Comm Disease 2

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Microbiology and Parasitology

DR. DR.
REGIE P. DE JESUS
REGIE P. DE JESUS
General Control Measures
Prevention of Airborne Contamination
• Cover mouth and nose ( coughing or sneezing)
• Limit number of persons in a room
• Removal of dirt and dust
• Open room to fresh air and sunlight
• Roll linens together
DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

Handling of Food and Eating Utensils
• Use high quality foods
• Proper refrigeration and storage of food
• Proper washing, preparing, and cooking of food
• Proper disposal of uneaten food
• Proper hand washing
• Proper disposal of oral and nasal secretion
• Cover hair and wear clean clothes and apron
• Provide periodic health exam for kitchen workers
• Keep cutting boards clean
• Prohibit anyone with respiratory or GIT disease from handling
food
• Rinse and wash utensils with a temperature above 80°C

Handling of Fomites
• Use disposable equipments

• Sterilize or disinfect equipment
• Use individual equipment for each patient
• Use single use thermometers
• Empty bedpans and urinals properly and wash with hot water,
store in dry ,clean area or storage
• Place used linens and personal care equipment, and soiled
laundry in a bag

Medical Asepsis
• CLEAN TECHNIQUE: Involves procedures and practices
that reduce the number and transfer of pathogens
• Will exclude pathogens ONLY
Attained by:
• Frequent and thorough hand washing
• Personal grooming
• Proper cleaning of supplies and equipment
• Disinfection
• Proper disposal of needles, contaminated materials and
infectious waste

Surgical Asepsis
• STERILE TECHNIQUE : Practices used to render and
keep objects and areas sterile
• Exclude ALL microorganism
Attained by:
• Use strict aseptic precautions for invasive procedures
• Scrub hands and fingernails before entering O.R.
• Use sterile gloves, masks, gowns and shoe covers
• Use sterile solutions and dressings
• Use sterile drapes and create an sterile field
• Heat –sterilized surgical instruments

INFECTION CONTROL
PRECAUTIONS
• Standard Precaution
• Contact Precaution
• Droplet Precaution
• Airborne Precaution

1. Universal Precaution ( Standard Precaution )
• Defined by center for disease control (CDC) 1996
• Primary strategy for reducing the risk of & controlling
Nosocomial infections
• Used for care of all hospitalized patients, regardless of
diagnosis and are presumed infectious
• Protect healthcare workers from contamination and infection
( i.e. HIV, HBV)
Hand Washing
• Routine: Plain (non microbial) soap
• Outbreak Control: Antimicrobial/Antiseptic Agent
• Wash After: 1.touching blood and other body fluids
2. touch contaminated items
3. removal of gloves
4. between patient contact, task, procedure

Universal Precaution Materials

Gloves
• Must be worn when touching blood, body fluids,
secretions, excretions and contaminated items, mucous
membranes and non- intact skin
• Change gloves between tasks or procedures
• Remove gloves after use and before going to another
patient
Masks, Eye Protection, Face Shields, Gowns
• Wear in procedures that can generate splashes or
sprays of blood, body fluids, secretions or excretions or
cause soiling of clothing
Environmental Control
• Routine care, cleaning and disinfection of
environmental surfaces
Patient Care Equipment
• Prevent contaminating yourself or transfer microbes to
others
• Properly clean, disinfect or sterilize
• Dispose single – use items
Linens
• Handled, transported and processed to prevent
contamination and transfer of microorganisms
Occupational Health and Blood –borne Pathogens
• Never recap used needles
• Puncture – resistant containers

Revised C.D.C. Isolation Precaution
( Centers for Disease Control)
• 2. Transmission-Based Precautions
• The second tier of precaution
• Precaution are instituted for patients who are known to be or
suspected of being infected with highly transmissible infection.
THREE TYPES OF TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTIONS:

• 1. Airborne precautions
• 2.Droplet precautions
• 3.Contact precautions

NEGATIVE PRESSURE ROOMS

Personal Protective Equipment ( PPE)
( Barrier Technique)
• mask
• gloves
• gown
• shoe cover
• goggles

Transmission-Based precautions for Hospitalized
patient :
Category Single Masks Gowns Gloves
Precaution Room
Airborne Yes, with (-) air Yes No No
pressure
ventilation
Droplet Yes Yes, mask for No No

persons close
to patient
Contact Yes yes yes yes

Isolation
- is a protective procedure that limits the spread of infectious
diseases among hospitalized clients, hospital personnel, and
visitors.
• It is the separation from other persons of an individual
suffering from a communicable disease.
- other terms are: protective aseptic technique or barrier
technique.
Quarantine - is the limitation of freedom of movement of

persons or animals which have been exposed to communicable
disease / s for a period of time equivalent to the longest
incubation period of that disease.

Reverse Isolation
• Protective or neutropenic isolation
• Used for patients with severe burns, leukemia, transplant,
immuno deficient persons, receiving radiation treatment,
leukopenic patients
• Those that enter the room must wear masks and sterile
gowns to prevent from introducing microorganisms to the
room

Reverse Isolation

Additional Pointers
Regarding Disposal Precaution
Secretion: Patient should be instructed to expectorate into

tissue held close to mouth. Suction catheters and gloves
should be disposed of in impervious, sealed bags.
Excretion: Strict attention should be paid to careful hand

washing; disease can be spread by oral- fecal route.
Blood: needles and syringes should be disposable. Used

needles should not be recapped. They should be placed in a
puncture-resistant container that is prominently labeled “
Isolation “ Specimens should be labeled “ Blood Precaution”.

Environmental Control
• Routine care, cleaning and disinfection of

environmental surfaces
PRECAUTIONS FOR INVASIVE PROCEDURES:
• wear gloves during all invasive procedure + goggles +

mask

Work Practice Precaution
• Prevent injuries caused by needles, scalpels and other
sharps instrument or devices when cleaning used
instrument, when disposing of used needles
• Do not recap used needles, bend , break nor remove them
from disposable syringes or manipulate them.
• Place sharps in puncture resistant containers
• If gloves tears or a needle-stick or other injury occurs,
REMOVE the gloves, wash hands, and wash sites of the
needle stick thoroughly then put new gloves
• Report injuries and mucous membrane exposure to appropriate
infection control officer.

Waste management
• is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or
disposal of waste materials.
• Involves:
• 1. sharps
• 2.Solid infectious – cotton swab, dressing
• 3. Anatomic Infectious – placenta / organ
• 4.Solid non-infectious – used IV / bottle IV
• 5.General waste – scrap paper / food material

PHILIPPINE SET-UP
• Black plastic bags are for non-biodegradable and
noninfectious
• like paper or paper products (newspaper, tetra packs, etc.),
bottles (glass and plastics), and packaging materials
(Styropor, candy wrapper, aluminum cans).
• Green plastic bags are biodegradable wastes such as
leftover food, used cooking oil, fish entrails, scale, fins,
fruits, vegetable peelings, rotten fruits, and vegetables

PHILIPPINE SET-UP
• Yellow plastic bags are for infectious waste
• such as disposable materials used for collection of blood
and body fluids like diapers, sanitary pads, incontinent
• pads; materials (like tissue paper) with blood secretions and
other exudates; dressings, bandages, used cotton balls,
gauze;
• IV tubings, used syringes; Foleys catheter/ tubings; gloves
and drains. (WHO standards- internationally in BLUE BAGS)

PHILIPPINE SET-UP
• Red contains sharp materials that can cause a cut or
puncture wounds.
• Examples of sharp materials are needles or syringe, scalpel
blades, ampules, test tubes, broken glasses
• Orange contains radioactive wastes or medical
equipment contaminated or exposed in radioactivity.
• E.g. disused sealed radiation sources, liquid and gaseous
materials contaminated with radioactivity, excreta of patients
who underwent radionuclide diagnostic and therapeutic
applications

Means of controlling the spread of CD
1. Elimination of the source of infection
2. Interruption of transmission
3. Protection of susceptible host.


Comm Disease 2

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COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Microbiology and Parasitology

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

• Use disposable equipments

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

THREE TYPES OF TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTIONS:

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

Droplet Yes Yes, mask for No No

Contact Yes yes yes yes

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

Quarantine - is the limitation of freedom of movement of

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

Secretion: Patient should be instructed to expectorate into

Excretion: Strict attention should be paid to careful hand

Blood: needles and syringes should be disposable. Used

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

• Routine care, cleaning and disinfection of

PRECAUTIONS FOR INVASIVE PROCEDURES:

• wear gloves during all invasive procedure + goggles +

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

DR. REGIE P. DE JESUS

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