ISSN 00168521, Geotectonics, 2014, Vol. 48, No. 6, pp. 483–495. © Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2014.

Finite Strain Analysis of Metavolcanics and Metapyroclastics

in GoldBearing Shear Zone
of the Dungash Area, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt
Osama M. K. Kassema, b and Said H. Abd El Rahimb
a
SGSRC, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University,
P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
email: kassemo1@yahoo.com
b
Department of Geology, National Research Center, AlBehoos str., Dokki, Cairo, 12622 Egypt
Received May 24, 2013

Abstract—The Dungash gold mine area is situated in an EWtrending quartz vein along a shear zone in
metavolcanic and metasedimentary host rocks in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. These rocks are associated with
the major geologic structures, which are attributed to various deformational stages of the Neoproterozoic
basement rocks. Field geology, finite strain and microstructural analyses were carried out and the relation
ships between the lithological contacts and major/minor structures have been studied. The Rf/φ and Fry
methods were applied on the metavolcanosedimentary and metapyroclastic samples from 5 quartz veins
samples, 7 metavolcanics samples, 3 metasedimentary samples and 4 metapyroclastic samples in Dungash
area. Finitestrain data show that a low to moderate range of deformation of the metavolcanosedimentary
samples and axial ratios in the XZ section range from 1.70 to 4.80 for the Rf/φ method and from 1.65 to 4.50
for the Fry method. We conclude that finite strain in the deformed rocks is of the same order of magnitude
for all units of metavolcanosedimentary rocks. Furthermore, the contact between principal rock units is
sheared in the Dungash area under brittle to semiductile deformation conditions. In this case, the accumu
lated finite strain is associated with the deformation during thrusting to assemble nappe structure. It indicates
that the sheared contacts have been formed during the accumulation of finite strain.

Keywords: finite strain, microstructural, Dungash area, Neoproterozoic rocks, Eastern Desert of Egypt
DOI: 10.1134/S0016852114060041

1 INTRODUCTION granitic intrusions of the Eastern Desert. These depos

Neoproterozoic rocks of the ArabianNubian
shield exposed in the Eastern Desert of Egypt have long
been known to host gold, with more than 95 occur
rences so far identified [5, 38]. Most of these occur
rences are considered hydrothermal veintype depos
its. These veins crosscut either greenschist facies
metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks, or mostly
unmetamorphosed granite, diorite, and gabbro intru
sions [6, 13, 24, 27]. Most of the intrusive rocks of the
Eastern Desert are products of multiple episodes of
magmatic activity broadly grouped into two main
events: an “old” (850–614 Ma) event of calcalkaline
granitoids and a “young” (603–575 Ma) event domi
nated by alkali granites [10].
The Dungash area is one of occurrences of gold mine
in the Eastern Desert and is located at the intersection of
latitude 24°57′25′′ E and longitude 33°52′35′′ N
(Fig. 1). The gold deposit of Dungash area is charac
teristic of orogenic type deposits [18, 19]. The gold
deposit occurs along shear zones that cut across the
1 The article is published in the original.
its are therefore not genetically related to the intrusion
of the gray or pink granites, but instead are interpreted
to have developed late in the orogenic cycle of the Ara
bian Nubian shield [6]. M.M. Soliman [53] investi
gated the geochemical anomalies of Sn, Nb, Cu and Au
in an area of about 400 km2 including the Dungash gold
mine area. M.M. AbdelTawab [1] mentioned that the
Aucontent in the alteration zones of the Dungash area
varies from 0.3 to 5.3 g/t. The mineralized zone consid
ered here consists of disseminated Au/sulphide miner
alizations and a distinctly altered auriferous quartz vein
(quartz ore body) cutting through the host rocks. Alter
ations associated with the Aumineralization are rec
ognizable by sulphidization, chloritization, sericitiza
tion, carbonatization and silicification. Four alteration
zones were mapped by [25]. These are: (i) the quartz–
sericite zone in direct contact to the quartz vein; (ii) the
sericite zone affecting the preexisting wall rock;
(iii) the carbonate–sericite zone being locally inten
sively enriched in gold and sulphides; and (iv) the chlo
rite–sericite zone affecting preexisting metavolcanics.

483
484 OSAMA M. K. KASSEM, SAID H. ABD EL RAHIM

(b) 33°52′30′′ (a)

28°
iya N
m

RE
a
arr

Ea

DS
.B

ste
W 26°

EA
Beizah

Nile
rn
De
ser
Aswan 24°

t
Fig. 2
24°57′25′′

Abu Mirelwa
22°
Sudan

ha
well
u
M

10 km

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Fig. 1. (a) Location of studied area (a) and geological map of Dungash and adjacent area in the Eastern Desert of Egypt (b), mod
ified after [25]. (710 ± 10 Ma): 1—metasedimentary rocks; 2—metavolcanic rosks; 3—serpentinite; 4—Phanerozoic rocks;
(550–575 Ma): 5—younger granitoids; 6—younger gabbro; (600–650 Ma): 7—older granitoids; 8—metagabbrodiorite.

Most authors suggested that the gold mineraliza
tions of Egypt are believed to be related to: (i) calc
alkaline granites and related rocks (e.g., Abu Merei
wat, Hammash and Umm Garayat gold deposits
[11]); (ii) hydrothermal processes induced either by
metamorphic or by hydrothermal offsets of unex
posed intrusions (e.g., Barramiya gold deposit [2, 46];
(iii) pseudohydrothermal processes caused by circu
lating fluids through fractures (e.g., Hutit and Umm
Tenedba gold deposits [57], Umm Eleiga gold deposit
[56].
The finite strain analysis is generally applied to
quantify of structural characterization of deformation.
The magnitude and orientation of finite strain ellipsoid
is critical for constraining, for example, fold and fault
mechanisms, displacement across ductile shear zones.
Most strain measurement techniques (Rf/φ, centerto
center, Fry, etc.) provide finite strain ratios which are
useful for many applications [3, 29, 31–34, 51]. How
ever, there are some applications for which absolute
finite strains are required. Measurement of absolute
finite strains requires objects of known predeforma
tion size whereas strain ratios may be determined if
rocks contain objects of known shape or distribution.
In this regard, the analysis of deformed rocks has been
underutilized as a strain measurement technique. The
present paper is aimed to discover the link between the
shear deformation and gold mineralization in the area
of the Dungash gold mine. The study involves investi
gations relationships between tectonic contact for
metavolcanosedimentary rocks and quartz veins in
Dungash area in order to deduce the origin and style of
the gold mineralization. Resolving some of the struc
tural problems of these gold deposits requires detailed
mineralogical, finite strain and microstructural analy
sis. The obtained results contribute a better under
standing of hydrothermal gold mineralization in gen
eral throughout the Egyptian Eastern Desert.
REGIONAL GEOLOGY
The Dungash deposits of the Eastern Desert of
Egypt are hosted by Neoproterozoic greenschist
facies metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks that
are overthrust tectonically slices of ophiolitic rocks
(711 ± 10 Ma), which were emplaced during an arc–
backarc collisional event [42, 54]. In some areas, the
greenschist facies metamorphic rocks are intruded by
calcalkaline and alkali granitic rocks (550–650 Ma)
(see Fig. 1).

GEOTECTONICS Vol. 48 No. 6 2014

 FINITE STRAIN ANALYSIS OF METAVOLCANICS AND METAPYROCLASTICS
Dun12
Dun19
Dun18
Dun ga sh
Bir
a di
W Dun17
Dun5
Dun9
Dun8
Dun14
Dun15
0.5 km
1 2
Fig. 2. Geological sketch map of Dungash area showing samples locations, modified after [25]. 1—Faults; 2—Auquartz lode;
3—shear zone; 4—metapyroclastic; 5—Dungash mine.
The Dungash mine area is located in the central
Eastern Desert, along at about 30 km long desert. The
Dungash area belongs to the “MeulhaDungash” dis
trict which is a part of the PanAfrican [9] ophiolite
zone in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt. The dis
trict is covered by metasedimentary and metavolcanic
rocks together with serpentinites and metagabbro
diorite rocks (see Fig. 1). The whole pile of rocks is
currently interpreted as metavolcanosedimentary
rocks (711 ± 10 Ma), which represents a remnant of
obducted oceanic crust and volcaniclastic rocks later
metamorphosed to greenschists [10].
The metavolcanosedimentary rocks is intruded by
Neoproterozoic calcalkaline granites to gabbros
(“older” or gray granite (600–650 Ma)), and sub
alkali to alkali granites (“younger” or pink granite
(550–575 Ma)). The older granite occurs at a few kilo
meters to the north, west, and south of the map area,
whereas the younger granites crop out at about 40 km
east and south of the map area (see Fig. 1). In the mine
area, the metavolcanic rocks predominate, ranging in
GEOTECTONICS Vol. 48 No. 6 2014
485
33°52′30′′
Dun13
Du
nga
sh
Dun6
24°57′25′′
Dun16
Dun2 Dun1
Dun7
Dun4 Dun3
Dun10
Dun11
3 4 5
composition from andesite to basaltic andesite with
calcalkaline affinity [25, 36, 58]. Metapyroclastic
rocks are intercalated with the other metavolcanic
rocks. The metavolcanosedimentary rocks are char
acterized by EW striking (Fig. 2). A detailed analysis
of structures and microfabrics from this area has been
carried by many authors [25, 36, 58].
Gold deposits occur along postmetamorphic brit
tleductile shear zones. These shear zones are formed
during thrusting the metavolcanosedimentary rocks
over slices of ophiolitic rocks (711 ± 10 Ma). Along
these shear zones, quartz veins show an anastomozing
and undulating geometry, downdip and along strike.
Single reefs may bifurcate to form two separate veins,
which collectively form dense networks of quartz vein
lets along strike. As shown in Fig. 3, the bifurcating
quartz veins are commonly crosscut by highly
deformed, strongly altered mafic schists [58].
Gold mineralization occurs in and around an anas
tomosing, boudinaged, carbonatebearing quartz vein.
The mineralized zones occur mainly within the
486 OSAMA M. K. KASSEM, SAID H. ABD EL RAHIM

Quartz veins

Sheared metavolcanosedimentary rocks

(a)

Quartz veins

Altered metavolcanosedimentary rocks

(b)

Fig. 3. Lensshaped, boudinaged quartz vein along nearly vertical shear foliation in metavolcanosedimentary rocks (a) and
quartz veins along narrow shear zones occupying a steeply dipping contact between the country metavolcanic rocks (b).

metavolcanic wall rocks and sometimes extend to cut
through the metapyroclastic and metasedimentary
rocks. Two varieties of metavolcanic rocks in the Egyp
tian Neoproterozoic rocks were distinguished by [54]:
Younger and Older. The Older variety is dominated by
basalts whereas the Younger contains volcanogenic
metasedimentary rocks. The Dungash metavolcanic
and metasedimentary rocks belong to the older variety
(711 ± 10 Ma [39]). They were considered to be related
to the Shadli belt of [12] and [43]. The metasedimen
tary rocks are represented mainly by mudstones and
tuffs in the gold mine area.

GEOTECTONICS Vol. 48 No. 6 2014

 FINITE STRAIN ANALYSIS OF METAVOLCANICS AND METAPYROCLASTICS
B.A. Zoheir et al. [58] show that the vein about
1.5 km long and 0.25 to 4 m thick, crosscuts the
metavolcanic rocks, which are locally intercalated
with metapyroclastics (breccia and tuffs) and
metasedimentary layers (see Fig. 2). The general trend
of the quartz veins is ENEWSW with a dip of 65°–
85° NNW. The area is also cut by numerous veins and
different dykes ranging in composition from andesite
to rhyolite. The vein is locally brecciated, with frag
ments of smoky quartz and contains disseminations of
sulphides and relics of altered wall rock [58].
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE
To quantify the finite strain for metavolcanicsedi
mentary rocks in the Dungash area, feldspar, quartz and
mafic (such as hornblende, biotite and chlorite) grains
have been analysed by the Rf/φ and Fry techniques [16,
48, 49]. Microstructural investigations were made on
thin sections cut parallel to the foliation (XY), normal
to the foliation and parallel to the lineation (XZ) and
normal to the foliation and lineation (YZ). Two
dimensional strain measurements were performed on
XY, XZ and YZ sections (X ≥ Y ≥ Z, finite strain axes)
in order to estimate the three dimensional strain
geometry. Finite strains determined with the normal
ized Fry technique were primarily used to check the
Rf/φ estimates. The Fry strains are thought to repre
sent the matrix strain, whereas the Rf/φ strains
describe the fabric ellipsoid or clast strain [49, 50]. For
Rf/φ analysis on feldspars, hornblende, biotite and
chlorite, the long and short axes of up to 40 grains per
thin section were measured and the mean aspect ratio
for each section was calculated. Tectonic strains were
determined from the chisquared minima of the
Rf/φ analyses [45]. In the Fry analysis, the central
points of more than 100 feldspar grains per section
were used to calculate strain. The strain estimates were
used to calculate the finite strain ellipsoid according to
the modified leastsquare technique of [44].
Nineteen samples were collected from Dungash
area (see Fig. 2). They comprise 5 quartz, 7 metavolca
nics, 3 metasedimentary and 4 metapyroclastic sam
ples. The Rf/φ method was applied on the quartz, and
feldspar porphyroclasts and mafic grains to find the
strain recorded in the metavolcanosedimentary rocks.
Sample preparation for the Rf/φ analyses involved cut
ting thin sections along three mutually perpendicular
planes subparallel to the XY, YZ and XZ principal
planes, marking the feldspar and mafic grains and
making scanned images from them. The scanned
images were then digitized. A least square bestfit
ellipse was calculated for each marker outline as well
as its relative position and orientation. Finite strain
techniques were used by the calculations and com
puter techniques. We used RJH Strain Calculator 3.1
program to calculate and plot strain data.
The Nadai strain magnitude, which is defined by an
orthogonal coordinate system using the natural princi
GEOTECTONICS Vol. 48 No. 6 2014
487
pal strains EX, EY and EZ was measured. The distance
from the origin provides an invariant measure of the
total strain magnitude (Et), which can be resolved into
two orthogonal components: volume (Ev) and devia
toric (Ed) strain. Ev and Ed are independent of the
rotational component of deformation [7].
Et = (Ed2 + Ev2)1/2.
RESULTS
Structure of GoldQuartz Veins and Host Rocks
Microstructures and thermobarometric data indi
cate that feldspar ductility occurs only during high
pressure metamorphism at temperatures ≥450°C,
along a major thrust plane [59]. The Shear Zone
extends from east to west across quartz viens that
forms the summit of the Dungash area. The metavol
canosedimentary rocks have moderately plunging
vertical foliations as a result of moderately deformed
and well oriented clasts of metavolcanics and sedi
mentary fragments of mélange rocks (Figs. 3a and 3b).
The metsedimentary rocks consist essentially of
extremely finegrained aggregates of feldspar, quartz
and muscovite minerals with subordinate chlorite. The
rock is intersected by veinlets of quartz and/or carbon
ates. The metavolcanic rocks in the Dungash gold
mine area are the predominantly mineralized rocks.
Two varieties of metavolcanic rocks can be recognized:
metaandesite and metabasaltic andesite. The meta
andesite is composed of plagioclase and amphiboles
with or without traces of pyroxene. Plagioclase crystals
show combined carlsbadalbite twinning and are
locally strongly saussuritized, whereas amphiboles are
represented by actinolitichornblende. The metaba
saltic andesite is dominated by pyroxene–plagioclase
assemblage. The deformation of the metavolcano
sedimentary rocks increases towards the shear zone in
Dungash area.
Quartz forms allotriomorphic crystals which
exhibits wavy extinction, deformational lamina and
foliation due to subsequent deformations (Fig. 4a).
Sometimes, deformed quartz veins have elongated
grains. The quartz vein is crossed by microfractures
filled by calcite, epidote and opaques minerals (see
Fig. 4a). The metaandesitic fragments exhibit phe
nocrysts of andesine, biotite and opaques embedded in
a crypto to microcrystalline groundmass of the same
composition (Fig. 4b). Microscopically, the rock
exhibits porphyritic, glomeroporphyritic and myrme
kitic textures (Fig. 4c). The rock is composed of phe
nocrysts of quartz, saussuritized oligoclase to (calcite,
magnesite and epidote) and chloritized biotite to pen
nine type chlorite associating opaques embedded in a
microcrystalline groundmass of the same composi
tion. Quartz forms allotriomorphic phenocrysts which
exhibits wavy extinction. Sometimes, the quartz
exhibits phenocrysts of idiomorphic sixsided cross
section which appears isotropic between crossed
488 OSAMA M. K. KASSEM, SAID H. ABD EL RAHIM

180 μm 180 μm
(a) (b)

180 μm 180 μm
(c) (d)

180 μm 180 μm
(e) (f)

180 μm 180 μm
(g) (h)

Fig. 4. (a) Quartz vein crossed by microfractures filled by calcite, epidote and opaques. C.N., 40× (Sample Tu4). (b) Angular
metaandesitic fragments embedded in a crypto to microcrystalline matrix, glass altered to brown palagonite. Phyllic alteration
of the metaandesitic breccia. P.L., 40× (Sample Tu7). (c) Carbonates and epidote pseudomorphs after plagioclase phenocrysts
exhibit flow, porphyritic and intersertal textures. Dislocated microveinlet along a microfracture. Propylitic alteration of the
metabasalt. C.N., 40× (Sample Tu8). (d) Quartz exhibits phenocryst of idiomorphic cross section embedded in a saussuritized
microcrystalline groundmass. Propylitic alteration of the metarhyodacite. C.N., 40× (Sample Tu9). (e) Carbonates (calcite and
magnesite) embayed by augmented clots of quartz due to later silicification. Propylitic alteration of the felsic vent breccia. C.N.,
40× (Sample Tu10). (f) Metatuffs shows sigma and delta structures. Devitrified glass shards exhibits axiolitic texture. Propylitic
alteration of the felsic metatuffs. P.L., 40× (Sample Tu13). (g) Association of calcite, magnesite, epidote and chlorite exhibits
gradedbedding with disseminated opaques. Propylitic alteration of the felsic metatuffs. C.N., 40× (Sample Tu15). (h) Associa
tion of carbonates, epidote and chlorite enrichment of disseminated opaques as well as opaques microveinlets. Propylitic alter
ation of the felsic metatuffs. C.N., 40× (Sample Tu17).

GEOTECTONICS Vol. 48 No. 6 2014

 FINITE STRAIN ANALYSIS OF METAVOLCANICS AND METAPYROCLASTICS 489

(a) X (b) Y (c) Z

N N N

Fig. 5. Lowerhemisphere equalarea projections: (a) maximum extension direction (X), (b) intermediate direction (Y); (c) max
imum shortening direction (Z). Contours start at 2% and increment every 2%. Black square in the stereographic projections rep
resent mean values of tensor averages.

nicols (Fig. 4d). The major constituents of the rock ening direction (Z) axes steeply plunges towards SW
comprise carbonates (calcite and magnesite), epidote, (Fig. 5c). Thus, the mean finite shortening axes are
pennine type chlorite, quartz and opaques. The rock subvertical and associated with a subhorizontal folia
shows calcite microveinlets (Fig. 4e). Quartz forms tion [28].
augmented clots or patches due to later silicification
(Fig. 4e). The strain data are summarized in Table 1 and
shown in Flinn diagram in Fig. 6, which shows the rel
Sigma and delta structures are also observed ative shapes of the strain ellipsoids, i.e., prolate vs
(Figs. 4f, 4g and 4h). The metatuffs exhibit microfolds oblate. Information on volume strain helps, to infer the
and foliation due to deformation (see Fig. 4f). These strain type, i.e., constrictional vs. flattening, informa
deformation happened during shearing and develop
ing, which are preceding the hydrothermal alterations.
The metatuffs exhibit synsedimentary features, i.e., 5
gradedbedding (see Fig. 4g) where the coarse grained
of the tuffaceous materials are deposited at the base
and the finer grained at the top. In the crystal and ain
lithic fragments the plagioclase is saussuritized to (cal str
n
cite, magnesite and epidote), the biotite is chloritized 4 c tio
tr i in
to pennine type chlorite associating quartz and ns stra
opaques. The major constituents of the rock comprise Co n g
ni
carbonates (calcite and magnesite), epidote, pennine te
1 at
RX/Y

type chlorite, quartz and opaques. The metatuffs 3 = Fl

exhibit enrichment of disseminated opaques (see K
Fig. 4g). The rock crossed by microveinlets filled by
opaques and quartz (see Fig. 4h).
2
Strain Measurements
The locations for finite strain analysis for quartz
veins and metavolcanicsedimentary rocks in the Dun
gash area are shown in Fig. 2. The obtained strain data
indicate that the long axes of the finite strain ellipsoid 1 2 3 4 5
(Maximum Extension Direction X axes) in metavolca RY/Z
nicsedimentary rocks in the Dungash area trend
WNW/ESE and gently to moderate plunges (Fig. 5a). Fig. 6. Flinn diagram [14] showing relative strain or strain
symmetry as obtained by the Rf/φ method and the
The intermediate Y axes trend E/ENE and gently Fry method. Rf/φ strain data are show by black squares and
plunges (Fig. 5b). In these rocks, the maximum short Fry strain data by grey triangle from the same samples.

GEOTECTONICS Vol. 48 No. 6 2014

 Table 1. Direction of finite strain axes and stretches for quartz veins and metavolcanosedimentary samples from Dungash area
490

Sample X Y Z
Rock types Trend Stretch Trend Stretch Trend Stretch
no. plung plung plung

Dun1 Quartz vein 310 15 1.69 215 15 0.93 80 70 0.63

Dun2 Quartz vein 330 17 1.66 235 16 1.06 100 65 0.57

Dun3 Quartz vein 145 25 1.45 50 17 1.05 290 60 0.66

Dun4 Quartz vein 320 30 1.67 60 13 1.04 170 58 0.58

Dun5 Quartz vein 122 10 1.21 30 20 1.17 240 67 0.71

Dun6 Metavolcanics 310 12 1.43 215 30 1.07 60 60 0.65

Dun7 Metavolcanics 130 30 1.44 35 10 1.03 288 58 0.68

Dun8 Metavolcanics 325 10 1.29 58 16 1.08 202 71 0.71

Dun9 Metavolcanics 335 25 1.48 70 13 1.09 180 65 0.62

Dun10 Metavolcanics 320 20 1.25 60 28 1.10 200 56 0.73

Dun11 Metavolcanics 100 30 1.47 5 10 1.11 262 58 0.61

Dun12 Metavolcanics 160 20 1.38 65 15 1.22 300 66 0.59

Dun13 Metasedimentary 348 20 1.63 90 30 1.09 225 58 0.56

Dun14 Metasedimentary 350 20 1.8 255 10 1.08 146 66 0.51

Dun15 Metasedimentary 120 30 1.8 22 12 1.27 273 57 0.44

OSAMA M. K. KASSEM, SAID H. ABD EL RAHIM

Dun16 Metapyroclastic 115 30 1.91 20 10 1.07 275 57 0.49

GEOTECTONICS
Dun17 Metapyroclastic 330 20 1.4 235 15 1.07 110 60 0.67

Vol. 48
Dun18 Metapyroclastic 290 10 1.31 190 30 1.1 40 55 0.69

Dun19 Metapyroclastic 155 10 1.95 60 25 1.26 265 65 0.41

No. 6
Tensor
average 170 29 70 6 223 60

2014
 FINITE STRAIN ANALYSIS OF METAVOLCANICS AND METAPYROCLASTICS 491

Table 2. Finite strain data for quartz veins and metavolcanosedimentary sample from Dungash area

Sample RXY RYZ RXZ Stretch

Method K r Et
no. Sx Sy Sz
Dun1 Rf/ϕ 1.81 1.48 2.68 1.69 0.93 0.63 0.75 2.29 0.702
Fry 1.50 1.20 1.80 1.39 0.93 0.77 0.70 1.70 0.425
Dun2 Rf/ϕ 1.57 1.85 2.90 1.66 1.06 0.57 0.67 2.42 0.756
Fry 1.21 1.40 1.70 1.27 1.05 0.75 0.54 1.61 0.380
Dun3 Rf/ϕ 1.39 1.60 2.22 1.45 1.05 0.66 0.65 1.99 0.567
Fry 1.29 1.40 1.80 1.32 1.03 0.73 0.71 1.69 0.417
Dun4 Rf/ϕ 1.61 1.80 2.90 1.67 1.04 0.58 0.76 2.41 0.754
Fry 1.70 1.90 2.70 1.57 1.10 0.58 0.65 2.32 0.712
Dun5 Rf/ϕ 1.03 1.65 1.70 1.21 1.17 0.71 0.05 1.68 0.422
Fry 1.03 1.60 1.65 1.19 1.16 0.72 0.05 1.63 0.397
Dun6 Rf/ϕ 1.33 1.65 2.20 1.43 1.07 0.65 0.51 1.98 0.564
Fry 1.19 1.39 1.65 1.25 1.05 0.76 0.48 1.58 0.360
Dun7 Rf/ϕ 1.40 1.52 2.13 1.44 1.03 0.68 0.77 1.92 0.536
Fry 1.07 1.12 1.20 1.09 1.01 0.91 0.60 1.19 0.130
Dun8 Rf/ϕ 1.19 1.52 1.81 1.29 1.08 0.71 0.37 1.71 0.431
Fry 1.30 1.34 1.74 1.31 1.01 0.75 0.88 1.64 0.392
Dun9 Rf/ϕ 1.35 1.75 2.37 1.48 1.09 0.62 0.47 2.10 0.619
Fry 1.35 1.40 1.89 1.37 1.01 0.72 0.88 1.75 0.450
Dun10 Rf/ϕ 1.13 1.51 1.71 1.25 1.10 0.73 0.26 1.64 0.397
Fry 1.10 1.78 1.95 1.21 1.18 0.66 0.12 1.88 0.512
Dun11 Rf/ϕ 1.33 1.8 2.4 1.47 1.11 0.61 0.42 2.13 0.631
Fry 1.28 1.6 2.05 1.38 1.08 0.67 0.47 1.88 0.516
Dun12 Rf/ϕ 1.62 2.05 3.32 1.75 1.08 0.53 0.59 2.67 0.854
Fry 1.55 2 3.1 1.69 1.09 0.54 0.55 2.55 0.807
Dun13 Rf/ϕ 1.49 1.95 2.9 1.63 1.09 0.56 0.51 2.44 0.761
Fry 1.21 1.4 1.7 1.27 1.05 0.75 0.54 1.61 0.380
Dun14 Rf/ϕ 1.67 2.1 3.5 1.80 1.08 0.51 0.61 2.77 0.891
Fry 1.63 1.9 3.1 1.72 1.05 0.55 0.70 2.53 0.802
Dun15 Rf/ϕ 1.41 2.9 4.1 1.80 1.27 0.44 0.22 3.31 1.040
Fry 1.86 2.1 3.9 1.93 1.04 0.50 0.78 2.96 0.964
Dun16 Rf/ϕ 1.77 2.2 3.9 1.91 1.07 0.49 0.64 2.97 0.966
Fry 1.84 1.9 3.5 1.86 1.01 0.53 0.94 2.74 0.886
Dun17 Rf/ϕ 1.31 1.6 2.1 1.40 1.07 0.67 0.52 1.91 0.531
Fry 1.25 1.6 2 1.36 1.09 0.68 0.42 1.85 0.500
Dun18 Rf/ϕ 1.19 1.6 1.9 1.31 1.10 0.69 0.31 1.79 0.470
Fry 1.13 1.6 1.8 1.27 1.12 0.70 0.21 1.73 0.440
Dun19 Rf/ϕ 1.55 3.1 4.8 1.95 1.26 0.41 0.26 3.65 1.145
Fry 1.5 3 4.5 1.89 1.26 0.25 0.25 3.5 1.101

tion on the K value is needed. The K value defines the
ratios of the principal strains. Furthermore, the differ
ent shapes of ellipsoids are distinguished using the K
value.
The strain ellipsoids have oblate strain symmetry
(see Fig. 6). The axial ratios in XZ sections range from
1.70 to 4.80 with SX ranging from 1.21 to 1.95 (Table 2)
for Rf/φ method. [28] is shown the axial ratios in
XZ sections range from 1.65 to 4.50 and SX ranging
from 1.09 to 1.93 for the Fry method (see Fig. 6). The
stretches in the Z direction, SZ, range from 0.41 to
0.73, indicating vertical shortening of 27 to 59% for
Rf/φ method and from 0.25 to 0.91, indicating vertical
shortening of 9 to 75% for the Fry method. SY ranges
from 0.93 to 1.27 for Rf/φ method and 0.93 to 1.26 for
the Fry method, showing extension and contraction in
this direction. The strain data show the same order of
deformation in all rock types that is consistent with
qualitative observations in the field and in thin section.
Figures 7a and 7b show that with increasing stretching
in the X direction and decreasing SY, the strain sym
metry [26] becomes more prolate. SZ shows no obvious
correlation between vertical shortening and K
(Fig. 7c). Because deviatoric strain depends on all
three principal stretches, the positive and negative cor

GEOTECTONICS Vol. 48 No. 6 2014

492 OSAMA M. K. KASSEM, SAID H. ABD EL RAHIM

SX relation of SX and SY with the K value does not result in

4 a correlation between strain magnitude (Et) and K (see
Table 2) [30].
The metavolcanic rocks are weakly deformed in the
3 Dungash region. The weakly deformed volcanic rocks
represented by metadacite, contain plagioclase and
hornblende phenocrysts embedded in crystalline
groundmass of the same composition. The metasedi
2 mentary rocks are moderately to highly deformed. This
deformation has increased toward the shear zone in
Dungash area. The highly deformed quartz rich sam
1 ples contain elongated hornblende and chlorite. Some
times this rock shows sigma and delta structures
enclosed in the foliated matrix (see Figs. 4f, 4g and 4h).
The metavolcanic and sedimentary rocks are com
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 posed of four mechanically different phases: feldspar,
K quartz, hornblende and mica. The deformation beha
SY viour of plagioclase and Kfeldspar is rather similar. In
2.0 other case, the deformation behaviour of mica minerals
is different from felsic grains. Otherwise, quartz is the
1.6 strongest phase. Since silicate minerals are harder than
some mafic minerals, we measure silicate minerals sep
arately from mafic minerals to show the difference
1.2 between them. The Fry strains are thought to represent
the matrix strain, whereas the strain derived from
Rf/φ technique describe the fabric ellipsoid or clast
0.8 strain. The studied samples show that there was no sig
nificant difference in deformation behaviour between
the quartzmica matrix and the feldspar porphyroclasts
0.4 and amphibole grains during the accumulation of finite
strain at peak metamorphic conditions. Furthermore,
finite strain in the all types of rocks is of the same order
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 of magnitude. The mainphase foliation is similar in
K metavolcanic and in metasedimentary rocks, suggesting
SZ similar deformation behaviour in all metavolcanic
1.0 sedimentary rock types.

0.8 DISCUSSION
The current work on the origin of goldmineraliza
0.6 tion in Precambrian basement rocks appears to be
dominated by the metamorphic model of syngenetic
and epigenetic subtypes. According to the syngenetic
0.4 metamorphic model, the goldbearing fluids may be
either circulating sea water [15] or metamorphic water
[35]. In the epigenetic–metamorphic model, the for
0.2 mation of gold and sulphides is mainly controlled by
fluid/wallrock interaction related to the shear zone
and is generally formed under greenschistfacies con
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 ditions [20, 47]. Another assumption for the origin of
K gold is connected with magmatichydrothermal activ
ities [8, 17].
Most authors seem to favor either a metamorphic
Fig. 7. Flinn diagram showing relative strain or strain sym origin [23] or a combined metamorphicmagmatic
metry as obtained by the Rf/φ method (black square) and origin [5, 6, 21, 37] goldbearing fluids. Spatial and
Fry method (grey triangle). (a) SX vs. K showing positive
correlation. (b) SY vs. K showing pronounced negative temporal relationships between gold veins and struc
correlation. (c) SZ vs. K depicting no obvious correlation tures in the Arabian Nubian Shield have led many
(K defines the ratios of the principal strains). authors to suggest a genetic relationship between min

GEOTECTONICS Vol. 48 No. 6 2014

 FINITE STRAIN ANALYSIS OF METAVOLCANICS AND METAPYROCLASTICS
eralization and major tectonic events such as the Late
PanAfrican transpression [22, 40, 52].
Many authors (such as, [25, 58]) investigated pet
rographic and microchemical analyses for Dungash
gold mine area and show the style of hydrothermal
alterations (chloritization, sericitization, carbonatiza
tion and silicification) and mineralization (formation
of sulphides and gold) are not limited to only the auri
ferrous quartz ore body (massive mineralization) but
occur also in the wall rocks (disseminated mineraliza
tion) surrounding goldbearing veins. Our work sup
ported that semibrittle deformation of the vein quartz
led to stretching, leakage, and decrepitation of some
fluid inclusions. Latestage deformation and incipient
recovery of vein quartz resulted in the entrapment of
different aqueouscarbonic and aqueous fluids, many
along secondary trails, and in the remobilization of
gold, causing its precipitation in secondary sites (see
Figs. 3 and 4). Also, shearing of the wall rocks are the
major factors controlling the alterations and the min
eralizations as these provided favourable channel ways
for fluid flow [58]. These fluid flows were generated
under postpeak metamorphic greenschist facies con
ditions [25, 58].
Many authors suggested that the regional meta
morphism of arcrelated volcanic rocks and their asso
ciated sediments under amphibolite to greenschist
facies conditions and the intrusion of the older gran
ites, major shear zones developed. Zoher et al. [58]
suggested that the hot, lowsalinity, aqueous fluids cir
culated through the shear zones. These fluids were
probably derived from deeply buried volcanic and
sedimentary rocks as they were being metamorphosed
under amphibolite facies conditions while their shal
low level counterparts were only metamorphosed
under greenschist facies [25, 58]. Although a relation
ship between the mineralizing fluids and later intrud
ing magmas (now represented by the younger pink
granites) cannot be ruled out [2], these fluids were pro
duced by regional metamorphism of the rocks hosting
the goldbearing veins. Twodimensional thermal
modeling by [55] has shown that rapid erosion during
metamorphism produces a cooling pile of lowgrade
metamorphic rocks overlying another pile that is still
undergoing prograde metamorphism. This ultimately
results in a time gap of 20 to 50 m.y. between metamor
phism of the lowgrade (host) rocks and their infiltra
tion by mineralizing fluids generated from the under
lying rock pile.
The strain data reflect flattening strain type (see
Fig. 6). The finite strain data show oblate strain sym
metry in the studied metavolcanosedimentary rocks
[29, 33, 34]. It is suggested, that the quartz veins were
formed in the metavolcanic and metasedimentry rocks
in the Dungash area during major tectonic event of the
Late PanAfrican transpression under brittle to semi
ductile conditions regional during deformation and
metamorphism of different rocks in studied area [58].
The mineralization, chloritization, carbonatization
GEOTECTONICS Vol. 48 No. 6 2014
493
and silicification of the wall rocks are associated with
fluids migrating along shearing, of the metamor
phosed wall rocks. Our data show that the finite strain
accumulated during metamorphism. The finite strain
was produced by deformation on the already assem
bled nappe structure. Apparently, the finite strain
accumulated during metamorphism indicates that the
nappe contacts were formed before the accumulation
of finite strain. The mainphase foliation is similar for
all types of rocks, which also suggest similar deforma
tion behaviour in all types of rocks. The data show no
significant relationship between the strain magnitude
occurred in rocks located in proximitly and far away
from the tectonic contacts between metavolcanics and
metasedimentary rocks in the Dungash area. Also, the
strain type as expressed by the K value does not show a
distinct pattern in the Dungash area. Deformation
consisted in vertical shortening producing flattening
strain type in large parts of the Dungash area. Our data
show that the acquired schistosity of the metavolcano
sedimentary rocks was retained throughout the main
deformation events in the region [28].
Our data indicates that the accumulation of ductile
deformation during thrusting was not by simple shear
but it involved vertical shortening produced by a com
ponent of pure shear. Pure shearrelated vertical short
ening caused the subhorizontal foliation in the con
cerned area. O. M. K. Kassem and U. Ring [34] sug
gested that subhorizontal foliation by simple shear
nappe stacking alone appears to be an unreasonable
alternative, since it demands very high shear strains of
the order of >10. Also, the rotation of elongate crystals
into a subhorizontal position would lead to strain
ellipses with aspect ratios of ~100 throughout the
entire thickness of the nappes. Such high strains are
not reported in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Same
authors [34] envisage that nappe imbrication associ
ated with a component of pure shear flattening is a
general process causing flatlying foliations. The rota
tion of objects by pure shear is faster than in simple
shear and thus makes a pure shear component of
deformation more likely for producing subhorizontal
foliations across nappes.
Nelba et al. [25] suggested that the precipitation of
gold was triggered by reactions between fluid in the
shear zones and the country rock. Semibrittle defor
mation of the vein quartz led to stretching, leakage,
and decrepitation of some fluid inclusions. Latestage
deformation and incipient recovery of vein quartz
resulted in the entrapment of different aqueouscar
bonic and aqueous fluids, many along secondary
trails, and in the remobilization of gold, causing its
precipitation in secondary sites. Our finite strain data
in Dungash area support this opinion.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results support that the same time of deforma
tion occured in metavolcanosedimentary succession
494 OSAMA M. K. KASSEM, SAID H. ABD EL RAHIM
rocks. The finite strain has the same magnitude in the
deformed metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks.
Our data show that all type of metavolcanosedimen
tary rocks are characterized by the shortening axes are
subvertical associated with a subhorizontal foliation in
the Dungash area.
It is concluded, that the contacts between principal
rock units in the Dungash area were formed during
emplacement of the EW shear zone under brittle to
semiductile conditions during deformation and
regional metamorphism in the studied area. The finite
strain was produced by the deformation during thrust
ing to assemble nappe structure. Apparently, the finite
strain accumulated during metamorphism that indi
cates that the contacts were formed during the accu
mulation of finite strain.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to extend their sincere appre
ciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King
Saud University for its funding of this research through
the Research Group project no. RGPVPP230. We are
thankful journal reviewers and editor for critical and
helpful comments and manuscript.
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