY":
E"O"sZŒ: ìý"S"X"o
ìpqZçp íÚ@¡pT"pO":
IV.Qu\"S"pBpZr{“TY"p {“A"O" :-
íQp`ZNpX"o = PÝÊæàÄà ®Ü©à/Kaverinadi @¡p\"uZrS"Qr
PèÎPÜ@/Kaushikaha

»ÝÃܨÝÌg@™/Bharadwaajaha

A£Å@/Atrihi

±ÜÅ¿ÞWÜ@™/Prayaagaha

PÝξàÃÜ´ÜÆÊÜå…/Kaashmira Phalam

ÃÝÊÜÞ¿á|ÊÜå…/Raamaayanam

ÊÜáÖÝ»ÝÃÜñÜÊÜå…/Mahaabhaaratam

¨ÜÍÜÃÜ¥Ü@™/Dasharathaha

EWÜÅÓæà®Ü@™/Ugrasenaha
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 27
Ëí«ÜÂ@™/Vindhyaha
PÝíaÜ®ÜÊÜå…™/Kaanchanam

V. CÊÜâWÜÙÜÈÉ ÊÜÂíg®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá°, ÓÜÌÃÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ¹wÔ ŸÃæÀáÄ.

Split and write the vowels and consonants in the following words.

1. {ð"b"@¡: =.................................................................................
2. W"øX"Z: =.................................................................................
3. _P"t“pv =.................................................................................
4. Ä"uO"p: =.................................................................................
VI. CÊÜâWÜÚWæ q±Ü³~ ŸÃæÀáÄ. Write short notes on.
1. ìS"sS"p{_"@¡p{S" ..................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
2. QrC"ê_\"Z: ........................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
3. @¡NK÷\"Nppê: .....................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
4. X"wQ\l Y"ý"S"X"o .....................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
28 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

VI. TÝÈ CÃÜáÊÜ hÝWÜÊÜ®Üá° ÓÜÄ¿Þ¨Ü APÜÒÃÜ©í¨Ü ñÜáí¹Ä.

Fill in the blank with apropriate charecter

íQp`ZNpX"o X" `p W"p Z O" X"o

1. ðp Z
2. W"p G":
3. Zp Y" X"o
4. Y"p Bp:
5. Bpø S":
6. ý" X"o
VII. ïO"u^"pz \"NppêS"pz \"NppuêOT"{f"_P"pS"z {“A"O"/D APÜÒÃÜWÜÙÜ ÊÜOæãàìñܳ£¤Óݧ®ÜÊÜ®Üá°
ŸÃæÀáÄ. Write the organ of prononciation of these letters.

1. C" 04. X"

2. ò 05. T"
3. S" 06. ^"
VIII. ZuA"p{Š¡O"\"NppêS"pzz \"NppuêOT"{f"_P"pS"z {“A"O"/ÃæàTÝíQñÜ APÜÒÃÜWÜÙÜ Eñܳ£¤Óݧ®ÜÊÜ®Üá°
ŸÃæÀáÄ. Write the organ of prononciation of the underlined letters.

1. \"SQS"X"o 04. L>X"à:

2. @¡NK>: 05. \"pDo>X"Y"X"o
3. ïuZp\"O": 06. ðpZrZX"o
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 29
T"øP"X": T"pK>:
T"sz{“ŒðpVQT"qZE"Y":

V"p“@¡: òS": E"Sç:

íZBp: @¡SQl@¡: ìp“Y":

C"J>: @¡J>: QrT":

X"K>: C"S": H"^":

30 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

T"s{z “Œ:
V"p“: V"p“pv V"p“p:
ÖÜávÜáWÜ CŸºÃáÜ ÖÜávÜáWÜÃáÜ ÖÜávÜáWÜÃáÜ
Boy Two Boys Boys

_": _"pv O"u

AÊÜ®áÜ AÊÜÄŸºÃáÜ AÊÜÃáÜ
He They Both They

ï^": ïO"pv ïO"u

CÊÜ®áÜ CÊÜÄŸºÃáÜ CÊÜÃáÜ
This(M) These Two(M) These(M)

@¡: @¡pv @u¡

¿ÞÃÜá ¿ÞÄŸºÃáÜ ¿ÞÃÜá
Who(M) Who Both(M) Who all

@¡”ªðp: @¡”ªðppv @¡”ªðpp:

GíñÜÖÊ
Ü ®Ü áÜ GíñÜÖÊ
Ü ÄÜ ŸºÃáÜ GíñÜÖÊ
Ü ÃÜ áÜ
What kind of (M) What kind of both(M) What kind of all(M)

ï@¡\"E"S"X"o
_": @¡:? _": ZpX": $ ZpX": $ ï^": @¡: ? ï^": ZpX": $
ï^": @¡: ? ï^": ð"s@¡: $ ð"s@¡: $ _": @¡: ? _": ð"s@¡: $
{Ÿ\"E"S"X"o
O"pv @¡pv ? O"pv F>pe"pv $ ïO"pv @¡pv ? ïO"pv F>pe"pv $
ïO"pv @¡pv ? ïO"pv `z_"pv $ O"pv @¡pv ? O"pv `z_"pv $
V"`l\"E"S"X"o
O"u @u¡ ? O"u `Y"p: $ ïO"u @u¡ ? ïO"u `Y"p: $
ïO"u @u¡ ? ïO"u ZP"p: $ O"u @u¡ ? O"u ZP"p: $
ï@¡\"E"S"X"o
_": @¡”ªðp: O"àNp: ? _": _"sSQZ: O"àN": $
ï^": @¡”ªðp: V"p“@¡: ? ï^": E"O"sZ: V"p“@¡: $
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 31
{Ÿ\"E"S"X"o
O"pv @¡”ªðppv BpG"pv ? O"pv _P"t“pv B"G"pv $
ïO"pv @¡”ªðppv O"àNppv ? ïO"pv R"rZpv O"àN"pv $
V"`l\"E"S"X"o
O"u @¡”ªðpp: ìG"p: ? O"u T"rS"p: ìG"p: $
ïO"u @¡”ªðpp: ìÄ"p : ? ïO"u V"{“Î>p: ìÄ"p: $
S"pX"T"Qp{S" {\"ðpu^"Npp{S"
@¡Z:, C"J>:, O"J>:, @¡J>:, \"wb":, Qu`:, QrS":, ìpM÷:, O"rbNp:, íß"O":,
T"J>:, T"pQ:, @¡N"ê:, S"Z:, {T"@¡:, _"u\"@¡:, _P"t“:, @w¡ðp:, E"O"sZ:, T"r\"Z:,
W"øX"Z:, `_O":, {ð"b"@¡:, _"v{S"@¡:, @¡N"ê: _"tbX":, X"SQ:, ðptZ:, {\"ðpp“:
ÓÜãaÜ®æ :& Note :-
1. ÊæáàÇæ PæãqrÃÜáÊÜ ±Ü¨ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° E±ÜÁãàXÔ ÊÜáãÃÜã ÊÜaÜ®ÜWÜÙÜÈÉ ÊÝPÜÂÊÜÞwÄ.
2. Êæáà騆 ±Ü¨ÜWÜÙÜ ÊÜáãÃÜá ÊÜaÜ®ÜWÜÙÜ ÃÜã±ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° PÜísܱÝsÜ ÊÜÞwÄ.
3. ÊæáàÇæ PæãqrÃÜáÊÜ ±Ü¨ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° E±ÜÁãàXÔ ±ÜÅÍæã°àñܤÃÜ ÊÜÞ«ÜÂÊÜá©í¨Ü ÊÜåèUPÝ»ÝÂÓÜÊÜ®Üá° ÊÜÞwÄ.
1. Frame Sentence using the words given above in all the three numbers.
2. Memorise the forms in all the three numbers of the words given above.
3. Using the words given in the box, do oral exercise by question - answer method.
PÜt| ±Ü¨ÜWÜÙÜ A¥Üì & Meaning of difficult words.

{ð"b"@¡: = E±Ý«Ý¿á, Teacher, F>pe": = ÎÐÜÂ, Disciple, ð"s@¡: = XÚ, Parrot, E"O"sZ: =
Ÿá©œÊÜíñÜ, Clever, _"v{S"@¡: = Óæç¯PÜ, Soldier, W"øX"Z: = ¨Üáí¹, Honey bee, @¡J>: = aݱæ, Mat, Qu`:
= ÍÜÄàÃÜ, Body, ZP": = ÃÜ¥Ü, Chariot, T"rS": = ÊæáçñÜáí¹PæãívÜ, Stout, _"sSQZ: = ÓÜáí¨ÜÃÜÊݨÜ,
beautiful. íß"O": = GñܤÃÜÊݨÜ- - Tall, @w¡ðp: = ÓÜ|¡ -- Lean.

ÊÜá®ÜáÐÜÂ, ±ÝÅ~, A¥ÜÊÝ Jí¨Üá ÊÜÓÜá¤Ë®Ü ÖæÓÜÃÜ®Üá° £ÚÓÜáÊÜ ÍÜŸªWÜÚWæ "®ÝÊÜá±Ü¨Ü'WÜÙæí¨Üá ÖæÓÜÃÜá.

E¨ÝÖÜÃÜOæ :& ð"s@¡:, F>pe":, `z_":, \"wb": Êæã¨ÜÇݨÜÊÜâWÜÙÜá.

The words which denote the names of people, animals, and things are called
Nouns.

Example : ð"s@¡:, F>pe":, `z_":, \"wb": & others.

®ÝÊÜá±Ü¨ÜPæR Ÿ¨ÜÇÝX E±ÜÁãàXÓÜáÊÜ ÍÜŸªPæR "ÓÜÊÜì®ÝÊÜá' Gí¨Üá ÖæÓÜÃÜá.

32 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

E¨ÝÖÜÃÜOæ :& _":, ï^":

Words which are used in place of nouns are called Pronouns.

Example : _":, ï^":

ÓÜíÓÜ¢ñܨÜÈÉ ÊÜáãÃÜá ÊÜaÜ®ÜWÜÙÜá &

HPÜÊÜaÜ®ÜÊÜå…, ©ÌÊÜaÜ®ÜÊÜå…, ŸÖÜáÊÜaÜ®ÜÊÜå…

There are three numbers in Sanskritha : Singular, Dual and Plural.

ìWY"p_":
1. ÓÜíÓÜ¢ñܨÜÈÉ EñܤÄÔ. Answer in Samskritha.

1. ï^": @¡: ? ............. 2. O"u @u¡ ? .............

3. ïO"pv @¡pv ? ............. 4. O"pv @¡pv ? .............
5. ïO"u @u¡ ? ............. 6. _": @¡: ? .............
7. ï^": @¡”ªðp: @¡àNp: ? ................................
8. O"pv @¡”ªðppv X"Y"tZpv ? ................................
9. ïO"u @¡”ªðpp: F>pe"p: ? ................................
10. _": @¡”ªðp: @¡Npê: ? ................................
11. ïO"pv @¡”ªðppv _"u\"@¡pv ? ................................
12. O"u @¡”ªðpp: V"pNpp: ? ................................
2. D ±Ü¨ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÊÝPܨÜÈÉ E±ÜÁãàXÔÄ. Use the following words in sentences.

1. {T"@¡: ..............................................................................
2. O"àN"pv ..............................................................................
3. ìÄ"p: ..............................................................................
4. `z_"pv ..............................................................................
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 33
5. _": ..............................................................................
6. ï^": ..............................................................................
3. ñܱÜâ³WÜÙÜ®Üá° £©ª ŸÃæÀáÄ. Correct the errors.

1. O"pv _P"t“pv B"G"p: $ ................................

2. O"u F>pe": $
3. _": _"sSQZp: O"àN": $
4. ï^": ð"s@¡pv $
5. ïO"u _"sSQZpv V"p“@¡pv $
6. O"u _"bX": @¡J>p: $
4. hæãàwÔ ŸÃæÀáÄ. Match the following
................................
................................
................................
................................
................................

ì ìp
1. X"SQpv \"wb"p:
2. ïO"u {T"@¡:
3. _": F>pe"pv
4. íß"O"p: S"Zp:
5. ïO"pv òêðp:
6. O"u O"àNppv
3. ¸æàÃæ ÊÜaÜ®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ. Write other numbers

1. ............... {T"@¡pv ...............

2. ............... ............... S"Zp:
3. @w¡ðp: ............... ...............
4. ............... ............... X"Y"tZp:
34 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

5. ............... ............... G"S"p:

6. \"wb": ............... ...............
7. ............... W"øX"Zpv ...............
8. @¡Npê: ............... ...............
6. ±ÜÅÍÝ°¥ÜìPÜ ÊÝPÜÂWÜÙÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ. Read the sentence and Write in Question form.

1. O"pv \"pS"Zpv $ ................................

2. ïO"u T"sà^"p: $ ................................
3. O"u \"wb"p: $ ................................
4. _": {T"@¡: $ ................................
5. ïO"pv @¡J>pv ................................
6. _": íß"O": \"wb": $ ................................
7. ïO"pv T"r\"Zpv BpG"pv $ ................................
8. O"u _"sSQZp: X"Y"tZp: $ ................................
ÓÜãaÜ®æ :& ®ÝÊÜá±Ü¨Ü¨Ü WÜá|, ÓÜíTæ™, ±ÜÄÊÜÞ| ÊÜááíñÝ¨Ü ËÍæàÐÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° £ÚÓÜáÊÜ ÍÜŸªWÜÚWæ
ËÍæàÐÜ| A¥ÜÊÝ WÜá|ÊÝaÜPÜ Gí¨Üá ÖæÓÜÃÜá. CÊÜâ ®ÝÊÜá±Ü¨Ü¨Ü ÈíWÜ, ÊÜaÜ®Ü ÊÜáñÜá¤
Ë»ÜQ¤WÜÙÜ®Üá° A®ÜáÓÜÄÓÜáñܤÊæ. CÊÜâ ÊÜáãÃÜá ÈíWÜWÜÙÜÈÉ¿áã Ÿ¨ÜÇÝWÜáñܤÊæ.
Note :- The words which denote quality, number, measure etc. of the noun are
called Adjectives ({\"ðpu^"Np, BpsNp\"pE"@¡). These take the same Gender,
Number and the Case of the noun. The adjectives take diffrent forms in
different gender.

Examples : T"s. ®r. S"T"s.

T"r\"Z: T"r\"Zr T"r\"ZX"o
_"sSQZ: _"sSQZr _"sSQZX"o
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 35
{ŸO"rY": T"pK>:
®r{“ŒðpVQT"qZE"Y":

QlBppê \"rNpp X"p{T"@¡p

@s¡{ú"@¡p S"pv@¡p Y"\"{S"@¡p

O"s“p ìpT"Bpp S"p{_"@¡p

T"u{J>@¡p íOT"r{K>@¡p ðpp{J>@¡p

36 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

®r{“Œ:
V"p“p V"p“u V"p“p:
ÖÜávÜáX CŸºÃáÜ ÖÜávÜáX¿áÃÜá ÖÜávÜáX¿áÃÜá
Girl Two Girls Girls

_"p O"u O"p:

AÊÜÙáÜ AÊÜÄŸºÃáÜ AÊÜÃáÜ
She They Both (F) They (F)

ï^"p ïO"u ïO"p:

CÊÜÙáÜ CÊÜÄŸºÃáÜ CÊÜÃáÜ
This(F) These Two(F) These(F)

@¡p @u¡ @¡p:

¿ÞÊÜÙáÜ ¿ÞÄŸºÃáÜ ¿ÞÃÜá
Who(F) Who Both(F) Who all

@¡”ªðpr @¡”ªðY"pv @¡”ªðY":

GíñÜÖÊ
Ü ÙÜ áÜ GíñÜÖÊ
Ü ÄÜ ŸºÃáÜ GíñÜÖÊ
Ü ÃÜ áÜ
What kind of(F) What kind of both (F) What kind of all (F)

ï@¡\"E"S"X"o
_"p @¡p ? _"p V"p“p $ ï^"p @¡p ? ï^"p V"p“p $
ï^"p @¡p ? ï^"p X"{`“p $ _"p @¡p ? _"p X"{`“p $
{Ÿ\"E"S"X"o
O"u @u¡ ? O"u X"p“u $ ïO"u @u¡ ? ïO"u X"p“u $
ïO"u @u¡ ? ïO"u {G"ˆu $ O"u @u¡ ? O"u {G"ˆu $
V"`l\"E"S"X"o
O"p: @¡p: ? O"p: {ð"“p: $ ïO"p: @¡p: ? ïO"p: {ð"“p: $ ïO"p: @¡p: ?
ïO"p: ð"pA"p: $ O"p: @¡p: ? O"p: ð"pA"p: $
ï@¡\"E"S"X"o
_"p @¡”ªðpr V"p{“@¡p ? _"p E"O"sZp V"p{“@¡p $
ï^"p @¡”ªðpr S"p{_"@¡p ? ï^"p QrC"pê S"p{_"@¡p $
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 37
{Ÿ\"E"S"X"o
O"u @¡”ªðY"pv ““S"u ? O"u \"w«u ““S"u $
ïO"u @¡”ªðY"pv ZuA"u ? ïO"u \"@øu¡ ZuA"u $
V"`l\"E"S"X"o
O"p: @¡”ªðY": {ðp“p: ? O"p: @¡{K>S"p: {ð"“p: $
ïO"p: @¡”ªðY": S"ü: ? ïO"p: {S"X"ê“p: S"ü: $
S"pX"T"Qp{S" {\"ðpu^"Npp{S"
S"p{_"@¡p, Z_"S"p, \"rN"p, T"u{J>@¡p, ìRY"p{T"@¡p, _P"t“p, @w¡ðpp, QrS"p,
\"vüp, “O"p, O"s“p, íOT"r{K>@¡p, T"{e"@¡p, E"O"sZp, T"r\"Zp, {\"ðpp“p,
X"{`“p, \"w«p, W"pY"pê, X"p“p, ZuA"p ìpM÷p, íß"O"p
ÓÜãaÜ®æ :-- Note :-
1. ÊæáàÇæ PæãqrÃÜáÊÜ ±Ü¨ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÊÜáãÃÜá ÊÜaÜ®ÜWÜÙÜÈÉ ±ÜÅÁãàXÔÄ.
2. ÊÜáãÃÜá ÊÜaÜ®ÜWÜÙÜ ®ÝÊÜá±Ü¨Ü ÊÜáñÜᤠÓÜÊÜì®ÝÊÜá ÃÜã±ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° PÜísܱÝsÜ ÊÜÞwÄ.
3. Ô÷àÈíWÜ¨Ü ÍÜŸªWÜÙÜ®Üá° WÜÊÜá¯ÔÄ.
4. ±ÜÅÍæã°àñܤÃÜ ÊÜÞ«ÜÂÊÜá©í¨Ü ÊÜåèUPÜÊÝX A»ÝÂÓÜ ÊÜÞwÄ.
1. Use the above words in sentences in all the three numbers.
2. Memorise the forms of nouns and pronouns in all the three numbers.
3. Observe the above feminine words.
4. Practise orally adopting Q&A method.

PÜt| ±Ü¨ÜWÜÙÜ A¥Üì. Meaning of difficult words

{G"ˆp, Z_"S"p = ®ÝÈWæ, Tongue, S"p{_"@¡p = ÊÜáãWÜá, Nose, ð"pA"p = Pæãí¸æ, Branch, íOT"r{K>@¡p
= Êæáàgá, Table, \"w«p = ÊÜáá¨ÜáQ, Old woman, X"p“p = ÖÝÃÜ, Garland, ZuA"p = ÃæàTæ, line, “O"p
= ŸÚÛ, Creeper, W"pY"pê = ÖæívÜ£, Wife, @¡{K>S"p = PÜt|ÊݨÜ, Hard, O"s“p = ñÜPÜRw, Balance.

ìWY"p_":
1. ÓÜíÓÜ¢ñܨÜÈÉ EñܤÄÔÄ. Answer in Sanskritha

1. ï^"p @¡p ? ............. 2. ïO"u @u¡ ? .............

3. O"p: @¡p: ? ............. 4. O"u @u¡ ? .............
38 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

5. _"p @¡p ? ............. 6. ïO"p: @¡p: ? .............

7. ï^"p @¡”ªðpr X"p“p ? ..........................
8. ïO"u @¡”ªðY"pv X"{`“u ? ..........................
9. ïO"p: @¡”ªðY": ìRY"p{T"@¡p: ? ..........................

2. ±Üä£ì ÊÜÞwÄ. Complete the following.

1. O"p: ........ $ 2. ...... X"p“u $ 3. ïO"p: ........... $

4. _"p ....... V"p{“@¡p $ 5. ïO"u \"@øu¡ ....... $ 6. ïO"p: ....... S"ü: $

3. ŸÖÜáÊÜaܮܨÜÈÉ ŸÃæÀáÄ. Write the plural number of the following

1. X"{`“p ................................
2. S"p{_"@¡p ................................
3. ðppA"p ................................
4. {ðp“p ................................

4. Öæãí©Ô ŸÃæÀáÄ. Match the following

ì ìp
1. O"p: X"{`“p ...........................................
2. ï^"p ðppA"p: ...........................................
3. ïO"p: V"p“p ...........................................
4. _"p {ðp“p: ...........................................
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 39
5. ±ÜÅÍÜ°ÊÝPÜÂÊÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ. Frame interrogative sentences.

1. _"p E"O"sZp V"p{“@¡p $ .......................................

2. ïO"p: {S"X"ê“p: S"ü: $ .......................................
3. ï^"p QrC"pê S"p{_"@¡p $ .......................................
4. O"p: _P"t“p: ðppA"p: $ .......................................

6. ñܱÜâ³WÜÙÜ®Üá° £©ª ŸÃæÀáÄ. Correct the errors

1. ï^": @¡”ªðpr S"p{_"@¡p ? .......................................

2. _": E"O"sZp V"p{“@¡p $ .......................................
3. O"p: @¡{K>S"p: {ðp“u $ .......................................

7. CñÜÃÜ ÊÜaÜ®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ. Write the other numbers of -

1. T"u{J>@¡p - ................... ....................

2. X"p“p - ................... ....................
3. W"pY"pê - ................... ....................
4. “O"p - ................... ....................
5. E"O"sZp - ................... ....................
40 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1
O"wO"rY": T"pK>:
S"T"sz_"@¡{“ŒðpVQT"qZE"Y":

T"s_O"@¡X"o F>e"X"o \"pO"pY"S"X"o

\Y"G"S"X"o _"sA"p_"S"X"o íT"S"ue"X"o

BpNp@¡X"o U¡“X"o T"NpêX"o

{\"X"pS"X"o ŸpZX"o Bpw`X"o

 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 41
S"T"sz_"@¡{“Œ:
U¡“X"o U¡“u U¡“p{S"
ÖÜ|á¡ GÃÜváÜ ÖÜ|á¡WÙÜ áÜ ÖÜ|á¡WÙÜ áÜ
Fruit Two Fruits Fruits

O"O"o O"u O"p{S"

A¨Üá AÊæÃv
Ü áÜ AÊÜâWÜÙáÜ
That Those two (N) Those (N)

ïO"O"o ïO"u ïO"p{S"

C¨Üá CÊæÃv
Ü áÜ CÊÜâWÜÙáÜ
This (N) These two(N) These (N)

{@¡X"o @u¡ @¡p{S"

¿ÞÊÜâ¨Üá ¿ÞÊæÃv
Ü áÜ ¿ÞÊÜâÊÜâ
Which(N) Which both(N) Which all

@¡”ªðpX"o @¡”ªðpu @¡”ªðpp{S"

GíñÜÖáÜ ¨Üá GíñÜÖáÜ ¨æÃv
Ü áÜ GíñÜÊÜâ
What kind of(N) What kind of both (N) What kind of all (N)

ï@¡\"E"S"X"o
O"O"o {@¡X"o ? O"O"o U¡“X"o $ ïO"O"o {@¡X"o ? ïO"O"o U¡“X"o $ ïO"O"o {@¡X"o ?
ïO"O"o @s¡_"sX"X"o $ O"O"o {@¡X"o ? O"O"o @s¡_"sX"X"o $
{Ÿ\"E"S"X"o
O"u @u¡ ? O"u X"[SQZu $ ïO"u @u¡ ? ïO"u X"[SQZu $ ïO"u @u¡ ?
ïO"u S"ue"u $ O"u @u¡ ? O"u S"ue"u $
V"`l\"E"S"X"o
O"p{S" @¡p{S" ? O"p{S" \"®p{Np $ ïO"p{S" @¡p{S" ? ïO"p{S" \"®p{Np $ ïO"p{S" @¡p{S" ? ïO"p{S"
T"Nppê{S" $ O"p{S" @¡p{S" ? O"p{S" T"Nppê{S" $
42 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o

ïO"O"o @¡”ªðpz Bpw`X"o ? ïO"u @¡”ªðpu @s¡_"sX"u ? ïO"p{S" @¡”ªðpp{S" {E"e"p{Np ?
ïO"O"o _"sSQZz Bpw`X"o $ ïO"u T"rO"u @s¡_"sX"u $ ïO"p{S" _"sSQZp{Np {E"e"p{Np $
O"O"o X"R"sZz U¡“X"o $ O"u ìX"tÚY"u ìpW"ZNpu $ O"p{S" {\"ðpp“p{S" X"[SQZp{Np $

ï^": E"O"sZ: O"àNp: $ ïO"pv @w¡ðppv O"àNppv $ ïO"u {\"ðpp“p: \"wb"p: $

ï^"p E"O"sZp V"p“p $ ïO"u \"@øu¡ ZuA"u $ ïO"p: QrC"pê: ðppA"p: $
ìWY"_Y"O"
ïO"p{S" T"Qp{S" íT"Y"sGY" {e"^"s \"E"S"u^"s \"p×Y"p{S" ZE"Y"O" $
S"pX"T"Qp{S" {\"ðpu^"Npp{S"
_"{““X"o, \"S"X"o, ðpr^"êX"o, {\"{T"S"X"o, O"puY"X"o, {X"e"X"o, _"tbX"X"o, QrC"êX"o, {\"ðpp“X"o,
X"_O"@¡X"o, c"pS"X"o, T"NpêX"o, 슡NpX"o, S"b"e"X"o, T"É¡X"o, _"sSQZX"o, @¡XV"“X"o,
T"s^T"X"o, ŸpZX"o, _"puT"pS"X"o, F>e"X"o, \"pO"pY"S"X"o, @¡X"“X"o íß"O"X"o, \"@ø¡X"o, @w¡ðpX"o

ÓÜãaÜ®æ :&
1. ÊæáàÇæ PæãqrÃÜáÊÜ ±Ü¨ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÊÜáãÃÜá ÊÜaÜ®ÜWÜÙÜÈÉ ŸÃæÀáÄ.
1. Use the above words in all the three numbers

PÜt| ±Ü¨ÜWÜÙÜ A¥Üì : Meaning of difficult words

ðpr^"êX"o = ñÜÇæ = Head, {\"{T"S"X"o = PÝvÜá = Forest, O"puY"X"o/_"{““X"o = ¯àÃÜá = Water,
c"pS"X"o = £ÚÊÜÚPæ = Knowledge, {X"e"X"o = Óæ°à×ñÜ = Friend, S"ue"X"o = PÜ|á¡ = Eye, {E"e"X"o =
bñÜÅ = Picture, T"s^T"X"o = ÖÜãÊÜâ = Flower,

{\"ðpu^"NpX"o = ËÍæàÐÜ| : Adjective

_P"t“:/T"r\"Z: = ¨Ü±Ü³®æ¿á = Fat, @w¡ðp: = ñæÙÜáÊÝ¨Ü = Slim, íß"O": = GñܤÃÜÊÝ¨Ü = High,
E"O"sZ: = aÜáÃÜáPÝ¨Ü = Clever, A"\"ê: = PÜáÙÜÛ = Dwarf, ìc":,X"SQ: = Aþݯ(¨ÜvÜx) = Ignorant,
T"øpc": = Ÿá©œÊÜíñÜ = Intelligent, QrC"ê: = E¨Üª®æ¿á = Long, ã_\": = bPÜR¨Ý¨Ü = Small,
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 43
{\"ðpp“:
= ËÍÝÆÊÝ¨Ü = Vast, @w¡^Np: = PܱÜâ³ = Black, S"r“: = ¯àÈ,PܱÜâ³ = Blue, ðps±¡: =
¹Ú = White, `qZO": = ÖÜÔÃÜá = Green, “pu{`O": = Pæí±Üâ = Red,

ìWY"p_":
1. ÓÜíÓÜ¢ñܨÜÈÉ EñܤÄÔÄ : Answer in Samskritha
1. ïO"O"o {@¡X"o ? .................................................
2. O"p{S" @¡p{S" ? .................................................
3. ïO"u @u¡ ? .................................................
4. O"p{S" @¡”ªðpp{S" X"[SQZp{Np ? .................................................
5. ï^": @¡”ªðp: O"àNp: ? .................................................
6. ïO"p{S" @¡p{S" ? .................................................
7. O"O"o {@¡X"o ? .................................................
8. O"u @u¡ ? .................................................
2. ÃæàTÝíQñÜ ±Ü¨ÜÊÜ®Üá° B«ÜÄÔ ±ÜÅÍÜ°ÊÝPÜÂWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÊÜÞwÄ : Change the following
into interrogative sentences based on the underlined word

1. ïO"u ìX"tÚY"u ìpW"ZNpu $ .........................................

2. ïO"u {\"ðpp“p: \"wb"p: $ .........................................
3. O"O"o X"R"sZX"o U¡“X"o $ .........................................
4. O"u T"rO"u @s¡_"sX"u $ .........................................
5. O"O"o _"sSQZz Bpw`X"o $ .........................................
6. O"p{S" `qZO"p{S" T"Nppê{S" $ .........................................
44 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

3. CñÜÃÜ ÊÜaÜ®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ : Write the other numbers of

ï.\". {Ÿ.\". V".\".
1. T"s^T"X"o .............. ..............
2. .............. .............. {X"e"p{Np $
3. .............. S"ue"u .............. $
4. c"pS"X"o .............. .............. $
5. .......... .......... @s¡_"sX"p{S" $
6. .......... X"[SQZu .......... $
4. ÁãàWÜ ÓÜÊÜì®ÝÊÜáWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÓæàÄÔ ÊÝPÜ ÊÜÞwÄ :
Frame sentences using suitable pronouns.

1. O"puY"X"o = .............................................................
2. T"s^T"X"o = .............................................................
3. S"ue"X"o = .............................................................
4. ðpr^"êX"o = .............................................................
5. X"[SQZp{Np = .............................................................
6. S"b"e"p{Np = .............................................................
7. ìpW"ZNpX"o = .............................................................
8. _"puT"pS"X"o = .............................................................
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 45

{E"e"z ª^Ìp T"Qz {“A"O"

ï@¡\"E"S"X"o
T"s{„Œ: ®r{“Œ: S"T"sz_"@¡{“Œ:

{Ÿ\"E"S"X"o
T"s{„Œ: ®r{“Œ: S"T"sz_"@¡{“Œ:

V"`l\"E"S"X"o
T"s{„Œ: ®r{“Œ: S"T"sz_"@¡{“Œ:
46 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

Y"s^X"Qo ì_X"Qo ðpVQT"øY"puBp: $

ì\Y"Y"T"øY"puBp:

E"O"sP"ê: T"pK>:
O\"X"o = ¯à®Üá = You, Y"s\"pz = ¯àËŸºÃÜá = You two, Y"tY"X"o = ¯àÊÜâ = You,
ì`X"o = ®Ý®Üá = I, ìp\"pz = ®ÝËŸºÃÜá = We two, \"Y"X"o = ®ÝÊÜâ = We,

ì`z F>pe": $ O\"z @¡: ? ì`z {ðpb"@¡: $ Y"s\"pz @¡pv ? ìp\"pz {ðp^Y"pv $ ìp\"pz @¡pv ? Y"s\"pz
{ðpb"@¡pv $ \"Y"z @u¡ ? Y"tY": F>pe"p: $ Y"tY"z @¡p: ? \"Y"z X"{`“p: $ ï^": @¡: ? ï^": X"p“p@¡pZ: $ _":
{@z¡ @¡Zpu{O" ? ï^": X"p“pz ZE"Y"{O" $ ï^": @¡”ªðprë X"p“pz ZE"Y"{O" ? _": _"sSQZrë X"p“pz ZE"Y"{O" $
_": @u¡S" _"` X"p“pz ZE"Y"{O" $ ï^": O"SO"sS"p _"` X"p“pz ZE"Y"{O" $
ïO"pv @s¡{\"SQpv $ ïO"pv {@z¡ @s¡àO": ? ïO"pv \"®p{Np \"Y"O": $ ïO"pv @¡”ªðpp{S" \"®p{Np \"Y"O": ?
ïO"pvv ìX"tÚY"p{S" \"®p{Np \"Y"O": $ O"sWY"z @¡p{S" \"®p{Np {T"øY"p{Np ? X"åz @¡pT"pê_"p{S" \"®p{Np {T"øY"p{Np $
O"uWY": V"p“@u¡WY": @¡p{S" ìXV"Zp{Np {T"øY"p{Np ? O"uWY": @¡pvðpuY"p{S" ìXV"Zp{Np {T"øY"p{Np $ X"X" {X"e"pY"
ìpvNp| \"®z {T"øY"X"o $
ïO"u @u¡ ? O"u {E"e"@¡pZp: $ ïO"u {@z¡ @s¡\"ê[SO" ? ïO"u _"sSQZp{Np {E"e"p{Np {“A"[SO" $ ïO"u @u¡ ?
ïO"u `qZNpp: $ ïO"u {@z¡ @s¡\"ê[SO" $ O"u `qZO"p{S" O"wNpp{S" A"pQ[SO" $ `qZO"p{S" O"wNpp{S" @s¡e" _"[SO" ?
`qZO"p{S" O"wNpp{S" \"S"u _"[SO" $
O\"pz @¡: ìpˆY"{O" ? X"pz BppvZrðp: ìpˆY"{O" $ Y"s\"pz @¡pv {S"SQO": ? ìp\"pz ZX"uðpBppuT"p“pv
{S"SQO": $ Y"s^X"pS"o @u¡ T"øðpz_"[SO" ? ì_X"pS"o _"ƒ"S"p: T"øðpz_"[SO" $ Y"s^X"pS"o @u¡ T"pK>Y"[SO" ? ì_X"pS"o
ìRY"pT"@¡p: T"pK>Y"[SO" $ O\"Y"p _"p@z¡ @¡: ìpBpEF>{O" ? X"Y"p _"pR"| G"S"@¡: ìpBpEF>{O" $ Y"s\"pWY"pz
_"pR"| @u¡ T"K>[SO" ? ìp\"pWY"pz _"X"z _"O"rPY"pê: T"K>[SO" $ ïO"v: _"` @¡p: BppY"[SO" ? ï{W": _"X"z V"p{“@¡p:
BppY"[SO" $ O"uS" (Qu\"uS") {\"S"p O"wNpX"{T" S" E"“{O" $ QY"Y"p {\"S"p R"X"ê: S" ZpG"O"u $
PÜt| ±Ü¨ÜWÜÙÜ A¥Üì : Meaning of difficult words
{ðp^Y": @¡”ªðp: = GíñÜÖÜÊÜ®Üá = what kind of, O"SO"sS"p = ¨ÝÃÜ©í¨Ü
= ÎÐÜÂ = deciple,
= By the thread, ìX"tÚY"p{S" = ¸æÇæ ¸ÝÙÜáÊÜ = precious, @¡pT"pê_": = ÖÜ£¤ = cotton,
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 47
`qZO"p{S" = ÖÜÔÃÝ¨Ü = Green, ìpvNpêX"o = EOæ¡ = wollen, _"`, _"p@¡X"o, _"pR"êX"o, _"X"X"o =
hæãñæ = along with, @s¡{\"SQ: = ®æàPÝÃÜ = weaver.
ìWY"p_":
1. ÓÜíÓÜ¢ñܨÜÈÉ EñܤÄÔÄ & Answer in Sanskrit

1. Y"tY"z @u¡ ? ......................................................

2. Y"s\"pz @¡pv ? ......................................................
3. ïO"pv {@z¡ @s¡àO": ? ......................................................
4. ïO"u {@z¡ @s¡\"ê[SO" ? ......................................................
5. `qZO"p{S" O"wNpp{S" @s¡e" _"[SO" ? .......................................
6. O\"Y"p _"p@z¡ @¡: ìpBpEF>{O" ? .......................................
7. Y"s\"pWY"pz _"` @u¡ T"K>[SO" ? .......................................
8. Y"s^X"pS"o @u¡ T"pK>Y"[SO" ? .......................................
2. CñÜÃÜ ÊÜaÜ®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ & Write the other numbers of :
ï.\". {Ÿ.\". V".\".
1. .............. .............. \"Y"X"o $
2. @u¡S" .............. .............. $
3. .............. {S"SQO": .............. $
4. .............. .............. BppY"[SO" $
5. .............. .............. _"[SO" $
6. ï^": .............. .............. $
48 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

3. ÃæàTÝíQñÜ ±Ü¨ÜÊÜ®Üá° B«ÜÄÔ ±ÜÅÍæ° ÊÝPÜ ÊÜÞwÄ & Frame interrogative

sentences based on the underlined word.
1. X"åz @¡pT"pê_"p{S" \"®p{Np {T"øY"p{Np $
..........................................
2. ï^": O"SO"sS"p X"p“pz ZE"Y"{O" $
..........................................
3. X"pz BppvZrðp: ìpˆY"{O" $
..........................................
4. O"uS" {\"S"p O"wNpX"{T" S" E"“{O" $
..........................................
4. ±Ü¿Þì¿á ±Ü¨Ü ŸÃæÀáÄ & Write the Synonyms of
1. F>pe": = 2. X"{`“p =
3. G"S"@¡: = 4. ìXV"ZX"o =
5. CÊÜâWÜÙÜ ÈíWÜ&Ë»ÜQ¤&ÊÜa®Ü WÜ ÙÜ ®Ü áÜ ° ŸÃæÀáÄ.
Write the {“Œ-{\"W"{˜¡-\"E"S" of the following
{“Œ: {\"W"{˜¡: \"E"S"X"o
1. {X"e"pY" =
2. \"S"u =
3. ïO"v: =
4. O"uS" =
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 49
6. ÓÜãPܤ Ë»ÜQ¤ ÃÜã±Ü©í¨Ü ÄPܤ Óݧ®ÜÊÜ®Üá° ñÜáí¹Ä.
Fill up the blanks with appropriate case form of the word given in
bracket.

1. ............... _"` ZpX": \"S"z BpEF>{O" $ (_"rO"p)

2. ............... _"pR"êX"o ì`z T"K>p{X" $ (“bX"Np)
3. ............... _"X"z O"u _"XW"p^"Npz @s¡\"ê[SO" $ (G"S")
4. ............... _"p@z¡ G"S"@¡: QmZQðpêS"z T"ðY"{O" $ (_"sO"p)
5. ............... _"` ZpX": `_"{O" $ (_"rO"p)
6. ............... _"X"z V"p“@¡p: @ø¡”L>[SO" $ ({X"e")
50 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

T"ú"X": T"pK>:
_"sW"p{^"O"p{S"
1. S"p[_O" {\"üp_"X"pu V"SR"sS"pê[_O" _"OY"_"X"z O"T": $
S"p[_O" ZpBp_"X"z Ql:A"z S"p[_O" OY"pBp_"X"z _"sA"X"o $$
2. S"W"_"pu W"t^"Npz E"Sç: S"pZrNppz W"t^"Npz T"{O": $
T"w{P"\Y"p W"t^"Npz ZpG"p {\"üp _"\"ê_Y" W"t^"NpX"o $$
3. _"sA"_Y"pS"SO"Zz Ql:A"z Ql:A"_Y"pS"SO"Zz _"sA"X"o $
E"@ø¡\"O"o T"qZ\"O"êSO"u Ql:A"p{S" E" _"sA"p{S" E" $$
4. S"Z_Y"pW"ZNpz á¡T"z á¡T"_Y"pW"ZNpz BpsNp: $
BpsNp_Y"pW"ZNpz c"pS"z c"pS"_Y"pW"ZNpz b"X"p $$
5. {\"Quðpu^"s R"S"z {\"üp \Y"_"S"u^"s R"S"z X"{O": $
T"Z“pu@u¡ R"S"z R"X"ê: ðpr“z _"\"êe" \"v R"S"X"o $$
6. T"øQpu^"u QrT"@¡Æ"Sç: T"øW"pO"u QrT"@¡pu Z{\": $
e"u“pu×Y"u QrT"@¡pu R"X"ê: _"sT"se": @s¡“QrT"@¡: $$
7. “p“Y"uO"o T"ú"\"^"pê{Np Qðp\"^"pê{Np O"pL>Y"uO"o $
T"øpÊ"u O"s ^"puL>ðpu \"^"uê T"se"z {X"e"\"QpE"ZuO"o $$
8. _\"Bpw`u T"tGY"O"u X"tA"ê: _\"BpøpX"u T"tGY"O"u T"øW"s: $
_\"Quðpu T"tGY"O"u ZpG"p {\"ŸpS"o _"\"êe" T"tGY"O"u $$
9. ìR"X"p R"S"{X"EF>[SO" R"S"X"pS"pv O"s X"RY"X"p: $
íf"X"p X"pS"{X"EF>[SO" X"pS"pu {` X"`O"pz R"S"X"o $$
10. íüX"uS" {` {_"RY"[SO" @¡pY"pê{Np S" X"S"puZP"v: $
S" {` _"sÊ"_Y" {_"z`_Y" T"ø{\"ðp[SO" X"sA"u X"wBpp: $$
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 51
11. \"wf"z O"s _"\"êP"p Zb"uO"o {\"f"X"pY"p{O" Y"p{O" E" $
S" b"rNppu {\"f"O": b"rNppu \"wf"O"_O"s `O"pu `O": $$

ìWY"p_":
1. D ±ÜÅÍæ°WÜÚWæ Jí¨Üá ÊÝPܨÜÈÉ EñܤÄÔÄ & Answer in one sentence.
1. @¡Y"p _"X"pu V"SR"s: S"p[_O" ?
........................................................
2. ZpG"p @¡_Y"p: W"t^"NpX"o ?
........................................................
3. _"sA"_Y"pS"SO"Zz {@¡X"o ?
........................................................
4. b"X"p @¡_Y" ìpW"ZNpX"o ?
........................................................
5. @s¡“QrT"@¡: @¡: ?
........................................................
6. {\"ŸpS"o @s¡e" T"tGY"O"u ?
........................................................
7. T"se"z @¡P"X"o ìpE"ZuO"o ?
........................................................
8. X"pS": @u¡^"pz R"S"X"o ?
........................................................
9. @¡pY"pê{Np @u¡S" {_"«÷[SO" ?
........................................................
10. {@z¡ _"\"êP"p Zb"uO"o ?
........................................................
52 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

11. _"\"ê_Y" W"t^"Npz {@¡X"o ?

........................................................
12. E"@ø¡\"O"o @¡p{S" T"qZ\"O"êSO"u ?
........................................................

2. ±Ü¿Þì¿á ±Ü¨ÜÊÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ & Write the synonyms.

1. E"Sç: = 2. ZpG"p =
3. S"Z: = 4. T"se": =
5. {X"e"X"o = 6. Z{\": =

3. ËÃÜá¨Üœ ±Ü¨ÜÊÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ & Write the opposites of :

1. _"sA"X"o X 2. X"tA"ê: X

3. {Q\"p X 4. {\"Quðp: X

4. ÈíWÜ&Ë»ÜQ¤&ÊÜaÜ®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ & Write {“Œ-{\"W"{˜¡-\"E"S"p{S".

{“Œ: {\"W"{˜¡: \"E"S"X"o
1. {\"üp =
2. S"Z_Y" =
3. {\"Quðpu^"s=
4. \"^"pê{Np =
5. X"tA"ê: =
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 53
5. QÅ¿ÞÃÜã±ÜÊÜ®Üá° GÆÉ ±ÜâÃÜáÐÜ&ÊÜaÜ®ÜWÜÙÜÈÉ ŸÃæÀáÄ & Conjugate in all the T"sà^"-
\"E"S"p{S".
1. T"tGY"O"u

2. ì[_O"

6. ÃæàTÝíQñÜ ±Ü¨ÜÊÜ®Üá° B«ÜÄÔ ±ÜÅÍÜ°ÊÝPÜÂWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÊÜÞwÄ & Frame interrogative

sentences based on the underlined word.
1. {\"üp _"\"ê_Y" W"t^"NpX"o $
......................................................................
2. E"@ø¡\"O"o T"qZ\"O"êSO"u Ql:A"p{S" E" _"sA"p{S" E" $
......................................................................
3. T"øQpu^"u QrT"@¡: E"Sç: $
......................................................................
4. _\"BpøpX"u T"tGY"O"u T"øW"s: $
......................................................................
5. T"Z“pu@u¡ R"S"z R"X"ê: $
......................................................................
6. S"Z_Y" ìpW"ZNpz á¡T"X"o $
......................................................................
54 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

^"Î>: T"pK>:
ò[SçY"p{Np

1. òQz ðpZrZX"o $ ìe" T"ú" c"pS"u[SçY"p{Np _"[SO" $ O"p{S" - S"Y"S"z,

d\"Npz, C"øpNpz, Z_"S"p, O\"@o¡ E" $

2. \"Y"z S"ue"pWY"pz á¡T"z T"ðY"pX": $ S"ue"{\"`rS": ìSR": $ ï@u¡S" S"ue"uNp {\"`rS": @¡pNp: $ S"ue"pWY"pz
{\"S"p G"r\"S"z S" _"sA"@¡ZX"o $ ‘‘_"\"uê[SçY"pNppz S"Y"S"z T"øR"pS"X"o’’ $
3. Z_"S"Y"p {\"{\"R"pS"o Z_"pS"o ìp_\"pQY"pX": $ O"Y"p ï\" \"QpX": $ Z_"S"u[SçY"uNp {\"`rS": X"t@¡pu
W"\"{O" $ Z_"S"Y"p {\"S"p \"˜sz¡ S" T"pZY"pX": $
4. C"øpNpuS" BpSR"z {G"C"øpX": $ Bpp\": BpSR"uS" T"ðY"[SO" $ d\"NppWY"pz ðpVQX"o ìp@¡NpêY"pX": $
d\"Npu[SçY"{\"`rS": V"{R"Z: $ dsO\"p dsO\"p ï\" ìc": T"øpc": W"\"{O" $ ìO": _"O@¡P"pd\"NpX"o ï\"
@¡NppêW"ZNpX"o $

5. O\"E"p _T"wðppX": $ O\"{Bp[SçY"z ðpZrZu _"\"êe" \Y"pÊ"X"o ì[_O" $ O\"E"p {\"S"p ðprO"X"o í^Npz E" c"pO"sz
S" T"pZY"pX": $

6. ï\"z T"ú"u[SçY"p{Np G"S"pS"o íT"@s¡\"ê[SO" $ ïO"u^"pX"o ò[SçY"pNppz {S"Bpø`z @w¡O\"p _"\"êe" {\"G"Y"O"u G"S": $
ìO": ò[SçY"{S"Bpø`pY" Y"Ñ": {\"R"uY": $

S"ue"z dpue"z O"P"p C"øpNpz O\"[×G"ˆu[SçY"X"sEY"O"u $

O"{ß"Bpø`pO"o _"sA"T"øp{Ê": ìSY"P"p S" _" X"sEY"O"u $$
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 55

ìWY"p_":
1. Jí¨Üá ÊÝPܨÜÈÉ EñܤÄÔÄ ï@¡\"p×Y"uS" íf"Zz {“A"O" $
1. c"pS"u[SçY"p{Np @¡p{S" ?
.....................................................................
2. d\"Npu[SçY"{\"`rS": @¡: ?
.....................................................................
3. Bpp\": @u¡S" T"ðY"[SO" ?
.....................................................................
4. ðpVQz @¡pWY"pX"o ìp@¡NpêY"pX": ?
.....................................................................
5. T"ú"u[SçY"p{Np @¡pS"o íT"@s¡\"ê[SO" ?
.....................................................................
2. TÝÈ ¹or ÓܧÙÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ±Üä£ì ÊÜÞwÄ qZ˜¡_P"pS"z T"tZY"O" $
1. ï@u¡S" ................ {\"`rS": @¡pNp: $
2. \"Y"z S"ue"pWY"pz ................ T"ðY"pX": $
3. ................ S"Y"S"z T"øR"pS"X"o $
4. ìSY"P"p S" _" ................ $
3. ®ÝÆR®æ¿á ±Ü¨ÜÊÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ E"O"sP"| T"Qz {“A"O" $
1. S"ue"{\"`rS": - ìSR": : Z_"S"u[SçY"{\"`rS": - ................ $
2. S"p{_"@¡p - BpSR"X"o : S"Y"S"X"o - ................ $
3. W"tO"p{S" - T"ú" : ò[SçY"p{Np - ................ $
56 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

4. ÓÜí— ¹wÔ ŸÃæÀáÄ _"[SR"z {\"W"GY" S"pX" {“A"O" $

1. O"e"p{T" = ..............................................
2. O\"{Bp[SçY"X"o = ..............................................
3. c"pS"u[SçY"p{Np = ..............................................
4. _"\"uê[SçY"pNppX"o = ..............................................
5. Z_"S"u[SçY"uNp = ..............................................
6. d\"Npu[SçY"{\"`rS": = ..............................................
7. T"ú"u[SçY"p{Np = ..............................................
5. ±Ü¨ÜWÜÙÜ A¥ÜìÊÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ T"QpS"pX"o ìP"| {“A"O" $
1. V"{R"Z: = ...................................
2. T"øpc": = ...................................
3. @¡pNp: = ...................................
4. í^NpX"o = ...................................
6. ±Ü¿Þì¿á ±Ü¨ÜÊÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ T"Y"pêY"T"Qz {“A"O" $
1. S"Y"S"X"o = .........................
2. Z_"S"p = .........................
3. d\"NpX"o = .........................
4. C"øpNpX"o = .........................
7. CñÜÃÜ ÊÜaÜ®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ òO"Z\"E"S"ŸY"z {“A"O" $
ï.\". {Ÿ.\". V".\".
1. {\"`rS": ................ ................ $
2. ................ ................ T"pZY"pX": $
3. @¡P"p ................ ................ $
4. Z_"S"p ................ ................ $
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 57
_"Ê"X": T"pK>:
_"[SR":
APÜÒÃÜWÜÙÜá Gvܹvܨæ ÓæàĨÝWÜ ÓÜí—Áá¯ÓÜáñܤ¨æ. ×àWæ ÓæàĨÝWÜ BWÜáÊÜ
ËPÝÃÜÊæà ÓÜí—PÝ¿áì.
ÓÜí— PÝ¿áìÊÜâ “puT":, ìpBpX": ÊÜáñÜᤠìpQuðp: Gí¨Üá ÊÜáãÃÜá Ë«Ü.
ÓÜí—¿Þ¨ÝWÜ CÃÜáÊÜ APÜÒÃÜÊÜâ PÝOæ¿Þ¨ÜÃæ “puT" Gí¨Üá ÖæÓÜÃÜá.
E¨Ý : ZpX" + ìX"o = ZpX"X"o
ÓÜí—¿Þ¨ÝWÜ CÃÜáÊÜ APÜÒÃÜWÜÙÜ ÊÜá«Ü¨ÜÈÉ ¸æàÃæãí¨Üá APÜÒÃÜÊÜâ ÓæàĨÜÃæ ìpBpX"
Gí¨Üá ÖæÓÜÃÜá.
E¨Ý : `Zu + ì\" = `Zu\" $
ÓÜí—¿Þ¨ÝWÜ CÃÜáÊÜ APÜÒÃÜ¨Ü Óݧ®Ü¨ÜÈÉ APÜÒÃÜÊÜâ Ÿí¨Üá ÓæàĨÜÃæ ìpQuðp
Gí¨Üá ÖæÓÜÃÜá.
E¨Ý : _"S"o + ìEY"sO": = _"ß"EY"sO":
ÓÜÌÃÝPÜÒÃÜWÜÙÜá ±ÜÃÜÓܳÃÜ ÓæàĨÝWÜ ÓÜÌÃÜÓÜí—Áá¯ÓÜáÊÜâ¨Üá.
Sandhi means the joining of two letters coming in immediate contact with each other.

The effecting of Sandhi is of three varieties :

“puT":, ìpBpX": and ìpQuðp:

When the sandhi is effected, if a letter is not seen, it is called “puT"
Example : `Zu + ì\" = `Zu\" $
When the sandhi is effected, if a new letter is added in between the letters, it is
termed as ìpBpX"
58 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

Example : ZpX" + ìpX"o = ZpX"pNppX"o $

When the sandhi is effected, if another letter takes the place of an existing letter,
it is termed as ìpQuðp
Example : ZX"p + òêðp: = ZX"uðp:
When the vowels join together, it is called vowel sandhi (_\"Z_"[SR")

_"[SR":
_\"Z_"{SR": \Y"ý"S"_"{SR": {\"_"Bpê_"{SR":
(ìE"o_"[SR":) (`“o_"[SR":)
_\"Z_"{SR": (ìE"o_"[SR":) _"Ê"R"p $
1. _"\"NpêQrC"ê_"{SR": 2. BpsNp_"{SR":
3. \"w{«_"{SR": 4. Y"Npo_"{SR":
5. Y"pSO"-\"pSO"pQuðp_"{SR": 6. T"t\"êá¡T"_"{SR":
7. T"ø@w¡{O"W"p\"_"{SR":
ìe" T"øX"sA"O"Y"p _"\"Npê-BpsNp-\"w{«-Y"Npo-_"SR"rS"pX"o ìWY"p_"z @s¡X"ê: $
1. _"\"NpêQrC"ê_"{SR":
ì-ò-í-h¡ (ã_\"-QrC"ê) ïO"u^"pz \"NppêS"pz _"\"Npuê T"Zu ŸY"pu: \"NpêY"pu: _P"pS"u ï@¡: _"\"NpêQrC"ê: ìp{QÍ>:
W"\"{O" $ ìY"X"u\" ‘‘_"\"NpêQrC"ê_"{SR":’’ $
¯¿áÊÜá : ì, ìp, ò, òê, í, î¡, h¡, i¡- -D ÓÜÌÃÜWÜÙÜ ÊÜááí¨æ ÓÜhÝ£à¿á ÓÜÌÃÜÊÜâ
Ÿí¨ÜÃæ AÊæÃÜvÜÃÜ Óݧ®Ü¨ÜÈÉ ÓÜhÝ£à¿á ©àZì ÓÜÌÃÜÊÜâ B¨æàÍÜÊÝX ŸÃÜáñܤ¨æ.
Rule : When the vowels ì, ìp, ò, òê, í, î¡, h¡, i¡- are followed by the vowels
of the same variety, the substitute for them is the homogeneous long vowel.
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 59
T"t\"êT"Q_Y" íf"ZT"Q_Y"
+ = ìpQuðp\"Npê:
ì{SO"X"\"Npê: T"t\"ê\"Npê:
ì ì
ìp + ìp = ìp
ò ò
òê +
òê = òê
í í
+ = î¡
î¡ î¡
h¡ h¡
+ =
i i i¡

íQp : Qu\" + ìp“Y": = Qu\"p“Y": `qZ + òêðp: = `Zrðp:

Bpsà + íQY": = Bpsá¡QY": X"pO"w + h¡NpX"o = X"pO"%NpX"o
2. BpsNp_"{SR": :- ì-ìp \"NpêY"pu:, ò-òê T"Zu ‘ï’@¡pZ:; ì-ìp \"NpêY"pu: í-î¡ T"Zu ‘ìpu’@¡pZ:; ì-
ìp \"NpêY"pu: h¡-i¡ T"Zu ‘ìZo’ ìpQuðp: E" W"\"{O" $ ìY"z BpsNp_"{SR": $
ï, ìpu, ì - D ÊÜáãÃÜá APÜÒÃÜWÜÚWæ WÜá| Gí¨Üá ÖæÓÜÃÜá.
¯¿áÊÜá : ì, ìp PÝÃÜWÜÚWæ ò, òê PÝÃÜWÜÙÜá ±ÜÃÜÊݨÜÃæ ï PÝÃÜÊÜä, í, î¡ PÝÃÜWÜÙÜá
±ÜÃÜÊݨÜÃæ ìpu PÝÃÜÊÜä, h¡, i¡ PÝÃÜWÜÙÜá ±ÜÃÜÊݨÜÃæ ìZo PÝÃÜÊÜä AÊæÃÜvÜã APÜÒÃÜWÜÙÜ
Óݧ®Ü¨ÜÈÉ B¨æàÍÜÊÝX ŸÃÜáñܤÊæ.
ï, ìpu, ì - These three are called Guna letters.
Rule : When the vowels ì, ìp are followed by ò, òê, í, î¡ and h¡, i¡ short or
long, then the Guna letter corresponding the letter takes the place of both.
60 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

T"t\"êT"Q_Y" + íf"ZT"Q_Y" ìpQuðp\"Npê:

=
ì{SO"X"\"Npê: T"t\"ê\"Npê:
.ò - òê u ï
u
ì
u .í - î¡ u ìpu
ìp u
.

h¡ - i¡ u ìZo

íQp : BpNp + òêðp: = BpNpuðp: BpŒp + íQ@¡X"o = BpŒpuQ@¡X"o

Qu\" + h¡{^": = Qu\"{^"ê:
3. \"w{«_"{SR": :- ì-ìp \"NpêY"pu:, ï-ïu T"Zu ‘ïu’@¡pZ:, ì-ìp \"NpêY"pu: ìpu-ìpv T"Zu ìpv@¡pZ:, ì-
ìp \"NpêY"pu: h¡-i¡ T"Zu ‘ìpZo’ E" ìpQuðp: W"\"{O" $ ìY"z \"w{«_"{SR": $
ïu, ìpv, ìp - D ÊÜáãÃÜá APÜÒÃÜWÜÚWæ \"w{« Gí¨Üá ÖæÓÜÃÜá.
¯¿áÊÜá : ì, ìp PÝÃÜWÜÚWæ ï, ïu PÝÃÜWÜÙÜá ±ÜÃÜÊݨÜÃæ ïu PÝÃÜÊÜä, ìpu, ìpv
PÝÃÜWÜÙÜá ±ÜÃÜÊݨÜÃæ ìpv PÝÃÜÊÜä, AÊæÃÜvÜÃÜ Óݧ®Ü¨ÜÈÉ B¨æàÍÜÊÝX ŸÃÜáñܤÊæ.
ïu, ìpv, ìp - These three are Vriddhi letters.
Rule : When the vowels ì, ìp are followed by ï, ïu and ìpu, ìpv then ïu and ìpv
are respectively substituted for both.

T"t\"êT"Q_Y" + íf"ZT"Q_Y" ìpQuðp\"Npê:

=
ì{SO"X"\"Npê: T"t\"ê\"Npê:
ï - ïu = . ïu
u
ì u ìpu - ìpv = . ìpv
ìp u
h¡ - i¡ = ìpZo

íQp : O"Qp + ï\" = O"Qv\" \"S" + ìpu^"{R": = \"S"pv^"{R":

 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 61
4. Y"Npo_"{SR": :- ò-òê, í-î¡, h¡-i¡-j \"NppêS"pX"o ì_"\"Npuê _\"Zu T"Zu ò-òê@¡pZ_Y" _P"pS"u ‘Y"o’
\"Npê:, í-î¡@¡pZ_Y" _P"pS"u ‘\"o’ \"Npê:, h¡-i¡@¡pZ_Y" _P"pS"u ‘Zo’ \"Npê:, j@¡pZ_Y" _P"pS"u ‘“o’ ò{O"
\"Npê: ìp{QÍ>: W"\"{O" $ ìY"z ‘Y"Npo_"{SR":’ $
Y"o, \"o, Zo, “o - WÜÚWæ Y"Npo Gí¨Üá ÖæÓÜÃÜá.
¯¿áÊÜá : ò, òê, í, î¡, h¡, i¡, “w WÜÚWæ AÓÜÊÜ|ì ÓÜÌÃÜÊÜâ ±ÜÃÜÊݨÜÃæ ò, òê
PÝÃÜWÜÚWæ Y"o, PÝÃÜÊÜâ í, î¡ PÝÃÜWÜÚWæ \"o PÝÃÜÊÜä, h¡, i¡ PÝÃÜWÜÚWæ ZuU¡ ÊÜä, “w PÝÃÜPæR
“ PÝÃÜÊÜä, B¨æàÍÜÊÝX ŸÃÜáñܤÊæ.
Y"o, \"o, Zo, “o - These are Y"Npo letters.
Rule : When ò, òê, í, î¡, h¡, i¡, “w short or long are followed by a dissimilar
(ì_"\"Npê) vowel, then Y"o, \"o, Zo, “o are respectively substituted for the first vowel.

T"t\"êT"Q_Y" + íf"ZT"Q_Y" = ìpQuðp\"Npê:

ì{SO"X"\"Npê: T"t\"ê\"Npê:
ò
ì Y"o
òê
í _"
\" \"o
î¡ Npê
h¡ _\"
Zp: Zo
i
j “o

íQp : Y"{Q + ì{T" = Y"ü{T" X"S"s + ìSO"Z: = X"S\"SO"Z:

{T"O"w + ìpQuðp: = {T"e"pQuðp:
62 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

ìWY"p_":
1. D PæÙÜX®Ü ±Ü¨ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÓÜí— ÊÜÞw ÓÜí— ÖæÓÜÃÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ. & Effect the sandhi
and name them

1. X"s{S" + òSç: =
2. {T"O"w + h¡NpX"o =
3. ðps@ø¡ + íQY": =
4. Qu\" + ïuÄ"Y"êX"o =
5. S"S"s + ì`X"o =
6. BpŒp + ìpOX"G":=
7. BppvZr + òêðp: =
8. X"`p + h¡{^": =
9. {Q\Y" + ìpv^"R"X"o =
10. X"pO"w + ìpc"p =
11. _"pR"s + 혡X"o =
12. ZX"p + òêðp: =
13. ï@¡ + òêðp: =
14. T"ø{O" + íf"ZX"o =
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 63
2. D PæÙÜX®Ü ÓÜí—WÜÙÜ®Üá° ¹wÔÓÜí—ÖæÓÜÃÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ. & Split the sandhi in the
following and name them.

1. O"P"p{T" =
2. Y"Qu{O" =
3. _"v\" =
4. @¡p{T" =
5. W"\"[O\"{O" =
6. åe" =
7. S"S"t˜¡X"o =
8. ZC"tf"X": =
9. _\"pQmQ@¡X"o =
10. T"ZzO\"`X"o =
11. T"øP"X"v@¡\"E"S"X"o =
12. òOY"p{Q =
13. _"p[R\"QX"o =
14. _"sZ{^"ê: =
15. _"\"êe"v\"X"o =
64 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

ìÍ>X": T"pK>:
S"Qr

1. W"pZO"_Y" íf"ZW"pBpu T"\"êO"ZpG": {`X"p“Y": ðppuW"O"u $ T"\"êO"uWY": ìS"u@¡p: S"ü: T"øW"\"[SO" $ S"Qr^"s BpŒp
Y"X"sS"p, BppuQp\"Zr òOY"püp: T"øX"sA"p: $ BpŒpY"p: íÿX"_P"pS"z BpŒpue"r $ _"p BpŒp T"t\"ê_"X"sçz _"[XX"“{O" $
W"pZO"rY"p: T"t\"ê_"X"sçX"o - BpŒp_"pBpZ:, T"[ðE"X"_"X"sçX"o - {_"SR"s_"pBpZ: ò{O" @¡P"Y"[SO" $ Q{b"Np
W"pZO"u @¡p\"uZr, O"sŒW"çp, ðpZp\"O"r òOY"püp: S"ü: T"ø\"`[SO" $ O"sŒpS"QrO"rZu ówŒuZrb"ue"z {\"ZpG"O"u $
ìSY"S"QrS"pX"o íÿX"_P"pS"p{Q{\"\"ZNpX"o ìR": Q{ðpêO"X"o $
S"Qr íÿX"_P"pS"X"o _"ŒX"_P"pS"X"o
Y"X"sS"p Y"X"sS"pue"r T"t\"ê_"X"sçX"o
BppuQp\"Zr V"øÏ"{BpqZ: T"t\"ê_"X"sçX"o
_"Z_\"O"r {e"G"rNpX"o `mB“rS"Qr
S"X"êQp ìX"Z@¡NJ>@¡X"o T"{Æ"X"_"X"sçX"o
{_"SR"t {J>V"uJo> T"{Æ"X"T"øpSO"X"o T"{Æ"X"_"X"sçX"o
@¡p\"uZr O"“@¡p\"uZr T"t\"ê_"X"sçX"o
2. O"P"p E" T"\"êO"BpW"uê Y"u _"pZp: _"[SO" O"u _"pZp: S"QrT"ø\"p`uNp O"J>u {\"@¡”Y"êSO"u $ ìO": S" QpqZçoY"z
S"QrO"J>_P"pS"pX"o $ T"øR"pS"O"Y"p _"Ê"S"ü: T"ø\"`[SO" $ O"p: S"ü: T"øpO": _X"ZNprY"p: $ ìp[_O"@¡p: G"S"p:
ï\"z S"Qr: T"øOY"`z _"z_X"Z[SO" $
‘‘BpŒu E" Y"X"sS"u E"v\" BppuQp\"qZ _"Z_\"{O" $
S"X"êQu {_"SR"s-@¡p\"uqZ G"“u&[_X"S"o _"{ß"{R"z @s¡à $$’’ ò{O"
3. S"QrO"J>u ï\" _"\"pê: _"z_@w¡O"Y": _"X"s¬\"[SO" $ O"e" W"pZO"rY"_"z_@w¡O"u: S"ü ï\" ìpR"pZW"tO"p: $ S"Qr
G"“X"o ìOY"X"tÚY"z T"tG"S"rY"z E" $ G"S"p: T"pT"T"qZ`pZpP"| T"sNY"_"zT"pQS"pP"| E" S"Qrë BpO\"p O"e" ÃpS"z
@s¡\"ê[SO" $ O"pz W"ÒY"p T"tG"Y"[SO" $ O"ƒ"“z O"rP"ê{X"{O" _\"r@s¡\"ê[SO" $
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 65
4. O"{QQz G"“X"o íT"W"puBppY" ò{O" _\"pP"êª{Í>: S" Y"s˜¡p $ G"“_Y" {X"O"puT"Y"puBp: {`O"pY" @¡ÚT"O"u $
ìpR"s{S"@¡puüX"uS" S"QrG"“z @¡“s^"r{@ø¡Y"O"u $ ïO"uS" G"SO"\": X"{“S"G"“T"pS"uS" Zpu{BpNppu W"\"[SO" $ ìO":
G"“_Y" íT"Y"puBp: G"pBpá¡@¡O"Y"p @¡ZNprY": $ W"uQW"p\"z {\"S"p S"QrG"“z _"\"pêS"o íT"@¡Zpu{O" $ ìO": G"SO"\":
_"\"uê S"QrS"pz @w¡O"u @w¡O"c"p: W"\"uY"s: $
5. G"“z _"X"u^"pz G"r\"S"X"o $ G"“uS" {\"S"p G"SO"\": S" G"r\"[SO" $ O"{ŸS"p @w¡{^"@¡p: @w¡{^"z @¡O"s| S"
T"pZY"[SO" $ G"“pW"p\"u íüX"p: _P"{BpO"p W"\"[SO" $ X"wBpp: T"øNpðY"[SO" $ A"Bpp: G"“pW"p\"u S"ðY"[SO" $ òOP"z
S"Qrë {\"S"p G"“_"X"w{«: S" W"\"{O", G"“_"X"w{«z {\"S"p G"r\"S"_"X"w{«: E" S" W"\"{O" $ ìO":
G"r\"S"_"X"w«÷P"| S"Qr _"\"êP"p _"\"êQp Zb"NprY"p $$
S"Qr O"pT"{\"S"pðppY" T"pT"pS"pz `ZNppY" E" $
_"z_"pZQl:A"S"pðppY" T"tGY"O"u _"\"êG"SO"s{W": $$
ìWY"p_":
1. Jí¨Üá ÊÝPܨÜÈÉ EñܤÄÔÄ. ï@¡\"p×Y"uS" íf"Zz {“A"O" $
1. _"Z_\"O"rS"üp: íÿX"_P"pS"z {@¡X"o ?
.................................................................................
2. S"ü: @¡_Y"p: ìpR"pZW"tO"p: _"[SO" ?
.................................................................................
3. G"“pW"p\"u {@z¡ {@z¡ _"XW"\"{O" ?
.................................................................................
4. W"pZO"rY"p: S"QrG"“z {@¡{X"{O" W"p\"Y"[SO"/_\"r@s¡\"ê[SO" ?
.................................................................................
5. W"pZO"Quðpu T"øR"pS"O"Y"p @¡{O" S"ü: T"ø\"`[SO" ?
.................................................................................
6. T"\"êO"ZpG": @¡: ?
.................................................................................
66 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

7. @u¡WY": S"ü: T"øW"\"[SO" ?

.................................................................................
8. BpŒpue"r @¡_Y"p: S"üp: íÿX"_P"pS"X"o ì[_O" ?
.................................................................................
9. @u¡ S"QrS"pz @w¡O"u @w¡O"c"p: W"\"uY"s: ?
.................................................................................
10. G"S"p: @u¡S" Zpu{BpNp: W"\"[SO" ?
.................................................................................

2. TÝȹor ÓܧÙÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ±Üä£ì ÊÜÞwÄ. qZ˜¡_P"pS"z T"tZY"O" $

1. S"X"êQpS"üp: íÿX"_P"pS"X"o $
2. O"p: T"øpO": _X"ZNprY"p: $
3. W"pZO"u T"øR"pS"O"Y"p T"ø\"`[SO" $
4. S"Qr T"pT"pS"pz `ZNppY" E" $

3. ®ÝÆR®æ¿á ±Ü¨ÜÊÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ. E"O"sP"| T"Qz {“A"O" $

1. BppuQp\"Zr - V"øÏ"{BpqZ: :: _"Z_\"O"r - $
2. T"\"êO"uWY": - E"O"sP"rê{\"W"{˜¡: :: W"pZO"_Y" - $
3. ðppuW"O"u - ìpOX"S"uT"QX"o :: W"\"{O" - $
4. ìO": - ì\Y"Y"X"o :: _"p - $

4. ÓÜí— ¹wÔ ÖæÓÜÄÔÄ. _"[SR"z {\"W"GY" S"pX" {“A"O" $

1. {`X"p“Y": =
2. {X"O"puT"Y"puBp: =
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 67

3. ìpR"s{S"@¡puüX"uS" =
4. G"“pW"p\": =

5. CñÜÃÜ ÊÜaÜ®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ. òO"Z\"E"S"ŸY"z {“A"O" $

ï.\". {Ÿ.\". V".\".
1. .............. .............. \"Y"X"o $
1. ................ ................ O"p: $
2. ................ ................ _"pZp: $
3. T"\"êO"ZpG": ................ ................ $
4. G"“_Y" ................ ................ $

6. ±Ü¿Þì¿á ±Ü¨ÜÊÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ. T"Y"pêY"T"Qz {“A"O" $

1. S"Qr = 2. _"X"sç: =
3. G"“X"o = 4. G"SO"\": =

7. ËÃÜá¨Ýœ¥ÜìPÜ ±Ü¨ÜÊÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ. {\"à«pP"ê@¡T"Qz {“A"O" $

1. T"øpO": X 2. @w¡O"c"p: X

3. ìp[_O"@¡p: X 4. T"pT"pS"pX"o X

8. ±Ü¨ÜWÜÙÜ A¥ÜìÊÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ. T"QpS"pX"o ìP"| {“A"O" $

1. @w¡{^"@¡p: =
2. T"ø\"p`: =
3. @¡“s^"r@w¡O"X"o =
68 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

9. ÓÜÌíñÜ ÊÝPÜÂWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÃÜbÔ. \"p×Y"u Y"puG"Y"O" $

1. T"øOY"`X"o =
2. _"z_X"Z{O" =
3. _"\"êQp =
4. {\"S"p =
ì\"BpEF>O" -
‘{\"S"p’ ò{O" ì\Y"Y"_Y" Y"puBpu {ŸO"rY"p/O"wO"rY"p/T"ú"X"r \"p {\"W"{˜¡: W"\"{O" $
íQp : _"rO"p ZpX"z/ZpX"uNp/ZpX"pO"o {\"S"p S" G"r\"{O" $

10. _"t˜¡{\"W"{˜¡T"øY"puBpuNp qZ˜¡_P"pS"z T"tZY"O" $

1. {\"S"p G"r\"S"z @¡Í>z W"\"{O" $ (S"Qr)
2. {\"S"p O"wNpX"{T" S" E"“{O" $ (O"Qo- T"s)
3. {\"S"p T"K>S"z S" W"\"{O" $ (T"s_O"@¡)
4. {\"S"p X"pub": S" {_"«÷{O" $ (c"pS")
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 69

S"\"X": T"pK>:
ìpZpX":

1. @w¡^"@¡p: W"pZO"\"^"ê_Y" ìpR"pZ_O"XW"p: _"[SO" $ O"u BpøpX"u^"s {S"\"_"[SO" $ O"u ì`{S"êðpz @w¡{^"@¡X"ê
@w¡O\"p G"r\"S"puT"Y"puBpr{S" R"pSY"pQr{S" b"ue"u^"s ì{R"@¡X"o íOT"pQY"[SO" $
2. ï^": ìpZpX": $ ìpZpX"u^"s @w¡^"r\"“p: S"pS"p{\"R"pS"o \"wb"pS"o ZpuT"Y"[SO" $ ìpZpX"z T"qZO":
@¡NJ>@¡\"w{O": \"O"êO"u $ Y"e"p{R"@z¡ G"“_"pv@¡Y"êX"[_O" O"e"pZpX"p: {\"üSO"u $ ìpT"BppWY": O"J>p@u¡WY": _"ZpuWY":
E" @w¡^"@¡p: ì{R"@z¡ _"{““z T"øpT"ns\"[SO" $ ìpZpX"u^"s T"øpY": S"pqZ@u¡“\"wb"p:, T"tBp\"wb"p:, ìpX"ø\"wb"p:,
T"S"_"\"wb"p:, @¡Q“rT"pQT"p: E" Zpu`[SO" $
3. ï^": @¡Q“rT"pQT": $ \"Y"z @¡Q“rT"e"u^"s W"puG"S"z @s¡X"ê: $ @¡Q“rðp“pJ>\":, T"s^T"p{Np,
@¡pNL>p:, E" \Y"ý"S"pY"puT"Y"sGY"SO"u $ @¡Q“rU¡“p{S" ìO"r\" X"R"sZp{Np \"O"êSO"u $ ï@¡:
@¡Q“rT"pQT": _"@w¡O"o ï\" U¡“z Y"EF>{O" $ ï@¡[_X"S"o @¡Q“rBpsEF>u ðpO"p{R"@¡p{S" U¡“p{S"
{\"üSO"u $
4. ï^": S"pqZ@u¡“\"wb": $ ïO"u O"Z\": í^NpQuðpu {\"ðpu^"uNp Zpu`[SO" $ G"S"p: S"pqZ@u¡“\"wb"z
‘@¡ÚT"O"à:’ ò{O" @¡P"Y"[SO" $ O"_Y" \"wb"_Y" _"\"pê{Np E"pŒp{S" ìX"tÚY"p{S" $ ïO"u ðpO"z \"^"pê{Np
G"r\"[SO" $ ïO"u ìX"wO"@¡ÚT"z G"“z U¡“p{S" E" T"øY"EF>[SO" $

5. ïO"u T"tBp\"wb"p: $ S"pBp\"ÚY": X"Zr{E"@¡p“O"p: E" T"tBppS"o ì\"“XVY"v\" Zpu`[SO" $

Y"e"p{R"@z¡ \"^"ê{O" O"e"vO"u _"XY"@o¡ Zpu`[SO" $ T"tBpp:, X"Zr{E"@¡p:, ï“p: E"pX"tÚY"p: $
70 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

6. ï^"p T"s^T"\"p{J>@¡p $ ïO"_Y"pz X"{„@¡p, G"p{G":, _"u\"[SO"@¡p,

X"SQpZT"pqZG"pO"pQr{S" S"pS"p{\"R"p{S" T"s^T"p{Np _"\"êQp “WY"SO"u $

7. @w¡^"@¡p: X"p_"u {Ÿ\"pZz {e"\"pZz \"p \"wb"pS"o G"“uS" {_"ú"[SO" $

@¡p“u @¡p“u \"wb"uWY": ì{R"@z¡ Qpu`Qz Y"EF>[SO" O"u ì{R"@z¡ U¡“z
T"øpT"ns\"[SO" $ @w¡^"@¡p: Bpw`u^"s ìG"pS"o, ì\"rS"o, R"uS"t:, \"w^"W"pS"o E"
T"p“Y"[SO" $ O"u^"pz Bpw`u^"s ì{R"@z¡ b"rZz, Q{R", C"wO"z E" \"O"êO"u $ dX"uNp
@¡pY"pê{Np @w¡O\"p{R"@z¡ _"XT"pQY"[SO", Y"P"uEF>z W"b"Y"[SO" $ Bpw`X"pBpO"pS"o
ì{O"P"rS"o E" _"SO"T"êY"[SO" $
R"SY"X"`pu @w¡^"@¡_Y" G"r\"S"X"o!

Meaning of difficult words

ì`{S"êðpX"o = ÖÜWÜÆá ÃÝ£Å, day and night, T"qZO": = ÓÜáñܤÆã, around,
@w¡^"@¡: = ÃæçñÜ, farmer, _"@w¡O"o = JÊæá¾, once, b"ue"X"o = Wܨæª, field, ìpZpX": =
ñæãào, garden, @¡NJ>@¡\"w{O": = ÊÜááÚÛ®Ü ¸æàÈ, thorny hedge or fence, T"øpY": =
ÓÝÊÜÞ®ÜÂÊÝX, generally, T"tBp: = AwPæ, areca nut, ìpX"ø: = ÊÜÞÊÜâ, mango,
ðp“pJ>\": = PÝÀáWÜÙÜá, nuts, @¡pNL>: = ©ívÜá, stem, O"à: = ÊÜáÃÜ, tree,
S"pBp\"„r = ËàÙܨæÇæ, betel-leaf, T"S"_": = ÖÜÆÓÜá, jack fruit, ì{\": = PÜáÄ,
sheep, R"uS"s: = ÖÜÓÜá, cow, Q{R" = ÊæãÓÜÃÜá, curd, C"wO"X"o = ñÜá±Ü³, ghee, Qpu`Q:
= Wæ㟺ÃÜ, manure, X"Zr{E"@¡p = Êæá|ÓÜá, pepper, @¡Q“r-BpsEF>: = ¸ÝÙæWæã®ææ,
bunch of bananas, O"J>p@¡: = PæÃæ, tank, ï“p = HÆQR, cardamom.
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 71
Exercise
I. ÓÜíÓÜ¢ñܨÜÈÉ EñܤÄÔÄ. Answer in Samskrta :
1. ìpZpX": @s¡e"p[_O" ?
.......................................................................
2. ìpZpX"u^"s @u¡ @u¡ \"wb"p: Zpu`[SO" ?
.......................................................................
3. _"\"êe" _"s“W"p{S" U¡“p{S" @¡p{S" ?
.......................................................................
4. @¡_Y" \"wb"_Y" @¡ÚT"\"wb": ò{O" S"pX"p[_O" ?
.......................................................................
5. @s¡e" X"Zr{E"@¡p: Zpu`[SO" ?
.......................................................................
6. @¡Q“rBpsEF>u @¡{O" U¡“p{S" {\"üSO"u ?
.......................................................................
7. S"pqZ@u¡“\"wb"p: @¡”ªðpz G"“z Y"EF>[SO" ?
.......................................................................
8. @w¡^"@¡p: @¡{O" \"pZz \"wb"pS"o G"“uS" {_"ú"[SO" $
.......................................................................
9. S"pqZ@u¡“\"wb"p: @s¡e" {\"ðpu^"uNp Zpu`[SO" $
.......................................................................
72 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

10. @w¡^"@¡p: Bpw`u^"s @¡pS"o T"p“Y"[SO" ?

.......................................................................
II. ¹or hÝWÜÊÜ®Üá° ±Üä|ìWæãÚÔ. Complete and write :
1. ................ ìOY"SO"z X"R"sZp{Np $
2. b"ue"T"p“@¡: .............. \"wb"uWY": T"øY"EF>{O" $
3. T"tBpU¡“p{S" .............. $
4. @w¡^"@¡_Y" G"r\"S"z ................. $
III. WÜáí²Wæ ÓæàÃÜ¨Ü ±Ü¨ÜÊÜ®Üá° BÄÔ ŸÃæÀáÄ. Select and write the odd word :

1. U¡“z, T"s^T"X"o, G"“X"o, X"R"sZ: $

2. R"p\"{O", @ø¡”L>{O", E"“{O", [_P"O": $
3. òX"p:, X"wBpp:, O"p:, ïO"p: $
4. ì`X"o, @¡P"X"o, O\"X"o, ïO"X"o $
IV. ±Ü¨ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÓæàÄÔ ÓÜí—¿á®Üá° ÖæÓÜÄÔÄ. Effect and name the sandhis:

1. @w¡O\"p + ì{T" 2. _"sA"uS" + ï\"

3. X"`p + h¡{^": 4. _"p + ò{O"

V. ±Ü¨ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ¹wÔ ÓÜí—¿á®Üá° ÖæÓÜÄÔÄ. Split and name the sandhis:

1. G"r\"S"puT"Y"puBpr{S" 2. R"pSY"pQr{S"
3. Y"e"p{R"@¡X"o 4. \Y"ý"S"pY"puT"Y"sGY"SO"u
5. ì\"“XVY"v\" 6. Y"P"uEF>X"o
7. @w¡O\"p{R"@¡X"o 8. T"pqZG"pO"pQr{S"
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 73
VI. ®ÝÊÜá±Ü¨Ü, QÅ¿Þ±Ü¨Ü ÊÜáñÜᤠAÊÜ¿áWÜÙÜ®Üá° WÜáÃÜá£Ô, ŸÃæÀáÄ. Identify the
nouns, verbs and indeclinables :
1. Zpu`{O" 2. T"øpY":
3. U¡“p{S" 4. ì`X"o
5. @¡P"X"o 6. ì[_X"

VII. PæãàÐÜrPܨÜÈÉ PæãqrÃÜáÊÜ ËÍæàÐÜ|WÜÙÜ®Üá° E±ÜÁãàXÔ ¹or ÓܧÙÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ñÜáí¹Ä.

Write the appropriate adjectives from the list and fill up the blanks:

(E"O\"pZ:, E"O"sZ:, X"R"sZX"o, Z˜¡p{S", T"ú")

1. ì`z ............ U¡“z A"pQp{X" $

2. ............ V"p“: T"øOY"`z T"K>{O" $

3. O"[_X"S"o Bpw`u ............ G"S"p: {S"\"_"[SO" $

4. BpNpuðppY" ............. @s¡_"sX"p{S" {T"øY"p{Np $

5. QðpZP"_Y" ............. T"se"p: _"[SO" $

VIII. CñÜÃÜ ÊÜaÜ®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ. Write the other numbers :

ï.\". {Ÿ.\". V".\".
1. ............. _\": ............
2. O\"{Y" ............. ............. $
3. ............. ............. ïO"v: $
4. @¡SY"pY"v ............. ............. $
5. @¡Zpu{X" ............. ............. $
6. S"Qr ............. ............. $
74 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

ÓÜãaÜ®æ / Note
1. ÓÜáŸíñÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° GÇÝÉ ÈíWÜ&Ë»ÜQ¤&ÊÜaÜ®ÜWÜÙÜÈÉ PÜísܱÝsÜ ÊÜÞw ÊÝPÜÂWÜÙÜÈÉ ±ÜÅÁãàXÔ.
Memorise all the forms in all the genders, cases and numbers and
use them in sentences.
2. ÊÝÂPÜÃÜ| Ë»ÝWܨÜÈÉ PæãqrÃÜáÊÜ AíÍÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° A«Ü¿á®Ü ÊÜÞw.
Note the points given under the section on grammar.
3. ÓÜáŸíñÜÊæí¨ÜÃæ Ë»ÜQ¤ ±ÜÅñÜ¿áWÜÚí¨Ü PÜãwÃÜáÊÜâ¨Üá. £_íñÜ Êæí¨ÜÃæ BTÝÂñÜ ±ÜÅñÜ¿áWÜÚí¨Ü
PÜãwÃÜáÊÜâ¨Üá.
Subanta _"sV"SO"X"o is a noun along with the case suffixes and tinanta
{O"D>SO"X"o means a verb.
4. T"qZO":, ì{W"O": = ÓÜáñܤÆã. D AÊÜ¿áWÜÙÜ®Üá° ŸÙÜÔ¨ÝWÜ CÊÜPæR ÓÜíŸí«Ü±Üor ±Ü¨ÜÊÜâ
©Ì£à¿Þ Ë»ÜQ¤¿áÈÉ CÃÜáñܤ¨æ.
T"qZO":, ì{W"O": = around, These indeclinables govern the accusative
case ({ŸO"rY"p {\"W"{˜¡:).
D AÊÜ¿áWÜÙÜ®Üá° ŸÙÜÔ¨ÝWÜ CÊÜPæR ÓÜíŸí«Ü±Üor ±Ü¨ÜÊÜâ ©Ì£à¿Þ Ë»ÜQ¤¿áÈÉÃÜáñܤ¨æ.

íQp. 1. Bpw`z T"qZO": T"s^T"\"p{J>@¡p ðppuW"O"u $

2. ìpZpX"z ì{W"O": @¡NJ>@¡\"w{f": ì[_O" $
ìWY"p_":
1. .............. T"qZO": {T"T"r{“@¡p: _"[SO" $ (ðp@ê¡Zp)
2. ............. ì{W"O": F>pe"p: _"[SO" $ (ìRY"pT"@¡)
3. ............ ì{W"O": W"øX"Zp: Bpsý"[SO" $ (@¡X"“)
4. ............ T"qZO": T"\"êO"p: {\"ZpG"SO"u $ (_"Zpu\"Z)
5. ............ T"qZO": \"wb"p: _"[SO" $ (ìpdX")
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 75
QðpX": T"pK>:
G"S"@¡_"sO"Y"pu: _"XW"p^"NpX"o

G"S"@¡: - T"se", ìX"tÚY"z X"pS"s^"z G"SX" $ G"SX"_"pP"ê×Y"pY" _"{ŸüpWY"p_"z @s¡à $ ìSY"P"p G"SX" \Y"P"|
_Y"pO"o $
_"sO": - O"pO", @¡p _"p _"{Ÿüp ?
G"S"@¡: - @s¡X"pZ, Y"Y"p O"f\"c"pS"z W"\"{O" _"p _"{Ÿüp $
_"sO": - G"S"@¡, O"f\"c"pS"uS" {@z¡ U¡“X"o ?
G"S"@¡: - O"S"Y", O"f\"c"pS"uS" _"z_"pZV"SR"S"pO"o X"pub": {_"RY"{O" $ ìSY"p: _"\"pê: {\"üp: @u¡\"“z
G"r{\"@¡pY"v _"X"P"pê: $
_"sO": - O"{`ê, _"p {\"üp @¡P"z _"XT"pQ{Y"O"sz ðp×Y"O"u ?
G"S"@¡: - ìX"ZW"pZO"r _"\"ê_"f\"_"XT"ß"p $ O"Y"p íf"X"z c"pS"z _"XT"pQ{Y"O"sz ðp×Y"O"u $ ìO":
_"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pWY"p_"z @s¡à $
_"sO": - O"pO", òY"z W"p^"p, d\"NppS"SQ@¡Zr, âüp E" $ W"p^"p_"s X"sAY"p, X"R"sZp, {Q\Y"p E"
Bpr\"pêNpW"pZO"r $ T"Zz O"s ìO"r\" {±¡Í>p _"p W"p^"p $ Y"O":, \Y"p@¡ZNp{S"Y"X"p: QlV"puêR"p: $
X"SQT"øc"uS" ìRY"uO"sz _"\"êP"p S" ðp×Y"O"u $ ìO" ï\" S" X"u O"e" T"ø\"w{f": $
G"S"@¡: - ìpOX"G", X"p O"P"p \"Q $ \Y"p@¡ZNp{S"Y"X"p: _"\"pê_"s W"p^"p_"s _"[SO" $ ì_Y"pz O"s {\"ðpu^"O":
_"[SO" {S"Y"X"p: $ ì_Y"pz W"p^"pY"pz O"“_T"{ðpêc"pS"z ðpp®c"pS"pX"o ìOY"p\"ðY"@¡X"o $
\Y"p@¡ZNp_Y" _"pX"pSY"c"pS"z _"\"uê^"pX"o ìp\"ðY"@¡X"o $ Y"O":, \Y"p@¡ZNpz _"\"êðpp®puT"@¡pZ@¡X"o $
_"sO": - ìSY"P"p {@z¡ W"\"{O" ?
G"S"@¡: - ìSY"P"p, ìT"ðpVQT"øY"puBpuNp ìS"P"ê: W"\"{O" $ Y"O":, òY"z W"p^"p ï@¡_Y"pb"Z_Y" \Y"OY"Y"X"{T"
S" _"`O"u $ íQp`ZNpz T"øY"EF>p{X" $ ìp@¡NpêY", ‘V"pR"{O"’ òOY"s˜u¡ ìT"ðpVQ: $ ‘V"pR"O"u’
òOY"s˜u¡ _"pR"sðpVQ: $ ‘W"\"{O"’ òOY"_Y" ìSY": ìP"ê: ‘W"\"O"r’ òOY"_Y"pT"Z: ìP"ê: $
{\"S"p \Y"p@¡ZNpðpp®z T"QT"QpP"êc"pS"z S" W"\"{O" $ _"pX"pSY"c"pS"pY" Y"O"_\" (T"øY"Ñ"z @s¡à)
76 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

_"sO": - _"pX"pSY"c"pS"z S"pX" {@¡X"o ?

G"S"@¡: - ìb"Zc"pS"X"o, _"[SR"{S"Y"X"p:, _"pX"pSY"_"X"p_"{S"Y"X"p:, ðpVQá¡T"pNppz, {@ø¡Y"pá¡T"pNppz E"
T"qZE"Y": ìp\"ðY"@¡: $
T"t\"êG"p: ï\"z \"Q[SO" -
Y"ü{T" V"`l S"pR"r^"u O"P"p{T" T"K> T"se", \Y"p@¡ZNpX"o $
_"@¡“: ðp@¡“pu X"pW"tO"o _\"G"S": Ä"G"S": _"@w¡O"o ðp@w¡O"o $$
T"se"! \Y"p@¡ZNp_"pX"pSY"c"pS"z _"XT"pü, _"{ŸüpX"o ìRY"uO"sz Y"O"_\" @w¡O"@w¡OY": W"\" $

PÜt| ±Ü¨ÜWÜÙÜ A¥Üì. Meaning of difficult words

O"pO": = ñÜí¨æ, father, G"r{\"@¡p = iàÊÜ®Ü, livelihood, O"{`ê = ÖÝWݨÜÃæ,
then, ìO"r\" = ŸÖÜÙÜ, much, QlV"puêR": = £Ú¿áÆá AÓÝ«ÜÂÊݨÜ, difficult to
understand, ìRY"uO"sX"o = A«Ü¿á®Ü ÊÜÞvÜÆá, to learn, _"\"êP"p = Gí©WÜã, cer-
tainly, O"“_T"{ðpê = BÙÜÊݨÜ, deep, \Y"OY"Y"X"o = ÊÜÂñÝÂÓÜ, difference, V"pR"O"u =
ñæãí¨ÜÃæ PæãvÜáñܤ¨æ, troubles, _\"G"S": = ®ÜÊÜá¾ÊÜ®Üá, one's own man, ð\"G"S": =
®ÝÀá, dog, _"@¡“: = GÆÉ, all, ðp@¡“: = aÜãÃÜá, a piece, _"@w¡O"o = JÊæá¾,
once, ðp@w¡O"o = ÓÜWÜ~, cow dung, X"pW"tO"o = BWܸÝÃܨÜá, (let it) not happen,
Y"ü{T" = Jí¨ÜáÊæàÙæ, if, O"P"p{T" = B¨ÜÃÜã, even then, Y"O"_\" = ±ÜſᣰÓÜá, try.
Exercise
1. ÓÜíÓÜ¢ñܨÜÈÉ EñܤÄÔ. Answer in Samskrta :
1. _"{Ÿüp @¡p ?
.............................................................................
2. _"f\"_"XT"ß"p W"p^"p @¡p ?
.............................................................................
3. _"\"êW"p^"pNppX"o íf"X"p @¡p ?
.............................................................................
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 77
4. ìT"ðpVQT"øY"puBpuNp {@z¡ W"\"{O" ?
.............................................................................
5. _"\"êðpp®puT"@¡pZ@z¡ {@¡X"o ?
.............................................................................
6. @u¡ QlV"puêR"p: ?
.............................................................................
7. @u¡S" X"pub": {_"«÷{O" ?
.............................................................................
8. _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pY"pz @¡”ªðpz c"pS"X"o ìp\"ðY"@¡X"o ?
.............................................................................
9. _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"p {@z¡ S" _"`O"u ?
.............................................................................
10. Bpr\"pêNpW"pZO"r @¡”ªðpr ì[_O" ?
.............................................................................

2. Give the other numbers of : CñÜÃÜÃÜ ÊÜaÜ®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ

1. @¡Zpu{X" .......... ......... $

2. .......... {\"üuO"u .......... $

3. G"pY"_"u ......... ........... $

3. Give the other forms of the following in all the three person and
numbers. : CÊÜâWÜÙÜ CñÜÃÜ ÃÜã±ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÊÜáãÃÜá ±ÜâÃÜáÐÜÊÜaÜ®ÜWÜÙÜÈÉ ŸÃæÀáÄ.
78 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

@¡ÚT"O"u

_"`O"u

V"pR"O"u

G"pY"O"u

ðp×Y"O"u

4. Write the gender, number and the case of the following :

CÊÜâWÜÙÜ ÈíWÜ Ë»ÜQ¤ ÊÜaÜ®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ
{“Œ: {\"W"{˜¡: \"E"S"X"o
1. {\"üpX"o
2. G"r{\"@¡pY"v
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 79

3. ì[_X"S"o
4. W"p^"pNppX"o
5. O\"{Y"
6. O\"pX"o $
5. Split the sandhi : ÓÜí— ¹wÔÄ

O"P"p{T" +

_"v\" +

ìO"r\" +

òOY"s˜u¡ +

_T"Í>pu‚"pZNpX"o +

6. Write the change in the meaning of the following :

A¥Üì ÊÜÂñÝÂÓÜÊÜ®Üá° £ÚÔ

(1) _\": - Ä": .........../......... (2) @¡Z: - A"Z: .........../........

(3) Ä": - Ä"p .........../......... (4) W"\"{O" - W"\"O"r .........../........

(5) _"@w¡O"o - ðp@w¡O"o .........../......... (6) _"@¡“: - ðp@¡“: ........../.......

(7) _\"G"S": - Ä"G"S": .........../.........

80 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

ï@¡pQðp: T"pK>:
{X"e"Y"pu: _"XW"p^"NpX"o

{X"{`Z: - S"X"_O"u, \"Y"_Y"! @¡P"X"o ì[_O" W"\"pS"o $

ìàNp: - S"X"_O"u {X"e"! _"XY"@o¡ ì[_X" $ @¡pu {\"ðpu^": ?
{X"{`Z: - {X"e", Ä": dr@w¡^Np_Y" G"Y"SOY"sO_"\": $
ìàNp: - \"Y"_Y", @¡: ï^": dr@w¡^Np: $
{X"{`Z: - ìàNp, dr@w¡^Np: G"BpO": Bpsà: $
ìàNp: - O"_Y" G"SX"_P"pS"z {@¡X"o ?
{X"{`Z: - O"_Y" G"SX"_P"pS"z X"P"sZpY"pz @¡pZpBpw`X"o $
ìàNp: - {@z¡, {@¡X"o ? @¡pZpBpw`u G"pO": dr@w¡^Np: $ O"_Y" X"pO"p{T"O"Zpv @¡pv ?
{X"{`Z: - dr@w¡^Np_Y" G"S"S"r Qu\"@¡” $ G"S"@¡: \"_"sQu\": $ ìO" ï\" O"z \"p_"sQu\" ò{O" @¡P"Y"[SO"$
ìàNp: - Qu\"@¡”\"_"sQu\"pv @u¡S" ìT"ZpR"uS" @¡pZpBpw`u {S"{`O"pv $
{X"{`Z: - dr@w¡^Np_Y" X"pO"s“: @z¡_": $ _": W"{BpS"rë {\"\"p`pS"SO"Zz Ä"ðpsZBpw`z T"ørOY"p S"Y"{O" _X" $
O"Qp ìp@¡pðp\"pNpr dsO"p $ ‘ì_Y"p: ìÍ>X"BpW"uêNp O"\" X"ZNpz W"{\"^Y"{O"’ ò{O" $ O"pz
\"pNprë dsO\"p @øs¡«: @z¡_": \"_"sQu\"Qu\"×Y"pv @¡pZpBpw`z T"øpT"Y"O"o $
ìàNp: - @¡P"X"o \"_"sQu\":, Qu\"@¡” E" @¡pZpBpw`pO"o {\"X"s˜¡pv ?
{X"{`Z: - G"pO"X"pe"_Y" O"_Y" {Q\Y"{ðpðppu: T"øW"p\"uNp $
ìàNp: - ì`pu! X"p`pOXY"X"o dr@w¡^Np_Y"! @¡P"X"o ïO"O"o ðp×Y"z W"\"{O" ?
{X"{`Z: - dr@w¡^Np: {\"^NppuZ\"O"pZ: $ QvOY"`S"S"pY" ï\" ï^": W"s\"X"o ì\"O"rNpê: $ O"_Y" QY"p
ìT"pZp $
ìàNp: - ì\"ðY"z c"pO"\Y"z O"_Y" QY"pY"p: X"p`pOXY"z {@¡“ $
{X"{`Z: - _"OY"X"o $ ì\"BpSO"\Y"X"u\" $ ì_Y" dr@w¡^Np_Y" QY"Y"p {@z¡ S" _"pRY"O"u $
ìàNp: - {@z¡ {@z¡ _"pRY"O"u ò{O" W"\"pS"o ï\" \"QO"s $
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 81
{X"{`Z: - O"_Y" QY"Y"p X"t@¡: \"pE"p“pu W"\"{O", T"Œl: ì{T" {BpqZX"o ìpZpu`{O" (“ûY"{O")$ ìO":
ï\" dr@w¡^Np: T"tGY"pu W"\"{O" $ {@z¡ S" dsO": W"\"O"p ìY"z Çpu@¡: ?
X"t@z¡ @¡Zpu{O" \"pE"p“z T"Œlz “ûY"O"u {BpqZX"o $
Y"O@w¡T"p O"X"`z \"SQu T"ZX"pS"SQX"pR"\"X"o $$
ìàNp: - {X"{`Z, dr@w¡^Np: {@¡X"P"| W"tO"“X"o ì\"O"rNpê: ?
{X"{`Z: - \"Y"_Y"! ðpwNps $ ŸpT"ZY"sBpu @z¡_"E"pNptZpQY": “pu@¡@¡NJ>@¡p: QlG"êS"p: _"ƒ"S"pS"o T"rL>Y"[SO"
_X" $ O"u^"pz {\"S"pðppY" G"Bp{«O"pY" E" dr@w¡^Np: ì\"O"rNpê: $ ì{T" E" dr@w¡^Np:
_"S"pO"S"R"X"ê_Y" _"zZb"@¡: ì[_O" $ ìO": \"Y"z _"\"uê R"X"êX"pBpêX"o ìS"s_"ZpX": $
ìàNp: - dr@w¡^Np: @¡Qp ì\"O"rNpê: ?
{X"{`Z: - dr@w¡^Np: ŸpT"ZY"sBpu dp\"NpX"p_"u @w¡^NpT"b"u ìÍ>XY"pz Zpu{`NprS"b"e"u ì\"O"rNpê: $ _":
_"S"pO"S"R"X"ê_Y" ìpR"pZT"sà^": $ ìO" ï\" T"ø{O"\"O_"Zz G"Bp{O" G"S"p: _"\"êe" O"[_X"S"o {QS"u
dr@w¡^NpG"SX"puO_"\"X"o ìpE"Z[SO" $
dr@w¡^NppY" S"X":
\"_"sQu\"_"sO"z Qu\"z @z¡_"E"pNptZX"QêS"X"o $
Qu\"@¡”T"ZX"pS"SQz @w¡^Npz \"SQu G"BpÿlàX"o $$
ìWY"p_":
1. Jí¨Üá ÊÝPܨÜÈÉ EñܤÄÔÄ. ï@¡\"p×Y"uS" íf"Zz {“A"O" $
1. G"Bpÿlà: @¡: ?
.............................................................................
2. dr@w¡^Np: @s¡e" ìG"pY"O" ?
.............................................................................
3. @z¡_": @¡: ?
.............................................................................
4. dr@w¡^Np: {@¡X"P"| W"s\"X"o ì\"O"Z{O" ?
82 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

.............................................................................
5. \"Y"z dr@w¡^NpG"SX"puO_"\"z @¡Qp ìpE"ZpX": ?
.............................................................................
6. dr@w¡^Np_Y" X"pO"p{T"O"Zpv @¡pv ?
.............................................................................
7. @z¡_": W"{BpS"rë @s¡e" S"Y"{O" _X" ?
.............................................................................
8. dr@w¡^Np_Y" QY"Y"p {@z¡ {@z¡ W"\"{O" ?
.............................................................................
9. dr@w¡^Np_Y" G"SX"_P"pS"z {@¡X"o ?
.............................................................................
10. dr@w¡^Np: @¡_Y" _"zZb"@¡: ì[_O" ?
.............................................................................

2. TÝÈ ¹qrÃÜáÊÜ hÝWÜÊÜ®Üá° ±Üä£ìÊÜÞwÄ. qZ˜¡_P"pS"z T"tZY"O" $

1. ìO" ï\" O"z ................ ò{O" @¡P"Y"[SO" $
2. O"_Y" ................ ìT"pZp $
3. ................ ì{T" {BpqZX"o ìpZpu`{O" $
4. O"uS" Y": R"X"ê: Z{b"O": _" ï\" ................ $

3. ËhÝ£à¿á ±Ü¨ÜÊÜ®Üá° BÄÔ ŸÃæÀáÄ. {\"G"pO"rY"z T"Qz {E"O\"p {“A"O" $

1. dr@w¡^Np:, \"p_"sQu\":, \"_"sQu\":, Bppu{\"SQ: $
2. ï\", ìO":, ò{O", _": $
3. \"Y"_Y":, {X"e"X"o, _"sâO"o, {X"e":
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 83

4. W"\"{O", T"øpT"Y"{O", ì\"O"Z{O", @¡P"Y"[SO" $

4. ®ÝÆR®æ¿á ±Ü¨ÜÊÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ. E"O"sP"| T"Qz {“A"O" $

1. W"\"{O" - {@ø¡Y"pT"QX"o : @z¡_": -
2. E" - ì\Y"Y"X"o : _": -
3. E"Sç: - òSQl: : _"tY"ê: -
4. @w¡^NppY" - E"O"sP"rê : \"p_"sQu\"X"o

5. ÓÜí—¿á®Üá° ¹wÔ ÖæÓÜÄÔÄ. _"[SR"z {\"W"GY" S"pX" {“A"O" $

1. {\"\"p`pS"SO"ZX"o = ............................................................
2. G"SX"puO_"\": = ............................................................
3. G"Y"SOY"sO_"\": = ............................................................
4. @z¡_"E"pNptZpQY": = ............................................................

6. CñÜÃÜ ÊÜaÜ®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ. òO"Z\"E"S"ŸY"z {“A"O" $

1. O"_Y"

2. QlG"êS"p: $

3. S"Y"{O"

4. T"øW"p\"uNp
7. ±Ü¿Þì¿á ±Ü¨ÜÊÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ. T"Y"pêY"T"Qz {“A"O" $
84 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

1. íO_"\": = 2. {X"e"X"o =
3. {BpqZ: = 4. {\"\"p`: =
5. QY"p =

8. ËÃÜá¨Ýœ¥ÜìPÜ ±Ü¨ÜÊÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ. {\"à«pP"ê@¡T"Qz {“A"O" $

1. QlG"êS": X 2. _"OY"X"o X

3. R"X"ê: X 4. {`O"pY" X

9. ±Ü¨ÜWÜÙÜ A¥ÜìÊÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ. T"QpS"pX"o ìP"| {“A"O" $

1. X"t@¡: = 2. T"Œl: =
3. @¡pZpBpw`X"o = 4. X"pO"s“: =
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 85
ŸpQðp: T"pK>:
{O"D>SO"X"o
QÅ¿Þ±Ü¨Ü¨Ü ÊÜáãÆ ÍÜŸªÃÜã±ÜPÜæR "«ÝñÜá'Êæí¨Üá ÖæÓÜÃÜá. PæÆÓÜÊÜ®Üá° £ÚÓÜáÊÜ ÍÜŸªPæR QſޱܨÜ
A¥ÜÊÝ £_íñÜ Gí¨Üá ÖæÓÜÃÜá. «ÝñÜáWÜÙÜÈÉ PæÆÊÜâ ±ÜÃÜÓæ¾$ç±Ü©WÜÙÜá. PæÆÊÜâ Bñܾ®æà±Ü©WÜÙÜá. PæÆÊÜâ
E»Ü¿á±Ü©WÜÙÜá.
The base of the verb is called R"pO"s or Root. The word which denotes the action is
called {@ø¡Y"pT"QX"o ({O"D>SO"X"o or verb). Among the roots some are T"Z_X"uT"{Q ; some are
ìpOX"S"uT"{Q and some are íW"Y"T"{Q.
«ÝñÜáWÜÚWæ {O"Do> (BTÝÂñÜ) ±ÜÅñÜ¿áWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÓæàÄÔ¨ÜÃæ {O"D>SO" (QſޱܨÜ) WÜÙÝWÜáñܤÊæ.
When {O"Do> (ìpAY"pO") suffixes are added to the roots, they become {O"D>SO" or

Verbs.

QſޱܨÜWÜÚí¨Ü PæÆÓÜÊÜâ ®Üvæ¨Ü PÝÆ ÊÜáñÜᤠBþæ™, ±ÝÅ¥Üì®æ ÊÜááíñÝ¨Ü A¥ÜìÊÜâ £Ú¨Üá
ŸÃÜáñܤ¨æ. QÅ¿Þ±Ü¨Ü¨Ü ±ÜÅñÜ¿áWÜÚWæ “@¡pZ Gí¨Üá ÖæÓÜÃÜá. D ÆPÝÃÜWÜÙÜá ÖÜñÜᤠCÊæ. ÖÜñÜá¤
ÆPÝÃÜWÜÙÜÈÉ¿áã ÃÜã±ÜWÜÙÜá ¸æàÃæ ¸æàÃæ¿ÞWÜáñܤÊæ.
The Verbs denote the time of the work done and the meanings like order, request
etc. The suffixes are “@¡pZs. There are ten “@¡pZs. The forms are different in all the
ten “@¡pZs.
“@¡pZp: ÆPÝÃÜWÜÙÜá
“@¡pZ: @¡p“:/T"øV"puR": ìP"ê: Meaning
1. “Jo> \"O"êX"pS": ÊÜñÜìÊÜÞ®Ü Present Tense
2. “Do>/“sD>o /{“Jo> W"tO"@¡p“: »ÜãñÜPÝÆ Past Tense
3. “wJ>o /“sJ>o W"{\"^Y"O@¡p“: »ÜËÐÜÂñÝRÆ Future Tense
4. “puJ>o ìpc"p Bþæ/±ÝÅ¥Üì®æ Order/Request
5. {\"{R"{“Do> {\"{R": Ë— Potential Mood
6. ìpðpr{“êDo> ìpðpr: BÎàÊÝì¨Ü Benedictive mood
7. “wDo> _"Šu¡O": ÓÜíPæàñÜ Conditional Mood
86 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

Roots are divided into ten conjugations (BpNp s). The form of roots regularly.

occuring and belongins to 1-4-6-10 groups are given here. Practise them.

«ÝñÜáWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÖÜñÜᤠWÜ|WÜÙÝX Ë»ÝXԨݪÃæ. 1&4&6&10®æà WÜ|PæR ÓæàÄ¨Ü E±Ü¿ááPܤ «ÝñÜáWÜÙÜ

ÃÜã±ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° A»ÝÂÓÜ ÊÜÞwÄ.

T"Z_X"vT"QX"o
1®æà WÜ| Group T"Ko> «ÝñÜá ‘ì’ {\"@¡ZNpT"øOY"Y":
4®æà WÜ| Group S"wO"o «ÝñÜá ‘Y"’ {\"@¡ZNpT"øOY"Y":
6®æà WÜ| Group {\"ðpo «ÝñÜá ‘ì’ {\"@¡ZNpT"øOY"Y":
10®æà WÜ| Group BpNp «ÝñÜá ‘ìY"’ {\"@¡ZNpT"øOY"Y":

R"pO"s: + {\"@¡ZNpT"øOY"Y": + ìpAY"pO"T"øOY"Y": = {@ø¡Y"pT"QX"o

E¨Ý : Example T"Ko> + ì + {O" = T"K>{O"
±ÜâÃÜáÐÜWÜÙÜá ÊÜáãÃÜá / Three Persons / e"Y": T"sà^"p:
PæÆÓÜ ÊÜÞvÜáÊÜ ÊÜÂQ¤¿á "®Ý®Üá' GíŸá¨Ü®Üá° ÓÜãbÓÜáÊÜâ¨Üá íf"X"T"sà^":
íf"X"T"sà^" or First person denotes the person who does the work.

"¯à®Üá' GíŸá¨Ü®Üá° ÓÜãbÓÜáÊÜâ¨Üá X"RY"X"T"sà^":

X"RY"X"T"sà^" or Second person denotes ''You''.
EÚ¨Ü GÆÉÊÜ®Üã° ÓÜãbÓÜáÊÜâ¨Üá T"øP"X"T"sà^":
T"øP"X"T"sà^" or Third person denotes the rest.
ÊÜaÜ®ÜWÜÙÜá ÊÜáãÃÜá / Three Numbers / e"r{Np \"E"S"p{S"
PæÆÓÜ ÊÜÞvÜáÊÜ ÊÜÂQ¤¿áá JŸº®Ý¨ÜÃæ (Jí¨Üá ÊÜÓÜᤙ, ±ÝÅ~¿Þ¨ÜÃæ) ï@¡\"E"S"X"o CŸºÃݨÜÃæ
(GÃÜvÜá ÊÜÓÜᤙ, ±ÝÅ~WÜÙݨÜÃæ) {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o A®æàPÜÃݨÜÃæ V"`l\"E"S"X"o
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 87
ï@¡\"E"S"X"o or Singular denotes a Single person (thing or an animal) who does the
work.

{Ÿ\"E"S"X"o or dual denotes two.

V"`l\"E"S"X"o or plural denotes many.
ìpAY"pO"T"øOY"Y"p: ATÝÂñÜ ±ÜÅñÜ¿áWÜÙÜá 9 (T"Z_X"vT"{Q)
Present Tense ÊÜñÜìÊÜÞ®ÜPÝÆ (“Jo>)

ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o

III person or T"øP"X"T"sà^": {O" O": ì[SO"
II person or X"RY"X"T"sà^": {_" P": P"
I person or íf"X"T"sà^": {X" \": X":

«ÝñÜáËWæ ËPÜÃÜ| ±ÜÅñÜ¿áÊÜ®Üá° ÓæàÄst ÊæáàÇæ, D BTÝÂñÜ ±ÜÅñÜ¿áWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÓæàÄÔ¨ÝWÜ BWÜáÊÜ

A®æàPÜ Ÿ¨ÜÇÝÊÜOæWÜÙÜ®Üá° WÜÊÜá¯ÓܸæàPÜá.

E¨Ý : Ex. _": T"K>{O" O"pv T"K>O": O"u T"K>[SO"

O\"z T"K>{_" Y"s\"pz T"K>P": Y"tY"z T"K>P"
ì`z T"K>p{X" ìp\"pz T"K>p\": \"Y"z T"K>pX":

A»ÝÂÓÜPÝRX QſޱܨÜWÜÙÜá : Verbs for Excercise

{T"V"{O" PÜáw/to drink, BpEF>{O" ÖæãàWÜá/to go, S"X"{O" ®ÜËáÓÜá/to salute, {“A"{O" ŸÃæ/to write,
Y"EF>{O" PæãvÜá/to give, @ø¡”L>{O" BoÊÝvÜá/to play, A"pQ{O" £®Üá°/to eat, `_"{O" ®ÜWÜá/to laugh,
{_"RY"{O" ÓÝ—ÓÜá/to attain, @s¡TY"{O" Pæãà±ÜWæãÙÜáÛ/to get angry, S"wOY"{O" ®Ü£ìÓÜá/to dance, ì_Y"{O"
GÓæ/to throw, E"puZY"{O" PÜ©/to steal, QNL>Y"{O" ¨ÜíwÓÜá/to punish, X"pBpêY"{O" ÖÜávÜáPÜá/to search
88 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

ìpOX"S"uT"QX"o
ìpAY"pO"T"øOY"Y"p: ATÝÂñÜ ±ÜÅñÜ¿áWÜÙÜá 9 (ìpOX"S"uT"{Q)
Present Tense ÊÜñÜìÊÜÞ®ÜPÝÆ (“Jo>)

ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o

III person or T"øP"X"T"sà^": O"u òO"u ìSO"u
II person or X"RY"X"T"sà^": _"u òP"u R\"u
I person or íf"X"T"sà^": ò \"`u X"`u
R"pO"s: + {\"@¡ZNpT"øOY"Y": + ìpAY"pO"T"øOY"Y": = {@ø¡Y"pT"QX"o
E¨Ý : ïR"o + ì + O"u + ïR"O"u 1®æà BpNp
{\"Qo + Y" + O"u = {\"üO"u 4®æà BpNp
ZpG"o + ì + O"u = ZpG"O"u 6®æà BpNp
E"puZo + ìY" + O"u = E"puZY"O"u 10®æà BpNp
E¨Ý : {\"üO"u {\"üuO"u {\"üSO"u
{\"ü_"u {\"üuP"u {\"üR\"u
{\"üu {\"üp\"`u {\"üpX"`u

A»ÝÂÓÜPÝRX PæÆÊÜâ QſޱܨÜWÜÙÜá : Verbs for Excercise

\"SQO"u ÊÜí©ÓÜá/to salute, _"u\"O"u ÓæàËÓÜá/to serve, X"puQO"u ÓÜíñæãàÑÓÜá/to rejoice, T"E"O"u AwWæ
ÊÜÞvÜá/to cook, Y"pE"O"u ¿ÞbÓÜá/to beg, {b"T"O"u GÓæ/to throw, E"uÍ>O"u aæàÑrÓÜá/to move, \"R"êO"u
ÊÜ—ìÓÜá/to grow, ðppuW"O"u Íæãà¼ÓÜá/to shine, \"O"êO"u CÃÜá/to be, “W"O"u ƼÓÜá/to get, _"`O"u ÓÜ×ÓÜá/
to tolerate, G"pY"O"u g¯ÓÜá/to take birth, @¡ÚT"O"u PÜȳÓÜá/to imagine, E"puZY"O"u PÜ©/to steal, O"pu“Y"O"u

ñÜãWÜá/to balance, T"øpP"êY"O"u ±ÝŦìÓÜá/to pray, Y"O"O"u ¿á£°ÓÜá/to try, Bpp`O"u ÖÝñæãÃæ/to crave, @s¡àO"u
ÊÜÞvÜá/to do $
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 89
ÓÜãaÜ®æ :

1. Jí¨Üá ÊÝPܨÜÈÉ PæÆÓÜ ÊÜÞvÜáÊÜ ÊÜÂQ¤¿á®Üá° ÖæàÙÜáÊÜ ÍÜŸª @¡O"wêT"Q $ A¨Üá ±ÜÅ¥ÜÊÜÞ
Ë»ÜQ¤¿áÈÉÃÜáñܤ¨æ.
@¡O"êwT"QX"o or Subject is that word which denotes the person who does the work.
That will be in T"øP"X"p {\"W"{˜¡.

2. QſޱܨÜPæR "¿ÞÃÜ®Üá°' "H®Ü®Üá°' Gí¨Üá ±ÜÅÍæ° ÖÝQ¨ÜÃæ ŸÃÜáÊÜ EñܤÃÜÊæà @¡X"êT"Q A¨Üá
©Ì£à¿Þ Ë»ÜQ¤¿áÈÉÃÜáñܤ¨æ.
@¡X"êT"Q or Object is that word which comes as an answer to the questions

'Whom ?' or 'What ?' to the Verb. It will always be in {ŸO"rY"p{\"W"{˜¡ or Accusative

case.

3. PÜÊÜáì±Ü¨Ü¨Ü BPÝíûæ¿ááÙÜÛ QſޱܨÜPæR _"@¡X"ê@¡{@ø¡Y"pT"Q Gí¨Üá ÖæÓÜÃÜá.

The Verb that needs an object is called _"@¡X"ê@¡{@ø¡Y"pT"QX"o (Transitive)
E¨Ý : @¡Zpu{O", T"K>{O", {T"V"{O" CñÝ©.
4. PÜÊÜáì±Ü¨Ü¨Ü BPÝíûæ CÆÉ©ÃÜáÊÜ QſޱܨÜPæR ì@¡X"ê@¡{@ø¡Y"pT"Q Gí¨Üá ÖæÓÜÃÜá.
The Verb that does not need an object is called ì@¡X"ê@¡{@ø¡Y"pT"QX"o (Intransitive)
E¨Ý : {O"Î>{O", W"\"{O" CñÝ©.
WÜÊÜá¯Ô :& ÓÜíÓÜ¢ñÜ¨Ü ±ÜÅ¥ÜÊÜá ±ÜâÃÜáÐÜÊÜ®Üá° BíWÜÉ»ÝÐæ¿áÈÉ ñÜê£à¿á ±ÜâÃÜáÐÜ (¥Üv…ì ±ÜÓÜì®…)
G®Üá°ñݤÃæ. ÊÜÂñÝÂÓÜÊÜ®Üá° WÜÊÜá¯ÓܸæàPÜá.
Note :- T"øP"X"T"sà^" of Sanskrit, is termed as Third person in English.
90 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

BpX"o-R"pO"s: \"O"êX"pS"@¡p“: “Jo> “@¡pZ:

T"sà^": ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o

T"øP"X"T"sà^": F>pe": F>pe"pv F>pe"p:
V"p{“@¡p V"p{“@u¡ V"p{“@¡p:
_": BpEF>{O" O"pv BpEF>O": O"u BpEF>{SO"
_"p O"u O"p:
O"O"o O"u O"p{S"
X"RY"X"T"sà^": O\"z BpEF>{_" Y"s\"pz BpEF>P": Y"tY"z BpEF>P"
íf"X"T"sà^": ì`z BpEF>p{X" ìp\"pz BpEF>p\": \"Y"z BpEF>pX":

‘T"Ko>’ R"pO"s: - \"O"êX"pS"@¡p“: - “Jo> “@¡pZ:

T"sà^": ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o
T"øP"X"T"sà^": T"K>{O" T"K>O": T"K>{SO"
X"RY"X"T"sà^": T"K>{_" T"K>P": T"K>P"
íf"X"T"sà^": T"K>p{X" T"K>p\": T"K>pX":

‘{“A"o’ R"pO"s: - \"O"êX"pS"@¡p“: - “Jo>“@¡pZ:

T"sà^": ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o
T"øP"X"T"sà^": {“A"{O" {“A"O": {“A"{SO"
X"RY"X"T"sà^": {“A"{_" {“A"P": {“A"P"
íf"X"T"sà^": {“A"p{X" {“A"p\": {“A"pX":
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 91
‘R"p\"o’ R"pO"s: - (\"O"êX"pS"@¡p“:) “Jo>“@¡pZ:
T"sà^": ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o
T"øP"X"T"sà^": R"p\"{O" R"p\"O": R"p\"{SO"
X"RY"X"T"sà^": R"p\"{_" R"p\"P": R"p\"P"
íf"X"T"sà^": R"p\"p{X" R"p\"p\": R"p\"pX":

‘S"X"o’ R"pO"s: (\"O"êX"pS"@¡p“:) - “Jo>“@¡pZ:

T"sà^": ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o

T"øP"X"T"sà^": S"X"{O" S"X"O": S"X"{SO"
X"RY"X"T"sà^": S"X"{_" S"X"P": S"X"P"
íf"X"T"sà^": S"X"p{X" S"X"p\": S"X"pX":

{\"ðpu^"{@ø¡Y"pá¡T"p{Np
‘ì_"o’ R"pO"s: (\"O"êX"pS"@¡p“:) “Jo>“@¡pZ:

T"sà^": ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o

T"øP"X"T"sà^": ì{_O" _O": _"{SO"
X"RY"X"T"sà^": ì{_" _P": _P"
íf"X"T"sà^": ì{_X" _\": _X":
92 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

‘@w¡’ (@w¡I"o) R"pO"s: - (\"O"êX"pS"@¡p“:) - “Jo>“@¡pZ:

T"sà^": ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o

T"øP"X"T"sà^": @¡Zpu{O" @s¡àO": @s¡\"ê{SO"
X"RY"X"T"sà^": @¡Zpu{^" @s¡àP": @s¡àP"
íf"X"T"sà^": @¡Zpu{X" @s¡\"ê: @s¡X"ê:

‘Qp’ R"pO"s: - \"O"êX"pS"@¡p“: - “Jo>“@¡pZ:

T"sà^": ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o
T"øP"X"T"sà^": QQp{O" Qf": QQ{O"
X"RY"X"T"sà^": QQp{_" QOP": QOP"
íf"X"T"sà^": QQp{X" QŸ: Qè:

ÊæáàÇæ PæãqrÃÜáÊÜ QſޱܨÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° PÜísܱÝsÜ ÊÜÞwÄ. Memorise the

verbs given above.
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 93
e"Y"puQðp: T"pK>:
ðpVQá¡T"p{Np
ì@¡pZpSO": T"sz{“Œ: ‘ZpX"’ ðpVQ: $ ÃÝÊÜá/Raama
{\"W"{×O": ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o
T"øP"X"p ZpX": ZpX"pv ZpX"p:
E/-& ÃÝÊÜá®Üá CŸºÃÜá ÃÝÊÜá®Üá ÃÝÊÜáÃÜá
_"z.T"øP"X"p `u ZpX" `u ZpX"pv `u ZpX"p:
H, GÇæç/o' H ÃÝÊÜá®æà H CŸºÃÜá ÃÝÊÜáÃæà H ÃÝÊÜáÃæà
{ŸO"rY"p ZpX"X"o ZpX"pv ZpX"pS"o
A®Üá°/to ÃÝÊÜá®Ü®áÜ ° CŸºÃÜá ÃÝÊÜáÃÜ®Üá° ÃÝÊÜáÃÜ®áÜ °
O"wO"rY"p ZpX"uNp ZpX"pWY"pX"o ZpX"v:
Cí¨Ü/by/with ÃÝÊÜá¯í¨Ü CŸºÃÜá ÃÝÊÜáÄí¨Ü ÃÝÊÜáÄí¨Ü
E"O"sP"rê ZpX"pY" ZpX"pWY"pX"o ZpX"uWY":
Wæ, CWæ, PæR /to/for ÃÝÊÜá¯Wæ CŸºÃÜá ÃÝÊÜáÄWæ ÃÝÊÜáÄWæ
T"ú"X"r ZpX"pO"o ZpX"pWY"pX"o ZpX"uWY":
¨æÓÀ
æ áí¨Ü /from ÃÝÊÜá®Ü ¨æÓÀ
æ áí¨Ü CŸºÃÜá ÃÝÊÜáÃÜ ¨æÓæÀáí¨Ü ÃÝÊÜáÃÜ ¨æÓÀ
æ áí¨Ü
^"Î>r ZpX"_Y" ZpX"Y"pu: ZpX"pNppX"o
A, ®Ü /of/'s ÃÝÊÜá®Ü CŸºÃÜá ÃÝÊÜáÃÜ ÃÝÊÜáÃÜ
_"Ê"X"r ZpX"u ZpX"Y"pu: ZpX"u^"s
AÈÉ/in/on/at ÃÝÊÜá®ÜÈÉ CŸºÃÜá ÃÝÊÜáÃÜÈÉ ÃÝÊÜáÃÜÈÉ

ìWY"p_": :- Qu\"-_"tY"ê-@w¡^Np-G"S"@¡-{ðp\"-V"p“ - òOY"pQY":

ìp@¡pZpSO": ®r{“Œ: ‘_"rO"p’ ðpVQ: ÔàñÝ/ Seeta
{\"W"{×O": ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o
T"øP"X"p _"rO"p _"rO"u _"rO"p:
_"z.T"øP"X"p `u _"rO"u `u _"rO"u `u _"rO"p:
{ŸO"rY"p _"rO"pX"o _"rO"u _"rO"p:
O"wO"rY"p _"rO"Y"p _"rO"pWY"pX"o _"rO"p{W":
E"O"sP"rê _"rO"pY"v _"rO"pWY"pX"o _"rO"pWY":
T"ú"X"r _"rO"pY"p: _"rO"pWY"pX"o _"rO"pWY":
^"Î>r _"rO"pY"p: _"rO"Y"pu: _"rO"pS"pX"o
_"Ê"X"r _"rO"pY"pX"o _"rO"Y"pu: _"rO"p_"s
ï\"X"u\" ZX"p-“O"p-ìXV"p-_"sR"p - òOY"pQY": ìXV"p in _"z.T"ø.{\"W"{˜¡ ï.\". is ‘ìXV"’ and not ‘ìXV"u’.
94 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

ì@¡pZpSO": S"T"sz_"@¡{“Œ: ‘\"S"’ - ðpVQ: AÃÜ|Â/ Forest

{\"W"{×O": ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o

T"øP"X"p \"S"X"o \"S"u \"S"p{S"
_"z.T"øP"X"p `u \"S" `u \"S"u `u \"S"p{S"
{ŸO"rY"p \"S"X"o \"S"u \"S"p{S"
O"wO"rY"p \"S"uS" \"S"pWY"pX"o \"S"v:
E"O"sP"rê \"S"pY" \"S"pWY"pX"o \"S"uWY":
T"ú"X"r \"S"pO"o \"S"pWY"pX"o \"S"uWY":
^"Î>r \"S"_Y" \"S"Y"pu: \"S"pS"pX"o
_"Ê"X"r \"S"u \"S"Y"pu: \"S"u^"s

ï\"X"u\" U¡“-T"s^T"-G"“-Y"pS"-R"S"-òOY"pQY": $
Q@¡pZpSO": T"sz{“Œ: ‘ïO"Qo’ ðpVQ: CÊÜ®Üá/ This(M)

{\"W"{×O": ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o

T"øP"X"p ï^": ïO"pv ïO"u
{ŸO"rY"p ïO"z-ïS"X"o ïO"pv-ïS"pv ïO"pS"o-ïS"pS"o
O"wO"rY"p ïO"uS"-ïS"uS" ïO"pWY"pX"o ïO"v:
E"O"sP"rê ïO"_X"v ïO"pWY"pX"o ïO"uWY":
T"ú"X"r ïO"_X"pO"o ïO"pWY"pX"o ïO"uWY":
^"Î>r ïO"_Y" ïO"Y"pu:-ïS"Y"pu: ïO"u^"pX"o
_"Ê"X"r ïO"{_X"S"o ïO"Y"pu:-ïS"Y"pu: ïO"u^"s
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 95
Q@¡pZpSO": ®r{“Œ: ‘ïO"Qo’ ðpVQ: $ CÊÜÙÜá / This (F)

{\"W"{×O": ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o

T"øP"X"p ï^"p ïO"u ïO"p:
{ŸO"rY"p ïO"pz-ïS"pX"o ïO"u-ïS"u ïO"p:-ïS"p:
O"wO"rY"p ïO"Y"p-ïS"Y"p ïO"pWY"pX"o ïO"p{W":
E"O"sP"rê ïO"_Y"v ïO"pWY"pX"o ïO"pWY":
T"ú"X"r ïO"_Y"p: ïO"pWY"pX"o ïO"pWY":
^"Î>r ïO"_Y"p: ïO"Y"pu:-ïS"Y"pu: ïO"p_"pX"o
_"Ê"X"r ïO"_Y"pX"o ïO"Y"pu:-ïS"Y"pu: ïO"p_"s

Q@¡pZpSO": S"T"sz_"@¡{“Œ: ‘ïO"Qo’ ðpVQ: $ C¨Üá/ This (N)

{\"W"{×O": ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o

T"øP"X"p ïO"O"o ïO"u ïO"p{S"
{ŸO"rY"p ïO"O"o ïO"u ïO"p{S"
O"wO"rY"p ïO"uS"-ïS"uS" ïO"pWY"pX"o ïO"v:
E"O"sP"rê ïO"_X"v ïO"pWY"pX"o ïO"uWY":
T"ú"X"r ïO"_X"pO"o ïO"pWY"pX"o ïO"uWY":
^"Î>r ïO"_Y" ïO"Y"pu:-ïS"Y"pu: ïO"u^"pX"o
_"Ê"X"r ïO"{_X"S"o ïO"Y"pu:-ïS"Y"pu: ïO"u^"s
96 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

Q@¡pZpSO": T"sz{“Œ: ‘O"Qo’ ðpVQ: AÊÜ®Üá/ He

{\"W"{×O": ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o

T"øP"X"p _": O"pv O"u
{ŸO"rY"p O"X"o O"pv O"pS"o
O"wO"rY"p O"uS" O"pWY"pX"o O"v:
E"O"sP"rê O"_X"v O"pWY"pX"o O"uWY":
T"ú"X"r O"_X"pO"o O"pWY"pX"o O"uWY":
^"Î>r O"_Y" O"Y"pu: O"u^"pX"o
_"Ê"X"r O"{_X"S"o O"Y"pu: O"u^"s

Q@¡pZpSO": ®r{“Œ: ‘O"Qo’ ðpVQ: AÊÜÙÜá/ She

{\"W"{×O": ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o

T"øP"X"p _"p O"u O"p:
{ŸO"rY"p O"pX"o O"u O"p:
O"wO"rY"p O"Y"p O"pWY"pX"o O"p{W":
E"O"sP"rê O"_Y"v O"pWY"pX"o O"pWY":
T"ú"X"r O"_Y"p: O"pWY"pX"o O"pWY":
^"Î>r O"_Y"p: O"Y"pu: O"p_"pX"o
_"Ê"X"r O"_Y"pX"o O"Y"pu: O"p_"s
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 97
Q@¡pZpSO": S"T"sz_"@¡{“Œ: ‘O"Qo’ ðpVQ: $ A¨Üá/That

{\"W"{×O": ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o

T"øP"X"p O"O"o O"u O"p{S"
{ŸO"rY"p O"O"o O"u O"p{S"
O"wO"rY"p O"uS" O"pWY"pX"o O"v:
E"O"sP"rê O"_X"v O"pWY"pX"o O"uWY":
T"ú"X"r O"_X"pO"o O"pWY"pX"o O"uWY":
^"Î>r O"_Y" O"Y"pu: O"u^"pX"o
_"Ê"X"r O"{_X"S"o O"Y"pu: O"u^"s

X"@¡pZpSO": T"sz{“Œ: ‘{@¡X"o’ ðpVQ: $ ¿ÞÊÜ®Üá/Who(M)

{\"W"{×O": ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o

T"øP"X"p @¡: @¡pv @u¡
{ŸO"rY"p @¡X"o @¡pv @¡pS"o
O"wO"rY"p @u¡S" @¡pWY"pX"o @v¡:
E"O"sP"rê @¡_X"v @¡pWY"pX"o @u¡WY":
T"ú"X"r @¡_X"pO"o @¡pWY"pX"o @u¡WY":
^"Î>r @¡_Y" @¡Y"pu: @u¡^"pX"o
_"Ê"X"r @¡{_X"S"o @¡Y"pu: @u¡^"s
98 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

X"@¡pZpSO": ®r{“Œ: ‘{@¡X"o’ ðpVQ: $ ¿ÞÊÜÙÜá/Who(F)

{\"W"{×O": ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o

T"øP"X"p. @¡p @u¡ @¡p:
{ŸO"rY"p @¡pX"o @u¡ @¡p:
O"wO"rY"p @¡Y"p @¡pWY"pX"o @¡p{W":
E"O"sP"rê @¡_Y"v @¡pWY"pX"o @¡pWY":
T"ú"X"r @¡_Y"p: @¡pWY"pX"o @¡pWY":
^"Î>r @¡_Y"p: @¡Y"pu: @¡p_"pX"o
_"Ê"X"r @¡_Y"pX"o @¡Y"pu: @¡p_"s

X"@¡pZpSO": S"T"sz_"@¡{“Œ: ‘{@¡X"o’ ðpVQ: $ ¿ÞÊÜâ¨Üá/What

{\"W"{×O": ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o

T"øP"X"p {@¡X"o @u¡ @¡p{S"
{ŸO"rY"p {@¡X"o @u¡ @¡p{S"
O"wO"rY"p @u¡S" @¡pWY"pX"o @v¡:
E"O"sP"rê @¡_X"v @¡pWY"pX"o @u¡WY":
T"ú"X"r @¡_X"pO"o @¡pWY"pX"o @u¡WY":
^"Î>r @¡_Y" @¡Y"pu: @u¡^"pX"o
_"Ê"X"r @¡{_X"S"o @¡Y"pu: @u¡^"s
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Q@¡pZpSO": ({e"{“Œ:) Y"s^X"Qo ðpVQ: - ¯à®Üá/You

{\"W"{×O": ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o

T"øP"X"p O\"X"o Y"s\"pX"o Y"tY"X"o
{ŸO"rY"p O\"pX"o/O\"p Y"s\"pX"o/\"pX"o Y"s^X"pS"o/\":
O"wO"rY"p O\"Y"p Y"s\"pWY"pX"o Y"s^X"p{W":
E"O"sP"rê O"sWY"X"o/O"u Y"s\"pWY"pX"o/\"pX"o Y"s^X"WY"X"o/\":
T"ú"X"r O\"O"o Y"s\"pWY"pX"o Y"s^X"O"o
^"Î>r O"\"/O"u Y"s\"Y"pu:/\"pX"o Y"s^X"p@¡X"o/\":
_"Ê"X"r O\"{Y" Y"s\"Y"pu: Y"s^X"p_"s

Q@¡pZpSO": ({e"{“Œ:) ì_X"Qo ðpVQ: - ®Ý®Üá / I

{\"W"{×O": ï@¡\"E"S"X"o {Ÿ\"E"S"X"o V"`l\"E"S"X"o

T"øP"X"p ì`X"o ìp\"pX"o \"Y"X"o
{ŸO"rY"p X"pX"o/X"p ìp\"pX"o/S"pv ì_X"pS"o/S":
O"wO"rY"p X"Y"p ìp\"pWY"pX"o ì_X"p{W":
E"O"sP"rê X"åX"o/X"u ìp\"pWY"pX"o/S"pv ì_X"WY"X"o/S":
T"ú"X"r X"O"o ìp\"pWY"pX"o ì_X"O"o
^"Î>r X"X"/X"u ìp\"Y"pu:/S"pv ì_X"p@¡X"o/S":
_"Ê"X"r X"{Y" ìp\"Y"pu: ì_X"p_"s
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E"O"sQêðp: T"pK>:
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ï@¡X"o 1

ï@z¡ âQY"X"o ï@z¡ X"[_O"^@¡X"o ï@¡X"o íQZX"o

Ÿu 2

Ÿu S"ue"u Ÿpv `_O"pv Ÿpv @¡Nppvê Ÿpv T"pQpv

e"r{Np 3

S"pqZ@u¡“_Y" S"ue"p{Np e"r{Np {V"Ú\"T"e"u Q“p{S" e"r{Np {ðp\"_Y" S"ue"p{Np e"r{Np

E"O\"pqZ 4

E"O"s\"uêQp: E"O"sX"sêA"V"øÏ"p E"O"sX"sêA"{_"z`:

 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 101

T"ú"c"pS"u[SçY"p{Np

S"ue"X"o
S"p{_"@¡p @¡Npê:
O\"@o¡ Z_"S"p

T"ú"X"`pW"tO"p{S"

G"“X"o \"pY"s: W"t{X": ì{Ðp: ìp@¡pðp:

^"Lo>-Qpu^"p: `pO"\Y"p:
{S"çp O"Sçp W"Y"X"o @ø¡puR": ìp“_Y"X"o QrC"ê_"te"O"p

^"Lo>-Z_"p:

X"R"sZ: {O"˜¡: @¡Js>: ìpX“: @¡^"pY": “\"NpX"o

102 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

_"Ê" 7
_"Ê" h¡^"Y":

\"{_"Î>: W"ZŸpG": {\"ð\"p{X"e": BppvO"X": ì{e": @¡ðY"T": G"X"Q{Ðp:

ìÍ> 8
ìÍ>{Qðp:/ìÍ>{Q×T"p“@¡p:
@s¡V"uZ: òêð
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\"pY "\Y"p pS"r
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\"àNp:/T"[ðE"X"p T"t\"pê/òSç:
r
S
{S"h "hv ¡O"r pÐpYu " p:
¡ê {O" ì {Ð
: Q{b"Npp ì
Y"X":
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S"\"Z_"p:
(1) ðpwŒpZ: (2) \"rZ: (3) @¡àNp:

(4) ìQoW"sO": (5) `p_Y": (6) W"Y"pS"@¡:

(7) V"rW"O_": (8) Zpvç: (9) ðppSO":

 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 103

Qðp 10
Qðp-ì\"O"pZp:

(1) X"O_Y":, (2) @t¡X"ê:, (3) \"Zp`:, (4) S"Z{_"z`:, (5) \"pX"S":

(6) T"ZðpsZpX":, (7) drZpX":, (8) dr@w¡^Np:, (9) V"s«:, (10) @¡[Ú@¡:
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ï@¡pQðp 11
ï@¡pQðp àçp:
ŸpQðp 12
ŸpQðp ZpðpY":
X"u^":, \"w^"W":, {X"P"sS"X"o, @¡@¡pêJ>@¡:, {_"z`:, @¡SY"p,
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T"ú"Qðp 15
T"ú"Qðp {O"P"Y":
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@w¡^NpT"b"u T"ú"Qðpr {O"{P": ìX"p\"p_Y"p $

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ì{Ä"S"r, W"ZNpr, @w¡{f"@¡p, Zpu{`Npr, X"wBpðpr^"êX"o, ìpçpê, T"sS"\"ê_"t, T"s^Y":, ìpð“u^"p,
X"C"p, T"t\"êU¡ÚBpsS"r, íf"ZU¡ÚBpsS"r, `_O":, {E"e"p, _\"p{O":, {\"ðppA"p, ìS"sZpR"p, GY"uÎ>p,
X"t“X"o, T"t\"pê^"pM>p, íf"Zp^"pM>p, d\"Np:, R"{S"Î>p, ðpO"{W"^"@o¡, T"t\"pêW"pçp, íf"ZpW"pçp, Zu\"O"r $
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 105

_"‹÷p:
í‚"v: T"K>O" - ì\"BpEF>O" - qZ˜¡_P"pS"u^"s {“A"O" E"
1 1 ï@¡X"o ....................... 26 26 ^"Lo>{\"zðp{O": ...................
2 2 Ÿu ....................... 27 27 _"Ê"{\"zðp{O": ...................
3 3 e"r{Np ....................... 28 28 ìÍ>p{\"zðp{O": ...................
4 4 E"O\"pqZ ....................... 29 29 S"\"{\"zðp{O": ...................
5 5 T"ú" ....................... 30 30 {e"zðpO"o ...................
6 6 ^"Jo> ....................... 31 31 ï@¡{e"zðpO"o ...................
7 7 _"Ê" ....................... 32 32 Ÿp{e"zðpO"o ...................
8 8 ìÍ> ....................... 33 33 e"Y"{®zðpO"o ...................
9 9 S"\" ....................... 34 34 E"O"s{®zðpO"o ...................
10 10 Qðp ....................... 35 35 T"ú"{e"zðpO"o ...................
11 11 ï@¡pQðp ....................... 36 36 ^"Jo>{e"zðpO"o ...................
12 12 ŸpQðp ....................... 37 37 _"Ê"{e"zðpO"o ...................
13 13 e"Y"puQðp ....................... 38 38 ìÍ>p{e"zðpO"o ...................
14 14 E"O"sQðê p ....................... 39 39 S"\"{e"zðpO"o ...................
15 15 T"ú"Qðp ....................... 40 40 E"O\"pqZzðpO"o ...................
16 16 ^"puL>ðp ....................... 41 41 ï@¡E"O\"pqZzðpO"o ................
17 17 _"Ê"Qðp ....................... 42 42 {ŸE"O\"pqZzðpO"o ................
18 18 ìÍ>pQðp ....................... 43 43 {e"E"O\"pqZzðpO"o ................
19 19 S"\"Qðp ....................... 44 44 E"O"sðE"O\"pqZzðpO"o ................
20 20 {\"zðp{O": ....................... 45 45 T"ú"E"O\"pqZzðpO"o ................
21 21 ï@¡{\"zðp{O": ................... 46 46 ^"Jo>E"O\"pqZzðpO"o ................
22 22 Ÿp{\"zðp{O": ................... 47 47 _"Ê"E"O\"pqZzðpO"o ................
23 23 e"Y"pu{\"zðp{O": ................... 48 48 ìÍ>E"O\"pqZzðpO"o ................
24 24 E"O"s{\"|ðp{O": ................... 49 49 S"\"E"O\"pqZzðpO"o ................
25 25 T"ú"{\"zðp{O": ................... 50 50 T"ú"pðpO"o ................
106 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

51 51 ï@¡T"ú"pðpO"o ................... 76 76 ^"Jo>_"Ê"{O": ...................

52 52 {ŸT"ú"pðpO"o...................... 77 77 _"Ê"_"Ê"{O": ...................
53 53 {e"T"ú"pðpO"o...................... 78 78 ìÍ>_"Ê"{O": ...................
54 54 E"O"s^T"ú"pðpO"o.................... 79 79 S"\"_"Ê"{O": ...................
55 55 T"ú"T"ú"pðpO"o ................... 80 80 ìðpr{O": ...................
56 56 ^"Jo>T"ú"pðpO"o..................... 81 81 ï@¡pðpr{O": ...................
57 57 _"Ê"T"ú"pðpO"o .................... 82 82 Ÿ÷ðpr{O": ...................
58 58 ìÍ>T"ú"pðpO"o .................... 83 83 eY"ðpr{O": ...................
59 59 S"\"T"ú"pðpO"o .................... 84 84 E"O"sZðpr{O": ...................
60 60 ^"{Í>: ...................... 85 85 T"ú"pðpr{O": ...................
61 61 ï@¡^"{Í>: ....................... 86 86 ^"L>ðpr{O": ...................
62 62 {Ÿ^"{Í>: ....................... 87 87 _"Ê"pðpr{O": ...................
63 63 {e"^"{Í>: ....................... 88 88 ìÍ>pðpr{O": ...................
64 64 E"O"s:^"{Í>:....................... 89 89 S"\"pðpr{O": ...................
65 65 T"ú"^"{Í>: ....................... 90 90 S"\"{O": ...................
66 66 ^"Jo>^"{Í>: ....................... 91 91 ï@¡S"\"{O": ................
67 67 _"Ê"^"{Í>: ....................... 92 92 {ŸS"\"{O": ................
68 68 ìÍ>^"{Í>: ....................... 93 93 {e"S"\"{O": ................
69 69 S"\"^"{Í>: ....................... 94 94 E"O"sS"ê\"{O": ................
70 70 _"Ê"{O": ....................... 95 95 T"ú"S"\"{O": ................
71 71 ï@¡_"Ê"{O": ................... 96 96 ^"NNp\"{O": ................
72 72 {Ÿ_"Ê"{O": ................... 97 97 _"Ê"S"\"{O": ................
73 73 {e"_"Ê"{O": ................... 98 98 ìÍ>S"\"{O": ................
74 74 E"O"s:_"Ê"{O": ................... 99 99 S"\"S"\"{O": ................
75 75 T"ú"_"Ê"{O": ................... 100100 ðpO"X"o ................
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 107

ìWY"p_":
I.ÓÜíÓÜ¢ñܨÜÈÉ EñܤÄÔÄ & Answer in Samskrta :
1. \"E"S"p{S" @¡p{S" ?
2. T"ú" W"tO"p{S" @¡p{S" ?
3. ^"Lo> h¡O"\": @u¡ ?
4. ìÍ> {Q×T"p“@¡p: @u¡ ?
5. S"\" Bpø`p: @u¡ ?
6. Qðp ì\"O"pZp: @u¡ ?
7. ^"Lo> Z_"p: @u¡ ?
8. `pO"\Y"p: Qpu^"p: @u¡ ?
9. ZpðpY": @u¡ ?
10. {E"f"p S"b"e"pQpZWY" Qðp S"b"e"pNppz S"pX"p{S" {“A"O" ?
II. ËhÝ£à¿á ±Ü¨ÜÊÜ®Üá° ŸÃæÀáÄ & Write the odd words :
1. X"u^":, ì{Ä"S"r, {X"P"sS"X"o, {_"z`: $ ......................
2. S"\"X"r, ï@¡pQðpr, òSç:, T"t{NpêX"p $ ......................
3. @¡ðY"T":, BppvO"X":, {S"hê¡{O":, \"{_"Î>: $ ......................
4. W"bY"X"o, W"puGY"X"o, “uåX"o, _"pvXY": $ ......................
5. ìp@¡pðpX"o, T"p\"@¡:, W"tO"“X"o, X"t“X"o $ ......................
108 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

T"ú"Qðp: T"pK>:
ìS"s\"pQpWY"p_":
1. PܮܰvÜPæR A®ÜáÊÝ¨Ü ÊÜÞwÄ & Translate into English
1. V"p“: BpEF>{O" $ .....................................................
2. ìÄ"pv R"p\"O": $ .....................................................
3. X"wBpp: E"“[SO" $ .....................................................
4. _"u\"@¡: W"pZz \"`{O" $ .....................................................
5. W"˜¡p: Qu\"z T"tG"Y"[SO" $ .....................................................
6. R"{S"@¡: R"S"z Y"EF>{O" $ .....................................................
7. V"p{“@¡p BprO"z BppY"{O" $ .....................................................
8. X"pO"p T"se"pS"o T"p“Y"{O" $ .....................................................
9. F>pe"p: \"uQpS"o T"K>[SO" $ .....................................................
10. _"tY"ê: T"t\"ê{Q{ðp íQu{O" $ .....................................................
2. ÓÜíÓÜ¢ñÜPæR A®ÜáÊÝ¨Ü ÊÜÞwÄ & Translate into Samskrita
1. AÊÜ®Üá K¨Üáñݤ®æ. & He reads.
.................................................................................
2. AÊÜÙÜá ®ÜWÜáñݤÙæ. & She is laughing.
.................................................................................
3. CÊÜÃÜá ®ÜWÜÃÜPæR ÖæãàWÜáñݤÃæ. & These (M) are going to the city.
.................................................................................
4. AÊÜÙÜá ÖÝvÜ®Üá° ÖÝvÜáñݤÙæ. & She is singing song.
.................................................................................
5. CÊÜ®Üá ®Ü®Ü°®Üá° PæàÙÜáñݤ®æ. & This (M) asks me.
.................................................................................
 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 109
6. ®Ý®Üá ±ÜâÓܤPÜÊÜ®Üá° K¨Üáñæ¤à®æ. & I am reading the book.
.................................................................................
7. ®ÝËŸºÃÜá ¨æàÊÜÄWæ ÊÜí©ÓÜáñæ¤àÊæ. & We two salute the God.
.................................................................................
8. ®ÝÊÜâ ÓÝ°®ÜÊÜ®Üá° ÊÜÞvÜáñæ¤àÊæ. & We are taking bath.
.................................................................................
9. ¯à®Üá GÈÉWæ ÖæãàWÜᣤàÁáà ? & Where are you going ?
.................................................................................
10. ¯àÊÜâ PÜdæàÄWæ ÖæãàWÜᣤàÃÝ ? & Are you going to the office ?
.................................................................................
3. PܮܰvÜPæR A®ÜáÊÝ¨Ü ÊÜÞwÄ & Translate into English
1. `Zrðp: ðpp“pz BpEF>{O" $
.................................................................................
2. E"Sç: ìp@¡pðpu ðppuW"O"u $
.................................................................................
3. “bX"r: W"puG"S"z @¡Zpu{O" $
.................................................................................
4. G"BpQrðp: G"S"@u¡S" _"` BpEF>{O" $
.................................................................................
5. X"pO"p T"se"pY" b"rZz Y"EF>{O" $
.................................................................................
6. O\"z BpøpX"z BpEF>{_" $
.................................................................................
7. Y"tY"z {@z¡ @s¡àP" ?
.................................................................................
110 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1
8. ì`z G"“z ìpS"Y"p{X" $
.................................................................................
9. ìp\"pz T"ZpuT"@¡pZz @s¡\"ê: $
.................................................................................
10. \"Y"z Bpw`z T"ø{\"ðppX": $
.................................................................................
4. ÓÜíÓÜ¢ñÜPæR A®ÜáÊÝ¨Ü ÊÜÞwÄ & Translate into Samskrita
1. «Ü¯PÜ®Üá ¨ÜĨÜůWæ ÖÜ|ÊÜ®Üá° PæãvÜáñݤ®æ. & The richman gives money to the poor.
.................................................................................
2. ÃæçñÜÃÜá ±ÝÅ~WÜÙÜ®Üá° ÓÝPÜáñݤÃæ. & The farmers rear animals.
.................................................................................
3. AÊÜ®Üá ÊæáçÓÜãÄWæ ÖæãàWÜáñݤ®æ. & He is going to Mysore.
.................................................................................
4. ÃÝZÊÜ®Üá FoÊÜ®Üá° ÊÜÞvÜáñݤ®æ. & Raghav is eating food.
.................................................................................
5. ®ÜñÜìQ¿áá ®ÜêñÜÂÊÜ®Üá° ÊÜÞvÜáñݤÙæ. & The dancer dances.
.................................................................................
6. ÊÜoáWÜÙÜá Êæà¨ÜÊÜ®Üá° ÖæàÙÜáñݤÃæ. & The Vatus recite the Veda.
.................................................................................
7. ÃæãàX¿áá LÐÜ«ÝÆ¿áPæR ÖæãàWÜáñݤ®æ. & The ill person is going to the clinic.
.................................................................................
8. PÜêÐÜ¡®Ü ÓÜÖæãà¨ÜÃÜ ŸÆÃÝÊÜá®Üá. & Krishna's brother is Balarama.
.................................................................................
9. ®ÝÙæ ÍÝÇæ¿áÈÉ ±ÜÄàûæ C¨æ. & Tomorrow there will be exam in school.
.................................................................................
10. ÊÜáÙæÀáí¨Ü ¸æÙæ¿áá ¸æÙæ¿ááñܤ¨æ. & The crops grow by rain.
.................................................................................
_"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1 111
q±Ü³~ / Notes
112 _"z_@w¡O"W"p^"pQr{T"@¡p-1

q±Ü³~ / Notes