and technological systems occur;
and the effects of these processes
CHAPTER 1
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH
SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS CHANGED
THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
Intended Learning Outcomes:
1. Discuss the interactions
between science and
technology; and society
throughout history.
2. Discuss how scientific and
technological
developments affect society
and the environment
3. Identify the paradigm shifts
in history.
WHAT IS SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY
AND SOCIETY?
an interdisciplinary course
designed to examine the
way that science and
technology shape, and are
shaped by our society,
politics, and culture
explores the conditions
under which production,
distribution and utilization
of scientific knowledge
upon the entire society.
FACTORS THAT MOLDED THE
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
Interconnected to the discussion
of STS History and philosophy of
science
● Technology
● Sociology
● Anthropology
Science
an evolving body of
knowledge that is based on
theoretical expositions and
experimental and empirical
activities that generates
universal truths
Technology
the application of science
and creation of systems,
processes and objects
designed to help humans
in their daily activities
Society
sum total of our
interactions as humans,
including the interactions
that we engage into
understand the nature of
things and to create things
1
 group of individuals
involved in persistent social
interaction, or a large
social group sharing the
same geographical or
social territory, typically
subject to the same
political authority and
dominant cultural
expectations
Science, technology and society
important to the public
because it helps address
issues and problems that
are of concern to the
general population
FIGURE 1 ( Refer to the next slide)
The Interrelationship of Science,
Technology and Society
Source: Ihueze et al., 2015.
researchgate.net
How to solve contemporary
problems?
❖ Science needs to become
more multidisciplinary and
its practitioners should
continue to promote cooperation
and integration between the
social and natural sciences.
❖ A holistic approach also
demands that science draw
on the contributions of the
humanities (such as history
and philosophy), local
knowledge systems,
aboriginal wisdom, and the
wide variety of cultural
values.
ROLES OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
1. Alter the way people live,
connect, communicate and
transact, with profound
effects on economic
development
2. Key drivers to development,
because technological and
scientific revolutions
underpin economic,
advances, improvements in
health systems, education
and infrastructure
3. The technological
revolutions of the 21st
century are emerging from
entirely new sectors, based
on microprocessors, tele­
communications,
biotechnology and
nano-­technology. Products
2
 are transforming business
practices across the
economy, as well as
The most remarkable
breakthroughs will come
from the interaction of insights
and applications arising when
these technologies converge.
4. have the power to better
the lives of poor people in
developing countries
5. differentiators between
countries that are able to
tackle poverty effectively by
growing and developing
their economies, and those
that are not
6. engine of growth
7. interventions for cognitive
enhancement, proton
cancer therapy and genetic
engineering
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN
THE WORLD
From Ancient Times to 600 BC
Science -
➔ involved practical arts like
healing practices and
metal tradition 3,000 years
before Christ- ancient
Egyptians already had
reasonably sophisticated
medical practices around
2650 B.C.
➔ a man named Imhotep was
renowned for his knowledge
of medicine
➔ Most historians - agreed
that the heart of Egyptian
medicine was trial and error.
Egyptian doctors would try one
remedy, and if it worked, they
would continue to use it.
BC and AD
➢ The idea to count years
from the birth of Jesus
Christ was first proposed in
the year 525 by Dionysius
Exiguus, a Christian monk.
➢ Standardized under the
Julian and Gregorian
calendars, the system
spread throughout Europe
and the Christian world
during the centuries that
followed.
AD stands for Anno Domini, Latin
for “in the year of the Lord”,
BC stands for “before Christ”.
BCE and CE
3
CE stands for “common (or
current) era”,
while BCE stands for “before the
common (or current) era”.
● These abbreviations have a
shorter history than BC
and AD, although they still
date from at least the early
1700s.
● They have been in frequent
use by Jewish academics
for more than 100 years, but
became more widespread in the
later part of the 20th century,
replacing BC/AD in a number of
fields, notably science and
academia.
ABOUT IMHOTEP
Description
Imhotep was an Egyptian
chancellor to the Pharaoh
Djoser, possible architect of
Djoser's step pyramid, and
high priest of the sun god Ra at
Heliopolis. Very little is
known of Imhotep as a historical
figure, but in the 3,000
years following his death, he was
gradually glorified and
deified. Wikipedia
Born: Memphis, Egypt
Died: Ancient Egypt
Place of burial: Saqqara
Necropolis, Egypt
Parents: Kanofer, Kheredu-ankh
Known for: Being the architect of
Djoser's step pyramid
Other names: Asclepius (name in
Greek) Imouthes (also
name in Greek)
considered advanced as
compared with other ancient
nations because of one of the
early inventions of Egyptian
civilization - the papyrus
ancient form of paper, made from
the papyrus plant, a reed which
grows in the marshy areas around
the Nile river.
As early as 3,000 years before
Christ, Egyptians took thin slices
of the stem of the papyrus plant,
laid them crosswise on top of
each other, moistened them, and
then pressed and dried them.
paper- easy to write on and store
easy to roll into scrolls
used as a writing material as
early as 3,000 BC
4
in ancient Egypt, and continued
to be used to some extent until
around 1100 AD
Before papyrus, Egyptians,
Sumerians, and other races wrote
on clay tablets or smooth rocks.
time-consuming process products
were not easy to store or
transport
Mesopotamians making pottery
using the first known potter's
wheel.
horse-drawn chariots being used
As early as 1,000 years before
Christ, Chinese were using
compasses to aid themselves in
their travels
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
place where man's
bewilderment and scientific
view of the globe started
MESOPOTAMIA (from the Greek,
meaning 'between two rivers') an
ancient region located in the
eastern Mediterranean bounded
in the northeast by the Zagros
Mountains and in the southeast
by the Arabian Plateau,
corresponding to today's IRAQ,
mostly, but also parts of
modern-day Iran, Syria and
Turkey.
Ancient Greeks early thinkers
★ first true scientists
Collected observations and facts
by:
1. Ancient Egyptians
2. Mesopotamians
3. Chinese
Classical antiquity
★ classical era, classical
period or classical age the
period of cultural history
between the 8th century BC
and the 5th century AD
centered on the
Mediterranean Sea,
comprising the
Mediterranean Sea,
comprising the interlocking
civilizations of ancient
Greece
★ and ancient Rome known
as the Greco-Roman world
Antiquities things such as
buildings, statues, or coins that
were made in ancient times and
have survived to the present day.
5
Scientific thought in Classical d. mineralogy
Antiquity becomes tangible from e. geography
f. mathematics
★ the 6th century BC in g. astronomy
pre-Socratic philosophy
2. an awareness of the
1. Thales importance of certain scientific
2. Pythagoras problems, especially those related
to the problem of change and its
In circa 385 BC cause

Plato founded the Academy 3. a recognition of the

Aristotle- Plato's student, begins
the "scientific revolution" of the
Hellenistic period culminating in
the 3rd to 2nd centuries with
scholars:
1. Eratosthenes
2. Euclid
3. Archimedes
methodological importance of
applying mathematics to natural
phenomena and of undertaking
empirical research
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN
ANCIENT CHINA

➔ one of the most Significant scientific innovations,

recognizable symbols of findings and technological
the classical era, advances
exemplifying ancient Greek 1. natural sciences
culture 2. engineering
3. medicine
4. military technology
➔ a prominent symbol of the 5. mathematics
Roman classical era and 6. geology
culture 7. astronomy

PERIOD
1. produced substantial
advances in scientific 1. compass
knowledge 2. gunpowder
a. anatomy 3. papermaking
b. biology 4. printing
c. botany d.
6

➢ blew up the knightly class
➢ discovered the world
market and found the
colonies
Rediscovery of ancient scientific
texts accelerated after the Fall of
Constantinople in 1453
invention of printing
democratized learning and
allowed a faster propagation of
new ideas

➢ instrument of Protestantism
and the regeneration of
science in general; the most
powerful lever for creating
the intellectual
prerequisites
★ coined the term Scientific
Renaissance to designate
the early phase of the
Scientific Revolution,
1450-1630.

MARIE BOAS HALL (1919-2009)

➢ American historian of
science
➢ considered one of the
14th century
postwar period pioneers of
beginning of the cultural the study of the Scientific
movement of the Revolution during the 16th
Renaissance and 17th centuries
Golden Age of Science
PETER DEAR

➢ professor of science and

technology studies and
❖ geography history at Cornell
❖ astronomy University. He is the author
❖ chemistry of Revolutionizing the
❖ physics Sciences: European
❖ mathematics Knowledge and Its
❖ anatomy Ambitions, 1500-1700 and
❖ manufacturing Discipline and
❖ engineering
7
 ➢ Experience: The
Mathematical Way in the
Scientific Revolution, the
latter published by the
University of Chicago Press.
➢ Two-phase model of early
modern science Scientific
Renaissance of the 15th
and 16th centuries focused
on the restoration of the
natural knowledge of the
ancients
2. Scientific Revolution of the 17th
century when scientists shifted
from recovery to Innovation
The Scientific Revolution (16th
and 17th century)
Nicholas Copernicus
➢ Heliocentric model
challenges both
established science and
the Church
➢ Opens the door to the
questioning of other realms
Scientific Method
❖ man can now use reason to
explain the world around
himno need for God in
science
SCIENTISTS & MATHEMATICIANS
1. Nicholas Copernicus
2. Gerolamo Cardano
3. Francis Bacon
4. Rene Descartes
THE ENLIGHTENMENT PERIOD
(1715 A.D. TO 1789 A.D.)
Age of Reason characterized by
radical reorientation in science,
which emphasized reason over
superstition and science over
blind faith.
produced numerous books,
essays, inventions, scientific
discoveries, laws, wars and
revolutions
American and French Revolutions
directly inspired by Enlightenment
ideals and the peak of its
influence and decline respectively
marked the beginning of its
Enlightenment ultimately gave
way to 19th century Romanticism.
➢ Age of Reason
Key natural philosophers of the
Scientific Revolution
8
 ➢ Galileo Galilei
➢ Johannes Kepler
➢ Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1642)
➔ ITALIAN
➔ PHYSICIST
➔ MATHEMATICIAN
➔ ASTRONOMER
PHILOSOPHER
➔ KNOWN AS THE FATHER
➔ OF:MODERN
OBSERVATIONAL
➔ ASTRONOMY
➔ SCIENCE
➔ MODERN PHYSICS
➔ bodies
MODERN SCIENCE
Johannes Kepler
➔ German mathematician
and astronomer who
discovered that the Earth
and planets travel about
the sun in elliptical orbit
gave three fundamental
laws of planetary motion
did important work in
optics and geometry
Gottfried Leibniz
➔ a German mathematician
who developed the present
day notation for the
differential and integral
calculus though he never
thought of the derivative as
a limit.
➔ His philosophy is also
important and he invented
an early calculating
machine.
Isaac Newton
➔ published his "Principia
Mathematica" (1686)
➔ consists in the
comprehension of a
diversity of physical
phenomena in particular
the motions of heavenly
bodies, together with the
motions of sublunary
John Locke
➔ "Essay Concerning Human
Understanding" (1689)
➔ two works that provided the
scientific, mathematical
and philosophical toolkit
for the Enlightenment's
major advances
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
➢ perhaps the greatest
genius of all time
➢ Invented the reflecting
telescope
➢ Invented calculus
➢ Connected gravity and
planetary forces
Philosophiae naturalis
principia mathematica
9
 engine, electricity, petroleum, and
the internal combustion engine

3. the invention of new machines,

and the power loom that
permitted increased production
➔ Great Britain home of the
with smaller expenditure of the
Industrial Revolution
human energy
Science of metallurgy
permitted the tailoring of
4. a new organization of work
alloy steels to specifications
known as the factory system,
which entailed increased division
Science of chemistry
of labor and specialization of
function
★ permitted the creation of
new substances, like the
aniline dyes electricity and
5. important developments in
magnetism were harnessed
transportation and
in the electric dynamo and
communication including the
motor steam engine that
steam locomotive, steamship,
posed the problems led for
automobile, airplane, telegraph,
a search for a theory of
and radio
steam power, to the
creation of
6. the increasing application of
thermodynamics
science to industry

Main features involved in the

Industrial Revolution
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY &
SOCIETY
1. technological
2. socioeconomic
3. cultural

Technological Changes

1. the use of new basic materials, What established an intimate

chiefly iron and steel connection between science and
technology during the
2. the use of new energy sources, 20th century?
including both fuels and motive
power, such as coal, the steam ANSWER: Introduction of novel
research methods
10
Q: What are the areas of science
which contributed to the
revolutionary changes?
1. physics
2. biology
3. astronomy
4. chemistry
5. neurosciences
6. earth and environmental
sciences
Neuroscience
➔ known as Neural Science
the study of how the
nervous system develops,
its structure, and what it
does
Neuroscientists
➔ focus on the brain and its
impact on behavior and
cognitive. functions
Earth and Environmental
Sciences
➔ study the formation and
evolution of the Earth, and
how the heat deep inside
the Earth continually
reshapes our landscape. It
studies how the Earth's
climate and environment
have changed in the past
and will continue to change
Q:What greatly improved our
knowledge of the place that man
and his planet occupy in the
universe?
A: Cosmology
What did Aristotle say about
wonder?
In the Metaphysics, Aristotle says
that it is wonder that led the first
philosophers to philosophy, since
a man who is puzzled thinks of
himself as ignorant and
philosophizes to escape from his
ignorance.
COSMOLOGY
➔ the study of the Universe
and its components, how it
formed, how its has evolved
and what is its future.
Astronomers
➔ determined that our
universe is 13.7 billion years
old
What is the shape of the universe
according to NASA?
➔ The simplest version of the
inflationary theory, an
extension of the Big Bang
theory, predicts that the
density of the universe is
very close to the critical
density, and that the
11
geometry of the universe is flat,
like a sheet of paper. Who made
the Big Bang theory?
➔ According to the Big Bang
theory, the expansion of
the observable universe
began with the explosion of
a single particle at a
definite point in time.
➔ Georges Lemaitre,
(1894-1966), Belgian
cosmologist, Catholic
priest, and father of the Big
Bang theory.
Q: Who formulated the theory of
relativity in 1905 including the
unifyingconcept of energy related
to mass and the speed of light:
E=mc² ?
A: Albert Einstein
Q: What are the several branches
of science which continued to
make great progress several of in
the 2nd half of the 20th century?
1. physics
2. chemistry
3. biology
4. geology
5. astronomy
Q: What are the two fields that led
to the great advances in
information technology ?
A: 1. semi-conductor (transistor)
2. nanotechnology
Q: What was the discovery in the
nuclear Physics?
A: sub-atomic particles
Q: What was the year which was
an important landmark for
biology with the description by
Crick and Watson of the structure
of DNA, the carrier of genetic
information?
A: 1953
Q: What is the natural science
that studies matter, its
fundamental constituents, its
motion and behavior through
space and time, and the related
entities of energy and force?
A: Physics
Q: What are the two discoveries in
Biology that allows us to
penetrate the fundamental
processes of life and to intervene
in the gene pool of certain
organisms. by imitating some of
these natural mechanisms?
A: DNA Genetics
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid
hereditary material in humans
and almost all other organisms.
12
the information molecule. It stores
instructions for making other
large molecules, called proteins
These instructions are stored
inside each of your cells,
distributed among 46 long
structures called chromosomes.
These chromosomes are made up
of thousands of shorter segments
of DNA, called genes.
Q: What are other developments
during the 20th century?
A: seen medicine find a cure for
many life- threatening diseases
and the beginning of or
2 from progress in computational
logic to the chemistry of materials
from the neurosciences to
robotics
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN
THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
Fourth Industrial Revolution
(4IR)—characterized by the fusion
of the digital, biological, and
physical worlds, as well as the
growing utilization of new
technologies .
1. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
2. Robotics
3. Internet of Things (IoT)
4. 3D Printing
5. Quantum Computing
6. Virtual Reality (VR)
7. Biotechnology
8. Genetic Engineering
Designers use 3D printers to
quickly create product models
and prototypes, but they're
increasingly being used to
make final products, as well.
Items made with 3D printers
1. shoe designs
2. furniture
3. wax castings for making jewelry
4. tools
5. tripods
6. gift and novelty items
7. toys
BIOTECHNOLOGY
● the use of biology to solve
problems and make useful
products.
The most prominent area of
biotechnology is the production
of therapeutic proteins and other
drugs through genetic
engineering
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
ANALYSIS FROM ARCHEOLOGICAL
ARTIFACTS
● First inhabitants in the
archipelago who settled in
Palawan and Batangas
around 40,000 years ago
13
 have made simple tools or
weapons of stone which
eventually developed
techniques for
1. sawing
2. polishing hard stones.
3. drilling
Primitive technology was brought
by primal needs of survival by
1. hunting wild animals and
2. gathering fruits and
vegetables in the forest
● Learned that by polishing
hard stones, they can
develop sharp objects that
are useful in their day to
dativities
● Learnings from the
environment
● when clay is mixed with 2
water and then shaped into
something before sun
drying, it hardens to an
object that can also be
useful to them clay is
moldable, it can be shaped
into various objects As the
early Filipinos flourished,
they have learned how to
extract, smelt and refine
metals like copper, gold,
bronze and iron from
nature
● and consequently fashion
them into tools and
implements.
● As the inhabitants shifted
from wandering from one
place to another and
learned to settle in areas
near the water source, they
also learned
1. how to weave cotton,
2. engaged themselves in
agriculture 3.
knowledgeable on building
boats for coastal trade
Primitive Filipinos
❖ practicing science and
technology in their
everyday lived crafts of
stone carving pottery
smelting of metals
EXAMPLES
1. Ingenuity of the Ifugaos in
building the Banaue Rice
Terraces.
2. Smelting of metals
exhibited the primitive
Filipino's knowledge on the
composition of alloy and
the optimum temperature
that will produce the metal
with acceptable tensile
strength.
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
(1565-1898)
14
SPANISH PHILIPPINES
Caoili (1983)
The beginnings of modern
science and technology in the
country can be traced back to the
Spanish regime because they
established
1. schools
2. hospitals
started scientific research that
had important consequences in
the development of the country.
Schools run by Spanish friars,
formed the first Filipino
professionals
Royal and Pontifical University of
Santo Tomas-highest institution
of learning during this time
DR. JOSE RIZAL the epitome of
the Renaissance man in the
Philippine context
A. a scientist
B. a doctor
C. an engineer (he designed
and built a water system in
Dapitan)
D. a journalist
E. a novelist,
F. an urban planner and
G. a hero.
Being a doctor and scientist, he
had extensive knowledge on
medicine and was able to operate
his mother's blinding eye.
Dapitan
● his knowledge on science
and engineering was
translated into technology
by creating a water system
that improved the
sanitation of households in
the area
1887
● Laboratorio Municipal de
Ciudad de Manila
● was created and whose
functions were to conduct
biochemical analyses for
public health and to
undertake specimen
examinations for clinical
and medico-legal cases.
Cronica de Ciencias Medicas de
Filipinas
● the first scientific journal in
the country which showed
the studies undertaken
during that time
Exploited the natural
restablishing various kinds of
industries to further promote
economic growth.
15
 3. related sciences.
Scientific research on these fields
were encouraged by the University of the Philippines Los
government. Baños-opened the College of
Agriculture in 1909
Primary agricultural exporting
economy evolved -because of the University of the Philippines
influx of foreign capital and Diliman- opened the Colleges of
technology which brought Arts, Engineering and Veterinary
modernization of some sectors, Medicine in 1910
notably sugar and hemp
production. College of Medicine -opened four
years later
AMERICAN PERIOD (1898 to
American colonial government
Rapid growth of S & T during the
sent Filipino youths to be
American occupation and was
educated in American colleges to
made possible by the
further capacitate the Filipinos in
government's extensive public
various fields
education system from
elementary to tertiary schools.
1. teachers
2. engineers
3. physicians
Schools which provided the
needs for professionally trained
Bureau of Government
Filipinos in building the
Laboratories later lawyers
government's organization and
changed to Bureau of Science-
programs
supported and created by the
government
1. Philippine Normal School
2. University of the Philippines
biological laboratory serum
laboratory for the production of
Growth and application of
virus chemical laboratory vaccine,
science still concentrated on the
serums and prophylactics a
health sector in the form of
librang
biochemical analyses in hospitals
The Bureau of Science served as
Government supported basic and
the primary training. ground for
applied. research in the
Filipino scientists and paved the
1. medical
way for pioneering scientific
2. agricultural
16
research, most especially on the
study of various tropical diseases
that were prevalent during those
times like
1. tuberculosis
2. cholera
3. dengue fever
4. malaria
5. beri-beri
Philippine Journal of Science
scientific journal published
researches done in local
laboratories and reported global
scientific developments that had
relevance to the Philippine society
Bureau of Science primary
research center of the Philippines
until World War II
December 8, 1933
● National Research Council
of the Philippines was
established
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH
ERA
Commonwealth era 10 year
transitional period in Philippine
history from 1935 to 1945 in
preparation for independence
from the United States as
provided for under the Philippine
Independence Act or more
popularly known as the
Tydings-McDuffie Law
Americans granted independence
Commonwealth government was
established Filipinos busy in
working towards economic
reliance but acknowledge the
importance and vital role of
science and technology for the
economic development of the
country by declaring that "The
State shall promote scientific
research and invention..."
Commonwealth Government was
succeeded by the Japanese
occupation when the Pacific war
broke out in 1941.
The prevailing situations during
the time of Commonwealth period
to the Japanese regime had
made. developments in science
and technology practically
impossible.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SINCE INDEPENDENCE
1946
● Bureau of Science was
replaced by the Institute of
Science and was placed
under the Office of the
President of the Philippines
1950
● US Economic Survey to the
Philippines reported that
there was a lack of basic
17
 information which
were necessities to
the country's
industries, lack of
support of
experimental work
and minimal budget
for scientific research
and low salaries of Trade schools
scientists employed
by the government. ● produced craftsmen,
1958
● during the regime of
President Carlos P.
Garcia, the Philippine
Congress passed the
Science Act of 1958
which established
the National Science
Development Board
(NSDB)
state funded manual
and trading schools
which would
eventually become
the current state
universities and
colleges
tradesmen and
technicians that
helped in shaping a
more technological
Philippines while still
being an agricultural
based nation

Philippine government

● focused on science
and technology
institutional
capacity-building
which were
undertaken by
establishing
infrastructure-­suppo
rt facilities such as
new research
agencies and
development
trainings rebuilding
the country involved
establishing more
18