Inverse Trigonometric Fucntion

4100 AWL/Thomas_ch07p466-552 8/20/04 10:03 AM Page 517
7.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 517
7.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Inverse trigonometric functions arise when we want to calculate angles from side measure-
ments in triangles. They also provide useful antiderivatives and appear frequently in the
solutions of differential equations. This section shows how these functions are defined,
graphed, and evaluated, how their derivatives are computed, and why they appear as im-
portant antiderivatives.
Defining the Inverses

The six basic trigonometric functions are not one-to-one (their values repeat periodically).
However we can restrict their domains to intervals on which they are one-to-one. The sine
function increases from -1 at x = -p>2 to +1 at x = p>2. By restricting its domain to
the interval [-p>2, p>2] we make it one-to-one, so that it has an inverse sin-1 x
(Figure 7.16). Similar domain restrictions can be applied to all six trigonometric functions.
Domain restrictions that make the trigonometric functions one-to-one
Function Domain Range

y
sin x [-p>2, p>2] [-1, 1] y sin x
x sin y
y sin –1x
x
2 Domain: –1 x 1 – 0
Range: – / 2 y / 2 2 2
x
–1 1
cos x [0, p] [-1, 1] y
– cos x
2
x
0
2
FIGURE 7.16 The graph of y = sin-1 x.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

518 Chapter 7: Transcendental Functions
tan x s -p>2, p>2d s - q, q d y tan x
x
–␲ 0 ␲
2 2
cot x s0, pd s - q, q d y
cot x
␲ ␲ x
0
2
sec x [0, p>2d ´ sp>2, p] s - q , -1] ´ [1, q d y sec x
␲ ␲ x
0
2
csc x [-p>2, 0d ´ s0, p>2] s - q , -1] ´ [1, q d y

csc x
1
x
–␲ 0 ␲
2 2
Since these restricted functions are now one-to-one, they have inverses, which we de-
note by
y = sin-1 x or y = arcsin x
y = cos-1 x or y = arccos x
-1
y = tan x or y = arctan x
y = cot-1 x or y = arccot x
-1
y = sec x or y = arcsec x
y = csc-1 x or y = arccsc x
These equations are read “y equals the arcsine of x” or “y equals arcsin x” and so on.

CAUTION The -1 in the expressions for the inverse means “inverse.” It does not mean
reciprocal. For example, the reciprocal of sin x is ssin xd-1 = 1>sin x = csc x.
The graphs of the six inverse trigonometric functions are shown in Figure 7.17. We
can obtain these graphs by reflecting the graphs of the restricted trigonometric functions
through the line y = x, as in Section 7.1. We now take a closer look at these functions and
their derivatives.
Domain: –1 x 1 Domain: –1 x 1
Range: – y Range: 0 y
2 2
y y

2
y sin –1x y cos –1x
x
–1 1 2
– x
2 –1 1
(a) (b)
Domain: – ∞ x ∞ Domain: x –1 or x 1
Range: – y Range: 0 y , y
2 2 2
y y

2 y tan –1x y sec –1x
x 2
–2 –1 1 2
–
2 x
–2 –1 1 2
(c) (d)
Domain: x –1 or x 1 Domain: – ∞ x ∞
Range: – y , y 0 Range: 0 y
2 2
y y

2 y csc–1x
y cot –1x

x 2
–2 –1 1 2
– x
2 –2 –1 1 2
(e) (f )
FIGURE 7.17 Graphs of the six basic inverse trigonometric

functions.
The Arcsine and Arccosine Functions

The arcsine of x is the angle in [-p>2, p>2] whose sine is x. The arccosine is an angle in
[0, p] whose cosine is x.

DEFINITION Arcsine and Arccosine Functions
y sin1 x is the number in [-p>2, p>2] for which sin y = x.

y cos1 x is the number in [0, p] for which cos y = x.
y
x sin y
y sin –1x
Domain: [–1, 1]
Range: [–/2, /2]
y y sin x, – 2 x 2 2
Domain: [–/2, /2]
x
Range: [–1, 1] –1 0 1
1
x –
– 2
0
2 2
–1
(a) (b)
FIGURE 7.18 The graphs of (a) y = sin x, -p>2 … x … p>2 , and (b) its inverse,
y = sin-1 x . The graph of sin-1 x , obtained by reflection across the line y = x , is a
portion of the curve x = sin y .
The “Arc” in Arc Sine and
Arc Cosine
The accompanying figure gives a The graph of y = sin-1 x (Figure 7.18) is symmetric about the origin (it lies along the
geometric interpretation of y = sin-1 x graph of x = sin y). The arcsine is therefore an odd function:
and y = cos-1 x for radian angles in the
sin-1s -xd = -sin-1 x. (1)
first quadrant. For a unit circle, the
equation s = r u becomes s = u , so The graph of y = cos-1 x (Figure 7.19) has no such symmetry.
central angles and the arcs they subtend
have the same measure. If x = sin y ,
y
then, in addition to being the angle
whose sine is x, y is also the length of arc x cos y
on the unit circle that subtends an angle

whose sine is x. So we call y “the arc y y cos –1 x
whose sine is x.” y y cos x, 0 x
Domain: [–1, 1]
Domain: [0, ] Range: [0, ]
1 Range: [–1, 1] 2
x2 y2 1 Arc whose sine is x
x
x –1 0 1
0
Arc whose –1 2
Angle whose cosine is x
(a) (b)
sine is x
x
0 x 1 FIGURE 7.19 The graphs of (a) y = cos x, 0 … x … p , and (b) its
Angle whose
cosine is x
inverse, y = cos-1 x . The graph of cos-1 x , obtained by reflection across
the line y = x , is a portion of the curve x = cos y .
Known values of sin x and cos x can be inverted to find values of sin-1 x and cos-1 x.

EXAMPLE 1 Common Values of sin-1 x

y y
x sin-1 x sin –1 兹3 sin –1 – 1  sin –1 – 兹2  –
2 3  兹2   2  4
23>2 p>3 2 兹3
3 1
22>2 p>4 x x
–
1> 2
0 1 0
p>6 4
兹2 –1
sin 兹3 sin –  – 1
-1>2 -p>6
- 22>2 -p>4 3 2  4 兹2
- 23>2 -p>3
The angles come from the first and fourth quadrants because the range of sin-1 x is
[-p>2, p>2].
EXAMPLE 2 Common Values of cos-1 x

x cos-1 x
23>2 p>6 y y
cos–1 1 cos–1 兹2 cos–1 – 1 2
22>2 p>4 兹2 2 4  2 3
1> 2 p>3 兹2 2 2 2
1 兹3 3
-1>2 2p>3 4 x x
0 1 –1 0
- 22>2 3p>4
- 23>2 5p>6
cos 1 cos  2  – 1
4 兹2 3  2
y The angles come from the first and second quadrants because the range of cos-1 x is
cos–1(–x)
[0, p].
cos–1x
x Identities Involving Arcsine and Arccosine

–1 –x 0 x 1
As we can see from Figure 7.20, the arccosine of x satisfies the identity
cos-1 x + cos-1s -xd = p, (2)
or
FIGURE 7.20 cos-1 x and cos-1s -xd are
supplementary angles (so their sum is p). cos-1 s -xd = p - cos-1 x. (3)
Also, we can see from the triangle in Figure 7.21 that for x 7 0,
sin-1 x + cos-1 x = p>2. (4)
Equation (4) holds for the other values of x in [-1, 1] as well, but we cannot conclude this
from the triangle in Figure 7.21. It is, however, a consequence of Equations (1) and (3)
1 cos–1x (Exercise 131).
x
sin–1x
Inverses of tan x, cot x, sec x, and csc x
FIGURE 7.21 sin-1 x and cos-1 x are The arctangent of x is an angle whose tangent is x. The arccotangent of x is an angle whose
complementary angles (so their sum is p>2). cotangent is x.

y tan–1x
DEFINITION Arctangent and Arccotangent Functions
y
Domain: (– ∞, ∞)
Range: (–/2, /2)
y tan1 x is the number in s -p>2, p>2d for which tan y = x.

2 y cot1 x is the number in s0, pd for which cot y = x.
x
0
–
We use open intervals to avoid values where the tangent and cotangent are undefined.
2 The graph of y = tan-1 x is symmetric about the origin because it is a branch of the
graph x = tan y that is symmetric about the origin (Figure 7.22). Algebraically this means
FIGURE 7.22 The graph of y = tan-1 x . that
tan-1 s -xd = -tan-1 x;
y
y cot–1x the arctangent is an odd function. The graph of y = cot-1 x has no such symmetry
Domain: (– ∞, ∞) (Figure 7.23).
Range: (0, )
The inverses of the restricted forms of sec x and csc x are chosen to be the functions
graphed in Figures 7.24 and 7.25.

2 CAUTION There is no general agreement about how to define sec-1 x for negative values
x of x. We chose angles in the second quadrant between p>2 and p. This choice makes
0
sec-1 x = cos-1 s1>xd. It also makes sec-1 x an increasing function on each interval of its
domain. Some tables choose sec-1 x to lie in [-p, -p>2d for x 6 0 and some texts
FIGURE 7.23 The graph of y = cot-1 x . choose it to lie in [p, 3p>2d (Figure 7.26). These choices simplify the formula for the de-
rivative (our formula needs absolute value signs) but fail to satisfy the computational
equation sec-1 x = cos-1 s1>xd. From this, we can derive the identity
y sec –1x
sec-1 x = cos-1 a x b = - sin-1 a x b
Domain: x 1 1 p 1
(5)
Range: [0, /2) 傼 (/2, ] 2
y by applying Equation (4).
Domain: x 1

Range: 0 y , y
2
y
2
3
x 2
–1 0 1
B

A
FIGURE 7.24 The graph of y = sec y csc –1x
-1
x.
Domain: x 1 2
y sec –1x
Range: [–/2, 0) 傼 (0, /2]
x
y –1 0 1
–
2
2 C
–
x
–1 0 1
– – 3
2 2
FIGURE 7.25 The graph of FIGURE 7.26 There are several logical
y = csc-1 x . choices for the left-hand branch of
y = sec-1 x . With choice A,
sec-1 x = cos-1 s1>xd , a useful identity
employed by many calculators.

x tan-1 x EXAMPLE 3 Common Values of tan-1 x

y y
23 p>3 tan–1 1 tan–1 兹3 tan–1 –兹3 –
兹3 3 6 3
1 p>4
23>3 p>6 2
6 –
3
1 1
- 23>3 -p>6 0 兹3
x
0
x
–兹3
-1 -p>4 2
- 23
tan 1 tan –  –兹3
-p>3
6 兹3  3
The angles come from the first and fourth quadrants because the range of tan-1 x is
s -p>2, p>2d.
EXAMPLE 4 Find cos a, tan a, sec a, csc a, and cot a if

2
a = sin-1 .
3
Solution This equation says that sin a = 2>3. We picture a as an angle in a right trian-
gle with opposite side 2 and hypotenuse 3 (Figure 7.27). The length of the remaining side is
3
2 2s3d2 - s2d2 = 29 - 4 = 25. Pythagorean theorem
We add this information to the figure and then read the values we want from the completed
兹5 triangle:
25 2 3 3 25
FIGURE 7.27 If a = sin-1 s2/3d , then cos a = , tan a = , sec a = , csc a = , cot a = .
3 25 25 2 2
the values of the other basic trigonometric
functions of a can be read from this
Find sec A tan-1 B.
x
triangle (Example 4). EXAMPLE 5
3
Solution We let u = tan-1 sx>3d (to give the angle a name) and picture u in a right trian-
gle with
tan u = opposite>adjacent = x>3.
The length of the triangle’s hypotenuse is
2x 2 + 32 = 2x 2 + 9.
sec 兹x 9
2
tan x
3 兹x 2 9 3
x x

3 3
Thus,
sec atan-1 b = sec u

x
3
2x 2 + 9 hypotenuse
= . sec u =
3 adjacent

Chicago EXAMPLE 6 Drift Correction
179
During an airplane flight from Chicago to St. Louis the navigator determines that the
plane is 12 mi off course, as shown in Figure 7.28. Find the angle a for a course parallel to
Springfield 180 the original, correct course, the angle b, and the correction angle c = a + b.
61 12
62 Solution
Plane
St. Louis b
a 12
c a = sin-1 L 0.067 radian L 3.8°
180
12
b = sin-1 L 0.195 radian L 11.2°
FIGURE 7.28 Diagram for drift 62
correction (Example 6), with distances c = a + b L 15°.
rounded to the nearest mile (drawing not to
scale).
The Derivative of y = sin-1 u
We know that the function x = sin y is differentiable in the interval -p>2 6 y 6 p>2
and that its derivative, the cosine, is positive there. Theorem 1 in Section 7.1 therefore as-
sures us that the inverse function y = sin-1 x is differentiable throughout the interval
y -1 6 x 6 1. We cannot expect it to be differentiable at x = 1 or x = -1 because the
tangents to the graph are vertical at these points (see Figure 7.29).
We find the derivative of y = sin-1 x by applying Theorem 1 with ƒsxd = sin x and
y sin–1x ƒ sxd = sin-1 x.
-1

2 Domain: –1 x 1
Range: – /2 y /2
1
sƒ -1 d¿sxd = Theorem 1
x ƒ¿sƒ sxdd
-1
–1 1
1
= ƒ¿sud = cos u
– cos ssin-1 xd
2
1
= cos u = 21 - sin2 u
21 - sin2 ssin-1 xd
1
FIGURE 7.29 The graph of y = sin-1 x . = sin ssin-1 xd = x
21 - x 2
Alternate Derivation: Instead of applying Theorem 1 directly, we can find the derivative
of y = sin-1 x using implicit differentiation as follows:
sin y = x y = sin-1 x 3 sin y = x
d
ssin yd = 1 Derivative of both sides with respect to x
dx
dy
cos y = 1 Chain Rule
dx
dy 1 We can divide because cos y 7 0
= cos y for -p>2 6 y 6 p>2.
dx
1
= cos y = 21 - sin2 y
21 - x 2

No matter which derivation we use, we have that the derivative of y = sin-1 x with re-
spect to x is
d 1
ssin-1 xd = .
dx 21 - x 2
If u is a differentiable function of x with ƒ u ƒ 6 1, we apply the Chain Rule to get
d 1 du
ssin-1 ud = , ƒ u ƒ 6 1.
dx 21 - u 2 dx
EXAMPLE 7 Applying the Derivative Formula
d 1 # d 2 2x
ssin-1 x 2 d = sx d =
dx 21 - sx 2 d2 dx 21 - x 4
The Derivative of y = tan-1 u

We find the derivative of y = tan-1 x by applying Theorem 1 with ƒsxd = tan x and
ƒ -1sxd = tan-1 x. Theorem 1 can be applied because the derivative of tan x is positive for
-p>2 6 x 6 p>2.
1
sƒ -1 d¿sxd = Theorem 1
ƒ¿sƒ -1sxdd
1
= 2
ƒ¿sud = sec2 u
sec stan-1 xd
1
= sec2 u = 1 + tan2 u
1 + tan2 stan-1 xd
1
= tan stan-1 xd = x
1 + x2
The derivative is defined for all real numbers. If u is a differentiable function of x, we get
the Chain Rule form:
d 1 du
stan-1 ud = 2 dx
.
dx 1 + u
EXAMPLE 8 A Moving Particle

A particle moves along the x-axis so that its position at any time t Ú 0 is xstd = tan-1 2t.
What is the velocity of the particle when t = 16?
Solution
d 1 d 1 1
ystd = tan-1 1t = # 1t = #
dt 1 + (1t) 2 dt 1 + t 21t

When t = 16, the velocity is

1 # 1 1
ys16d = = .
1 + 16 2216 136
The Derivative of y = sec-1 u

Since the derivative of sec x is positive for 0 6 x 6 p/2 and p>2 6 x 6 p, Theorem 1
says that the inverse function y = sec-1 x is differentiable. Instead of applying the formula
in Theorem 1 directly, we find the derivative of y = sec-1 x, ƒ x ƒ 7 1, using implicit dif-
ferentiation and the Chain Rule as follows:
y = sec-1 x
sec y = x Inverse function relationship
d d
ssec yd = x Differentiate both sides.
dx dx
dy
sec y tan y = 1 Chain Rule
dx
Since ƒ x ƒ 7 1, y lies in
dy 1 s0, p>2d ´ sp>2, pd and
= sec y tan y
dx sec y tan y Z 0 .
To express the result in terms of x, we use the relationships

sec y = x and tan y = ; 2sec2 y - 1 = ; 2x 2 - 1
to get
dy 1
= ; .
dx x2x 2 - 1
Can we do anything about the ; sign? A glance at Figure 7.30 shows that the slope of the
y graph y = sec-1 x is always positive. Thus,
y sec –1x
1
+ if x 7 1
d 2
2 sec-1 x = d x2x - 1
dx 1
x
- if x 6 -1.
–1 0 1 x2x 2 - 1
With the absolute value symbol, we can write a single expression that eliminates the “;”
FIGURE 7.30 The slope of the curve ambiguity:
y = sec-1 x is positive for both x 6 -1 d 1
sec-1 x = .
and x 7 1 . dx ƒ x ƒ 2x 2 - 1
If u is a differentiable function of x with ƒ u ƒ 7 1, we have the formula
d 1 du
ssec-1 ud = , ƒ u ƒ 7 1.
dx u
ƒ ƒ 2u 2
- 1 dx

EXAMPLE 9 Using the Formula

d 1 d
sec-1 s5x 4 d = s5x 4 d
dx 5x
ƒ ƒ 4
2s5x 4 2
d - 1 dx
1
= s20x 3 d 5x 4 7 0
5x 225x - 1
4 8
4
=
x225x 8 - 1
Derivatives of the Other Three

We could use the same techniques to find the derivatives of the other three inverse trigono-
metric functions—arccosine, arccotangent, and arccosecant— but there is a much easier
way, thanks to the following identities.
Inverse Function–Inverse Cofunction Identities

cos-1 x = p>2 - sin-1 x
cot-1 x = p>2 - tan-1 x
csc-1 x = p>2 - sec-1 x
We saw the first of these identities in Equation (4). The others are derived in a similar
way. It follows easily that the derivatives of the inverse cofunctions are the negatives of the
derivatives of the corresponding inverse functions. For example, the derivative of cos-1 x
is calculated as follows:
a - sin-1 xb
d d p
(cos-1 x) = Identity
dx dx 2
d
= - (sin-1 x)
dx
1
= - Derivative of arcsine
21 - x 2
EXAMPLE 10 A Tangent Line to the Arccotangent Curve

Find an equation for the line tangent to the graph of y = cot-1 x at x = -1.
Solution First we note that

cot-1 s -1d = p>2 - tan-1 s -1d = p>2 - s -p>4d = 3p>4.
The slope of the tangent line is
` `
dy 1 1 1
= - = - = - ,
dx x = -1 1 + x 2 x = -1 1 + s -1d2 2
so the tangent line has equation y - 3p>4 = s -1>2dsx + 1d.

The derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions are summarized in Table 7.3.
TABLE 7.3 Derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions
dssin-1 ud du>dx
1. = , ƒuƒ 6 1
dx 21 - u 2
dscos-1 ud du>dx
2. = - , ƒuƒ 6 1
dx 21 - u 2
dstan-1 ud du>dx
3. =
dx 1 + u2
dscot-1 ud du>dx
4. = -
dx 1 + u2
dssec-1 ud du>dx
5. = , ƒuƒ 7 1
dx ƒ u ƒ 2u 2 - 1
dscsc-1 ud -du>dx
6. = , ƒuƒ 7 1
dx ƒ u ƒ 2u 2 - 1
Integration Formulas
The derivative formulas in Table 7.3 yield three useful integration formulas in Table 7.4.
The formulas are readily verified by differentiating the functions on the right-hand sides.
TABLE 7.4 Integrals evaluated with inverse trigonometric functions
The following formulas hold for any constant a Z 0.
= sin-1 a a b + C
du u
1. (Valid for u 2 6 a 2)
L 2a - u
2 2
= a tan-1 a a b + C
du 1 u
2. (Valid for all u)
L
2 2
a + u
du 1 u
3. = a sec-1 ƒ a ƒ + C (Valid for ƒ u ƒ 7 a 7 0)
L u2u - a2 2
The derivative formulas in Table 7.3 have a = 1, but in most integrations a Z 1, and
the formulas in Table 7.4 are more useful.
EXAMPLE 11 Using the Integral Formulas

23>2 23>2
= sin-1 x d
dx
(a)
L22>2 21 - x 2 22>2
= sin-1 a b - sin-1 a b =
23 22 p p p
- =
2 2 3 4 12

1 1
= tan-1 x d = tan-1 s1d - tan-1 s0d =
dx p p
(b) - 0 =
L0 1 + x 4 4
2
0
22 22
= sec-1 x d
dx p p p
(c) = - =
L2>23 x2x - 1
2 2>23 4 6 12
EXAMPLE 12 Using Substitution and Table 7.4
= sin-1 a b + C
dx dx x Table 7.4 Formula 1,
(a) = with a = 3, u = x
L 29 - x 2
L 2s3d - x2 2 3
dx 1 du
(b) = a = 23, u = 2x, and du>2 = dx
L 23 - 4x 2 2 L 2a 2 - u 2
sin a a b + C
1 -1 u
= Formula 1
2
sin a b + C
1 -1 2x
=
2 23
EXAMPLE 13 Completing the Square

Evaluate
dx
.
L 24x - x 2
Solution The expression 24x - x 2 does not match any of the formulas in Table 7.4,
so we first rewrite 4x - x 2 by completing the square:
4x - x 2 = -sx 2 - 4xd = -sx 2 - 4x + 4d + 4 = 4 - sx - 2d2 .
Then we substitute a = 2, u = x - 2, and du = dx to get
dx dx
=
L 24x - x 2 L 24 - sx - 2d2
du
= a = 2, u = x - 2, and du = dx
L 2a 2 - u 2
= sin-1 a a b + C
u
Table 7.4, Formula 1
= sin-1 a b + C
x - 2
2
EXAMPLE 14 Completing the Square

Evaluate
dx
.
L
2
4x + 4x + 2

Solution We complete the square on the binomial 4x 2 + 4x:
4x 2 + 4x + 2 = 4sx 2 + xd + 2 = 4 ax 2 + x + b + 2 -
1 4
4 4
2
= 4 ax + b + 1 = s2x + 1d2 + 1.
1
2
Then,
dx dx 1 du a = 1, u = 2x + 1,
= =
L 4x + 4x + 2 L s2x + 1d + 1 2 Lu + a
2 2 2 2 and du>2 = dx
tan-1 a a b + C
1 # 1 u
= Table 7.4, Formula 2
2 a
1
= tan-1 s2x + 1d + C a = 1, u = 2x + 1
2
EXAMPLE 15 Using Substitution

Evaluate
dx
.
L 2e 2x
- 6
Solution
u = e x, du = e x dx,
dx du>u
= dx = du>e x = du>u,
L 2e 2x - 6 L 2u 2 - a 2 a = 16
du
=
L u2u 2 - a 2
1 u
= a sec-1 ƒ a ƒ + C Table 7.4, Formula 3
sec-1 a b + C
1 ex
=
26 26

EXERCISES 7.7
Common Values of Inverse Trignonometric - 23

3. a. sin-1 a b b. sin-1 a b c. sin-1 a b
-1 1
Functions 2 22 2
23
4. a. sin-1 a b b. sin-1 a b c. sin-1 a b
Use reference triangles like those in Examples 1–3 to find the angles 1 -1
in Exercises 1–12. 2 22 2
c. tan-1 a b
1 23
b. tan-1s - 13d a b a b c. cos-1 a b
1. a. tan-1 1 -1 1 -1 -1
5. a. cos b. cos
23 2 22 2
c. tan-1 a b 6. a. cos-1 a b b. cos-1 a b c. cos-1 a
- 23
b
-1
2. a. tan-1s -1d b. tan-1 23 -1 1
23 2 22 2

7.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functionss 531
b. sec-1 a b 32. tan asec-1 b

2 y
7. a. sec-1s - 12d c. sec-1s -2d 31. tan ssec-1 3yd
23 5
a b
-2 33. cos ssin-1 xd 34. tan scos-1 xd
8. a. sec 22 -1
b. sec -1
c. sec-1 2
23 35. sin stan-1 1x 2 - 2xd, x Ú 2
a b 36. sin atan-1 b 37. cos asin-1 b

-2 x 2y
9. a. csc -1
22 b. csc -1
c. csc -1
2
23 2x + 1 2 3
a b
2
38. cos asin-1 b 39. sin asec-1 b
10. a. csc -1
s - 12d b. csc -1
c. csc -1
s -2d y x
23 5 4
c. cot-1 a b 40. sin sec-1 a
2x 2 + 4
b
-1
11. a. cot-1 s -1d b. cot-1 s 13d
23 x
a b
1
12. a. cot -1
(1) b. cot -1
s - 13d c. cot -1
23 Limits
Trigonometric Function Values Find the limits in Exercises 41–48. (If in doubt, look at the function’s
graph.)
13. Given that a = sin -1
s5>13d , find cos a, tan a, sec a, csc a ,
and cot a . 41. lim- sin-1 x 42. lim cos-1 x
x:1 x: -1 +
14. Given that a = tan-1 s4>3d , find sin a, cos a, sec a, csc a , 43. lim tan-1 x 44. lim tan-1 x
and cot a . x: q x: - q
15. Given that a = sec-1 s - 15d , find sin a, cos a, tan a, csc a , 45. lim sec-1 x 46. lim sec-1 x
x: q x: - q
and cot a .
47. lim csc-1 x 48. lim csc-1 x
16. Given that a = sec-1 s - 113>2d , find sin a, cos a, tan a, csc a , x: q x: - q
and cot a .
Finding Derivatives
Evaluating Trigonometric and Inverse In Exercises 49–70, find the derivative of y with respect to the appro-
Trigonometric Terms priate variable.
Find the values in Exercises 17–28. 49. y = cos-1 sx 2 d 50. y = cos-1 s1/xd
22
17. sin acos-1 a bb 18. sec acos-1 b
1 51. y = sin-1 22 t 52. y = sin-1 s1 - td
2 2
53. y = sec s2s + 1d
-1
54. y = sec-1 5s
23
19. tan asin-1 a- b b 20. cot asin-1 a- bb
1 55. y = csc-1 sx 2 + 1d, x 7 0
2 2 x
56. y = csc-1
21. csc ssec-1 2d + cos stan-1 s - 13dd 2
1 3
22. tan ssec-1 1d + sin scsc-1s -2dd 57. y = sec-1 t , 0 6 t 6 1 58. y = sin-1 2
t
23. sin asin-1 a- b + cos-1 a- b b
1 1 59. y = cot-1 2t 60. y = cot-1 2t - 1
2 2
61. y = ln stan -1
xd 62. y = tan-1 sln xd
24. cot asin a- b - sec-1 2 b
1
-1
63. y = csc-1 se t d 64. y = cos-1 se -t d
2
65. y = s 21 - s + cos 2 -1
s 66. y = 2s 2 - 1 - sec-1 s
25. sec stan-1 1 + csc-1 1d 26. sec scot-1 13 + csc-1s -1dd
67. y = tan-1 2x 2 - 1 + csc-1 x, x 7 1
asec a- b b
p
27. sec -1
sThe answer is not -p>6.d 1
6 68. y = cot-1 x - tan-1 x 69. y = x sin-1 x + 21 - x 2
28. cot-1 acot a- bb

p
sThe answer is not -p>4.d
70. y = ln sx 2 + 4d - x tan-1 a b
4 x
2
Finding Trigonometric Expressions Evaluating Integrals

Evaluate the expressions in Exercises 29–40.
Evaluate the integrals in Exercises 71–94.
29. sec atan b
x
-1
30. sec stan -1
2xd dx dx
2 71. 72.
L 29 - x 2 L 21 - 4x 2

73.
dx
74.
dx Limits
L 17 + x L 9 + 3x
2 2
Find the limits in Exercises 113–116.
dx dx sin-1 5x 2x 2 - 1
75. 76. 113. lim 114. lim+
L x225x 2 - 2 L x25x 2 - 4 x:0 x x:1 sec-1 x
1 322>4
4 ds ds 2 2 tan-1 3x 2
77. 78. 115. lim x tan-1 x 116. lim
L0 24 - s 2 L0 29 - 4s 2 x: q x:0 7x 2
2 2
dt dt
79. 80. Integration Formulas
L0 8 + 2t L-2 4 + 3t
2 2
Verify the integration formulas in Exercises 117–120.
-22>2 dy -22>3 dy
81. 82. tan-1 x 1 tan-1 x
L-1 L-2>3
2
y24y - 1 2
y29y - 1 2 117. dx = ln x - ln s1 + x d - x + C
L x 2
2
3 dr 6 dr
83. 84. x4 5 x 4 dx
L 21 - 4sr - 1d2 L 24 - sr + 1d2 118. x 3 cos-1 5x dx = cos-1 5x +
L 4 4 L 21 - 25x 2
dx dx
85. 86.
L L ssin-1 xd2 dx = xssin-1 xd2 - 2x + 221 - x 2 sin-1 x + C
2
2 sx 1d 1 s3x + 1d2 119.
L
+ - +
dx
87. x
L s2x - 1d2s2x - 1d2 - 4 120. ln sa 2 + x 2 d dx = x ln sa 2 + x 2 d - 2x + 2a tan-1 a + C
L
dx
88.
L sx + 3d2sx + 3d2 - 25 Initial Value Problems
p>2 p>4
2 cos u du csc2 x dx Solve the initial value problems in Exercises 121–124.
89. 90.
L-p>2 1 + ssin ud Lp>6 1 + scot xd
2 2
dy 1
ln 23 ep>4 121. = , y s0d = 0
e x dx 4 dt dx 21 - x 2
91. 92.
L0 1 + e 2x L1 ts1 + ln2 td dy 1
122. = 2 - 1, y s0d = 1
y dy sec2 y dy dx x + 1
93. 94.
L 21 - y 4 L 21 - tan2 y dy 1
123. = , x 7 1; y s2d = p
Evaluate the integrals in Exercises 95–104. dx x2x 2 - 1
dy 1 2
dx dx 124. = - , y s0d = 2
95. 96. dx 1 + x2
L 2-x 2 + 4x - 3 L 22x - x 2 21 - x 2
0 1
6 dt 6 dt
97. 98. Applications and Theory
L-1 23 - 2t - t 2 L1>2 23 + 4t - 4t 2
dy dy 125. You are sitting in a classroom next to the wall looking at the
99. 100. blackboard at the front of the room. The blackboard is 12 ft long
L y - 2y + 5 L y + 6y + 10
2 2
2 4
and starts 3 ft from the wall you are sitting next to. Show that
8 dx 2 dx your viewing angle is
101. 102.
L L2
2
1 x - 2x + 2 x 2 - 6x + 10 x x
a = cot-1 - cot-1
dx dx 15 3
103. 104.
L sx + 1d2x 2 + 2x L sx - 2d2x 2 - 4x + 3 if you are x ft from the front wall.
Evaluate the integrals in Exercises 105–112.

-1 -1
e sin x
dx e cos
dx x
105. 106.
L 21 - x 2 L 21 - x 2
Blackboard
ssin-1 xd2 dx 2tan-1 x dx 12'

107. 108.
L 21 - x 2 L 1 + x
2
dy dy
109. 110. You
L stan yds1 + y d L ssin-1 yd21 - y 2
2

-1
3'
2
2 sec ssec xd dx 2 Wall
-1
cos ssec-1 xd dx
111. 112. x
L22 x2x - 1 2 L2>23 x2x 2 - 1

126. The region between the curve y = sec-1 x and the x-axis from y
y sec –1x
x = 1 to x = 2 (shown here) is revolved about the y-axis to gen-
erate a solid. Find the volume of the solid. ␲
y ␲
␲ –1
2
y sec x x
3
–x –1 0 1 x
x b. (Algebraic) Derive the identity sec-1 s -xd = p - sec-1 x by

0 1 2
combining the following two equations from the text:
127. The slant height of the cone shown here is 3 m. How large cos-1 s -xd = p - cos-1 x Eq. (3)
should the indicated angle be to maximize the cone’s volume?
sec -1
x = cos s1>xd -1
Eq. (5)
What angle here
gives the largest
131. The identity sin-1 x + cos-1 x = p>2 Figure 7.21 establishes
volume?
the identity for 0 6 x 6 1 . To establish it for the rest of
h [-1, 1] , verify by direct calculation that it holds for x = 1 , 0,
3 and -1 . Then, for values of x in s -1, 0d , let x = -a, a 7 0 ,
and apply Eqs. (1) and (3) to the sum sin-1s -ad + cos-1s -ad .
132. Show that the sum tan-1 x + tan-1 s1>xd is constant.
r
Which of the expressions in Exercises 133–136 are defined, and
128. Find the angle a . which are not? Give reasons for your answers.
133. a. tan-1 2 b. cos-1 2
-1
134. a. csc (1>2) b. csc-1 2
65° 135. a. sec-1 0 b. sin-1 22
136. a. cot -1
s- 1>2d b. cos-1 s -5d
21 137. (Continuation of Exercise 125.) You want to position your chair
␣ along the wall to maximize your viewing angle a . How far from
50 ␤
the front of the room should you sit?
138. What value of x maximizes the angle u shown here? How large is
129. Here is an informal proof that tan-1 1 + tan-1 2 + tan-1 3 = p . u at that point? Begin by showing that u = p - cot-1 x
Explain what is going on. - cot-1 s2 - xd .
y
␪
x
0 x 2
139. Can the integrations in (a) and (b) both be correct? Explain.
dx
a. = sin-1 x + C
L 21 - x 2
dx dx
b. = - - = -cos-1 x + C
L 21 - x 2 L 21 - x 2
130. Two derivations of the identity sec-1 s -xd = P - sec-1 x 140. Can the integrations in (a) and (b) both be correct? Explain.
a. (Geometric) Here is a pictorial proof that sec-1 s -xd = dx dx
a. = - - = -cos-1 x + C
p - sec-1 x . See if you can tell what is going on. L 21 - x 2 L 21 - x 2

dx -du x = -u, 148. Arc length Find the length of the curve y = 21 - x 2,
b. =
L 21 - x 2 L 21 - s -ud2 dx = -du -1>2 … x … 1>2 .
=
-du Volumes by Slicing
L 21 - u 2 Find the volumes of the solids in Exercises 149 and 150.
= cos-1 u + C 149. The solid lies between planes perpendicular to the x-axis at
= cos-1 s -xd + C u = -x x = -1 and x = 1 . The cross-sections perpendicular to the
141. Use the identity x-axis are
a. circles whose diameters stretch from the curve y =
p
csc-1 u = - sec-1 u -1> 21 + x 2 to the curve y = 1> 21 + x 2 .
2
to derive the formula for the derivative of csc-1 u in Table 7.3 b. vertical squares whose base edges run from the curve y =
from the formula for the derivative of sec-1 u . -1> 21 + x 2 to the curve y = 1> 21 + x 2 .
142. Derive the formula 150. The solid lies between planes perpendicular to the x-axis at
x = - 22>2 and x = 22>2 . The cross-sections perpendicular
dy 1 to the x-axis are
=
dx 1 + x2 a. circles whose diameters stretch from the x-axis to the curve
4
for the derivative of y = tan-1 x by differentiating both sides of y = 2> 21 - x 2 .
the equivalent equation tan y = x . b. squares whose diagonals stretch from the x-axis to the curve
4
143. Use the Derivative Rule in Section 7.1, Theorem 1, to derive y = 2> 21 - x 2 .
d 1 T Calculator and Grapher Explorations

sec-1 x = , ƒ x ƒ 7 1.
dx x
ƒ ƒ 2x 2
- 1 151. Find the values of
144. Use the identity a. sec-1 1.5 b. csc-1 s -1.5d c. cot-1 2
p 152. Find the values of
cot-1 u = - tan-1 u
2 a. sec-1s -3d b. csc-1 1.7 c. cot-1 s -2d
-1
to derive the formula for the derivative of cot u in Table 7.3
In Exercises 153–155, find the domain and range of each composite
from the formula for the derivative of tan-1 u .
function. Then graph the composites on separate screens. Do the
145. What is special about the functions graphs make sense in each case? Give reasons for your answers. Com-
ment on any differences you see.
x - 1
ƒsxd = sin-1 , x Ú 0, and g sxd = 2 tan-1 1x ? 153. a. y = tan-1 stan xd b. y = tan stan-1 xd
x + 1
154. a. y = sin-1 ssin xd b. y = sin ssin-1 xd
Explain.
155. a. y = cos scos xd
-1
b. y = cos scos-1 xd
146. What is special about the functions
156. Graph y = sec ssec-1 xd = sec scos-1s1>xdd . Explain what you
1 1 see.
ƒsxd = sin -1
and g sxd = tan -1
x?
2x 2 + 1 157. Newton’s serpentine Graph Newton’s serpentine, y =
Explain. 4x>sx 2 + 1d . Then graph y = 2 sin s2 tan-1 xd in the same
147. Find the volume of the solid of revolution shown here. graphing window. What do you see? Explain.
y 158. Graph the rational function y = s2 - x 2 d>x 2 . Then graph y =

–兹3 cos s2 sec-1 xd in the same graphing window. What do you see?
3 y 1
兹1 x 2 Explain.
159. Graph ƒsxd = sin-1 x together with its first two derivatives.
Comment on the behavior of ƒ and the shape of its graph in rela-
兹3 tion to the signs and values of ƒ¿ and ƒ– .
160. Graph ƒsxd = tan-1 x together with its first two derivatives.
x Comment on the behavior of ƒ and the shape of its graph in rela-
tion to the signs and values of ƒ¿ and ƒ– .

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4100 AWL/Thomas_ch07p466-552 8/20/04 10:03 AM Page 517

7.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 517

7.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Defining the Inverses

Domain restrictions that make the trigonometric functions one-to-one

Function Domain Range

FIGURE 7.16 The graph of y = sin-1 x.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

518 Chapter 7: Transcendental Functions

tan x s -p>2, p>2d s - q, q d y tan x

sec x [0, p>2d ´ sp>2, p] s - q , -1] ´ [1, q d y sec x

csc x [-p>2, 0d ´ s0, p>2] s - q , -1] ´ [1, q d y

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

7.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 519

FIGURE 7.17 Graphs of the six basic inverse trigonometric

The Arcsine and Arccosine Functions

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520 Chapter 7: Transcendental Functions

DEFINITION Arcsine and Arccosine Functions

y sin1 x is the number in [-p>2, p>2] for which sin y = x.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

7.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 521

EXAMPLE 1 Common Values of sin-1 x

EXAMPLE 2 Common Values of cos-1 x

x Identities Involving Arcsine and Arccosine

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

522 Chapter 7: Transcendental Functions

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

7.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 523

x tan-1 x EXAMPLE 3 Common Values of tan-1 x

EXAMPLE 4 Find cos a, tan a, sec a, csc a, and cot a if

sec atan-1 b = sec u

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

524 Chapter 7: Transcendental Functions

Chicago EXAMPLE 6 Drift Correction

sin y = x y = sin-1 x 3 sin y = x

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7.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 525

EXAMPLE 7 Applying the Derivative Formula

The Derivative of y = tan-1 u

EXAMPLE 8 A Moving Particle

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526 Chapter 7: Transcendental Functions

When t = 16, the velocity is

The Derivative of y = sec-1 u

To express the result in terms of x, we use the relationships

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

7.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 527

EXAMPLE 9 Using the Formula

Derivatives of the Other Three

Inverse Function–Inverse Cofunction Identities

EXAMPLE 10 A Tangent Line to the Arccotangent Curve

Solution First we note that

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

528 Chapter 7: Transcendental Functions

TABLE 7.3 Derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions

TABLE 7.4 Integrals evaluated with inverse trigonometric functions

The following formulas hold for any constant a Z 0.

EXAMPLE 11 Using the Integral Formulas

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

7.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 529

EXAMPLE 12 Using Substitution and Table 7.4

EXAMPLE 13 Completing the Square