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Demography
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DEMOGRAPHY
01. INTRODUCTION
Scientific study of human population is called demography.
Population is defined as the total number of individual of a species present in a particular area
at a given time.
The population have specific character different from the character of individual.

02. CHARACTERS OF POPULATION

(1) POPULATION DENSITY (POPULATION SIZE)
It is measured as total number of individual present in unit area or unit volume.
The size of a population for any species is not a static parameter. It keeps changing in time

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depending on various factor including food availability, predation pressure and reduced
weather.
For human population density is officially counted in first four month of 1st year of each decade
is called census.
 For human population density is calculated as number of person living in per square km
area.
 The tiger census in our national park and tiger reserves is often based on pug marks and
fecal pellets.
Note :
Ecological effects of any factors on a population are generally reflected in its size which may be
expressed in numbers, biomass, percent cover etc. depending on the species.
(2) BIRTH RATE / FERTILITY / NATALITY
Birth rate is defined as total number of birth in a population with respect to total number of
individual of the population in a year.
Birth rate is represented as per capita birth rate
Total number of birth
Per capita birth rate (b) =
Initial population
Q. If in a pond there are 20 lotus plant last Solution : b = Total birth
year and through reproduction 8 new Initial population
plant are added, then the birth rate = 8
20
during the year is calculated as : b = 0.4 offspring per lotus per year.
 Birth rate varies from region to region
 Developed country have lower birth rate.
 Developing or poor country have higher birth rate than developed country
 Higher fertility in developing world is partially explained by large number of hand needed
to perform work.
Note :
Biotic potential (Reproductive potential or potential ability) → The term biotic potential was
first used by Chapmann.
Under most favourable environmental conditions the maximum reproductive capacity of an
species is known as biotic potential.
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Vitality – Capacity of normal growth and reproduction for survival of a species. It depends
upon weight of plant, stem height, root length, leaf number etc.
(3) DEATH RATE / MORTALITY
 Death rate is defined as total number of death in a population with respect to total
number of individual of the population in a year.
 Death rate is represented as per capita death rate
Total number of death
d=
Initial population

Q. If 4 individuals in a laboratory Solution : d = Total number of death = 4

population of 40 fruit fly died during Initial population 40

week. The death rate is calculated as: d = 0.1 individual per fruit fly per week.

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(4) GROWTH RATE
Intrinsic growth rate (r) = b – d
Immigration
∆N (I)
Growth rate =
∆t
 ∆N 
 ∆t 
Percent growth rate =   × 100
Natality Population Mortality
N0 (B) density (N) (D)
Note : Natality, Mortality, Immigration and
Emigration are the basic process responsible for
fluctuation in population size under normal Emigration
(E)
conditions, Natality and Mortality are the most
important factors influencing population size
than other two factor i.e., Immigration and
Emigration.
Nt+1 = Nt + [(B + I) – (D + E)]

(5) AGE-SEX STRUCTURES

The age structure of a given population refers to the proportion of individuals of different age.
This is important aspect because many functional aspect of individuals are related to age. (Like
Reproduction)
Age structure of a population can be depicted in the form of a pyramid diagram.
Diagram is particularly important in understanding future growth.
Population has 3 age groups.
 Pre-Reproductive individuals – < 15 yr
 Reproductive individuals – 15 – 44 yr
 Post-Reproductive individuals – > 45 yr
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(A) Expanding population :
Post-reproductive
A higher number of pre-reproductive
Reproductive
individuals, moderate number of reproductive
Pre-reproductive
individuals and fewer post reproductive Expanding
individuals will form young population it shows
rapid growth.

(B) Stable population :

Post-reproductive
An equal number of pre reproductive and
Reproductive
reproductive individuals will constitute a

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Pre-reproductive
mature population or stable population. Stable

(C) Declining population :

Post-reproductive
Fewer number of pre reproductive
Reproductive
individuals as compared to reproductive ones
Pre-reproductive
will make population aged. It shows negative Declining

growth.

Note : Developed countries have a steeper pyramid which represent nearly a stable population.

03. POPULATION GROWTH MODELS / CURVE

There are two type of growth curve

(1) EXPONENTIAL GROWTH (GEOMETRIC GROWTH CURVE OR J-SHAPED CURVE)

Any species growing exponentially under unlimited resource conditions can reach enormous
population densities in a short time. If in a population of size "N", the birth rates are
dN
represented as b and death rates as d, then the increase in N during a unit time period t  
 dt 

will be.
dN Let (b – d) = r, then
= (b - d) ×N
Population density (N)

dt dN
= rN
dt
dN
= rN r = intrinsic rate of Natural increase or
dt
Fitness or growth rate.
The integral form of the exponential growth equation as :- Time
Nt = N0ert Exponential growth curve

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where : Nt = Population density after time t
N0 = Population density at time zero
r = intrinsic rate of natural increase
The magnitude of r-values for the Norway rat is 0.015 and for the flour beetle it
is 0.12. In 1981, the r-value for human population in India was 0.0205.
e = the base of natural logarithims (2.71828)

(2) LOGISTIC GROWTH CURVE (SIGMOID CURVE / S-SHAPED)

Since resources for growth for most animal population are finite and become limiting sooner or
later, the logistic growth model is considered more realistic.
The S-shape sigmoid growth form is represented by the Verhulst - Pearl logistic growth
equation :-

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dN K -N
= rN  
dt  K 

where : dN = Rate of change in population size

dt
r = Intrinsic rate of natural increase
N = Popultation size at time t
K = Carrying capacity
 K -N
 K  = Environmental resistance
 
Population density (N)

dN K-N
= rN
dt K

Time (t)
Logistic growth curve

04. LIFE HISTORY VARIATION

 Population evolve different strategy to maximise their reproductive fitness.
 Some organism breed only once in their life time like Pacific salmon fish, Bamboo etc.
 Some produce small sized offspring like Oyster, Pelagic fishes etc. maximise their fitness
by producing large number of offspring.
 Some organism breed many times in their life and produces a small number of large sized
offspring (Birds, Mammals).

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Age structure
Post-reproductive
Reproductive
Pre-reproductive
Expanding Stable Declining

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Character of population
(i) Population size
(ii) Natality
(iii) Mortality DEMOGRAPHY
(iv) Growth rate
(v) Age-sex Structure

Population growth curve

dN
= rN a = Exponential/geometric/J-shape curve
dt when resources are unlimited.
Population density (N)

a
K

dN K-N b = Logistic/sigmoid/S-shape curve

= rN
b dt K
when resources are limited.

Time (t)

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