Towhatext

entwasSamor
iTour
e’sempi
recr
eat
edandpr
eser
vedbymi
li
tar
ymeans.
?

Toagr
eat
erext
entSamor
i’
sempi
rewascr
eat
edusi
ngmi
l
itar
ymeans.I
nthe
pr
eser
vat
ionofhi
sst
atei
twasmor
eofdi
plomat
ict
hanmi
l
itar
ymeans.Mi
l
itar
ymeans
usedt
ocr
eat
ehi
sst
atei
ncl
udemi
l
itar
yconquest
,ov
err
unni
ngofst
ates,
siege,
and
mi
l
itar
ygeni
us.Besi
desmi
l
itar
ymeans,
dipl
omat
icmet
hodswer
eadopt
edbySamor
iin
cr
eat
inghi
sempi
ret
hesei
ncl
udet
rade,
dipl
omat
icandmat
ri
moni
alal
l
iances.The
samest
atecr
eat
edwasal
sopr
eser
vedusi
ngmi
l
itar
yandot
hermeans.Samor
i
possessedaf
ormi
dabl
ear
mywhi
chhegar
ri
sonedi
nthepr
ovi
nces.Apar
tfr
om mi
l
itar
y
means,
soundeconomy
,rel
i
gion,
pol
i
cyoft
oler
ance,
al
sohel
pedt
opr
eser
vet
hest
ate.

Samor
iwasami
l
itar
ygeni
usandt
hathel
pedhi
m cr
eat
ehi
sst
ate.Hewasenl
i
stedi
n
t
heSi
sear
myandexcel
l
edasahor
semanandmar
ksmen.Becauseofhi
smi
l
itar
y
geni
ushewaspr
omot
edbySer
eBur
layt
obecomeanar
mycommanderi
ntheSi
se
ar
my.Acombi
nat
ionofSamor
i’
smi
l
itar
ygeni
usandchar
ismahel
pedhi
mtobr
eak
awayf
rom Si
sear
my.Her
ebel
l
edandwassuppor
tedbyabandofsol
dier
sand
becameadi
ssi
dentf
ort
eny
ear
sfr
om 1857-
67.Sobr
eaki
ngawayf
rom Si
seenabl
ed
Samor
itocr
eat
ehi
sempi
re.Thi
sthensuf
fi
cet
oexpl
aint
hatMandi
nkawascr
eat
ed
usi
ngmi
l
itar
ymeans.

Conquesti
sanot
herexampl
eofmi
l
itar
yst
rat
egi
esusedbySamor
iTour
etocr
eat
ehi
s
Mandi
nkaempi
re.Mi
l
itar
yconquesti
nvol
vesl
aunchi
ngawaragai
nstanot
herst
atef
or
t
hepur
posesofconquer
ingt
hatst
ate.Samor
ilaunchedawaragai
nstBi
ssandugust
ate
andmanagedt
odef
eatt
hest
ate.Bi
ssandugubecamehi
sfi
rstcapi
tal
bef
orehe
mi
grat
edt
oDabakal
a.Ti
dyM(
1969)al
sosuppor
tthi
svi
ewofmi
l
itar
yconquest
.He
not
edt
hatSamor
iconquer
edKankan,
Sanankor
oandSankar
an.Ther
efor
eonecannot
denyt
hecl
aimt
hatcr
eat
ionoft
heMandi
nkaempi
rewasasar
esul
tofmi
l
itar
y
conquesti
nor
dert
oexpandhi
sspher
eofi
nfl
uence.

Si
egei
sami
l
itar
ymet
hodusedbySamor
itobui
l
dhi
sempi
re.Si
egei
sapr
ocess
wher
ebyonest
ateusef
orcesorsol
dier
stosur
roundanar
eat
obeconquer
ed.The
r
easonf
oror
gani
zi
ngasi
egei
ntopr
eventt
hingsget
ti
ngi
ntot
hatst
atei
nabi
dto
st
arv
einhabi
tant
s.Thepeopl
ewhoar
est
arv
edt
hensur
render
s.El
i
zabet
hIsi
chei
giv
es
anexampl
eofKumbanwhi
chwasconquer
edaf
teral
ongsi
ege.Samor
ibesi
eged
Kumbanst
atef
oral
ongt
ime,
thepeopl
eofKumbant
osav
ethemsel
vesf
rom
st
arv
ati
ondeci
dedt
osur
renderl
eav
ingSamor
itot
akeov
ert
hest
ate.
Soconquestof
Kumbanbyasei
gehel
pst
ojust
if
ythatt
hecr
eat
ionofMandi
nkawast
hroughmi
l
itar
y
means.

Anot
hermi
l
itar
ymeansadopt
edbySamor
iincr
eat
inghi
sst
atewasov
err
unni
ngof
st
ates.Thi
sst
rat
egyi
susedwhenf
ight
ingweakerst
atet
hatcannotputupst
rong
r
esi
stance.Samor
ipossessedast
rongar
mywhi
chwaswel
ltr
ained,
wel
lequi
ppedwi
th
moder
nfor
ear
msandwhi
chhadhor
sesf
orgr
eat
ermobi
l
ity
.St
atesf
rom Kour
oussat
o
Si
gur
ihadweakerar
miesandhadpoorweaponr
yascompar
edt
oSamor
i’
smi
l
itar
y
mi
ght
.Webst
er(
1980)not
est
hatSamor
iov
err
anst
atesf
rom whol
eregi
onof
Kour
oussat
oSi
gui
ri
.Thesest
atescoul
dnotof
ferst
if
fresi
stancet
heywer
ewel
lawar
e
t
hei
rmi
l
itar
ydef
ici
enci
esaopposedt
oSamor
imi
l
itar
ymi
ght
.Henceonei
sthen
i
nfl
uencedt
oconcl
udet
hatmi
l
itar
ymeansl
i
keov
err
unni
ngofst
atewasusedt
ocr
eat
e
Samor
i’
sempi
re.

Howev
erdi
plomat
icmeanssuchasmat
ri
moni
alal
l
ianceswer
eal
soadopt
edi
n
cr
eat
ingMandi
nkaempi
reofSamor
iTour
e.Samor
iusedmar
ri
ageal
l
iancest
obui
l
dhi
s
empi
re.Hemar
ri
edf
rom ot
herst
atest
oensur
eloy
alt
yoft
hosest
ates.Ti
dy(
1969)
gi
vesanexampl
eofTour
eofOdi
ennewhoent
eredi
ntodi
plomat
ical
l
iancewi
thSamor
i.
Samor
imar
ri
edf
rom Odi
enneki
ngdom andt
hisf
orcedt
heTour
eofOdi
ennet
osubmi
t
t
oSamor
ivol
unt
ari
l
y.I
nthi
scasenof
orcewasusedbuti
nst
eaddi
plomat
icmeanswer
e
adopt
edt
ocr
eat
ehi
sst
ate.Onemaybef
orcedt
oconcl
udet
hatbesi
demi
l
itantmeans
Samor
iuseddi
plomacyt
ocr
eat
ehi
sempi
re.

Di
plomat
ical
l
iancewasonemet
hodwhi
chSamor
iusedt
ocr
eat
eMandi
nkaempi
re.
Samor
iandot
herl
eader
sent
eredi
ntoanagr
eementwhi
chf
orcedt
hem t
omakean
al
l
ianceei
therf
orpr
otect
ionort
obui
l
danI
slami
cst
ate.Leemi
ng(
1980)not
edt
hat
Aj
ebuaf
terbr
eaki
ngawayf
rom AhmaduofTol
okorhedeci
dedt
oent
eri
ntodi
plomat
ic
al
l
iancewi
thSamor
iforpr
otect
ion.Hegoesonf
urt
hert
osayt
hatt
her
easonwhyAj
ebu
j
oinedSamor
iwast
obui
l
dast
rongI
slami
cst
ate.Aj
ebuj
ustl
i
keSamor
ibel
ongedt
othe
Ti
j
anni
yyabr
other
hood.
Sof
ormat
ionofadi
plomat
ical
l
iancewasanot
hermet
hodused
t
ocr
eat
eMandi
nkaempi
rebySamor
i.

Besi
desmi
l
itantmeans,
somest
atesv
olunt
eer
edandj
oinedsamor
isot
hatt
heymay
pr
otect
edf
rom Si
seaggr
essi
on.Anot
hermet
hodbesi
desmi
l
itar
ymeansusedby
Samor
itocr
eat
ehi
sempi
rewasusedbyv
olunt
eer
ism byt
radi
ti
onal
i
sts.Si
sej
i
hads
t
arget
edMandet
radi
ti
onal
i
stsst
ates.Si
sewant
edt
ospr
eadI
slami
cfai
th.The
t
radi
ti
onal
i
stsi
nMandewer
eagai
nstSi
seaggr
essi
on.Theyv
olunt
ari
l
yjoi
nedSamor
iso
t
hatt
heyar
epr
otect
edf
rom Si
seaggr
essi
on.Att
hatt
imeSamor
iwasaccommodat
ive,
heaccept
edbot
hIsl
ami
candt
radi
ti
onal
i
str
eli
giont
ocor
eexi
stal
thoughhewasl
argel
y
musl
i
m.

Topr
eser
vehi
sst
ateSamor
iusedmi
l
itantmet
hodsl
i
kecr
eat
ionofast
rongar
my.
Pr
eser
vat
ionmeanskeepi
ngi
ntactandpr
event
ingcol
l
apseorbr
eakupofanempi
re.
Samor
ihadast
rongar
mywhi
chwaswel
ltr
ained.Thi
sar
myusedef
fect
ivemet
hods
suchasoutmar
chi
ngandout
maneuv
eri
ngt
heenemyati
tsweakestpoi
nt.Thi
sst
rong
hadt
oputupast
rongr
esi
stanceagai
nstt
heFr
enchatt
hebat
tl
eofKeny
erai
n1882.
Ti
dy(
1980)not
est
hatSamor
imanagedt
odef
endt
heempi
ref
rom Fr
enchi
nvasi
oni
n
1882,
inst
eadher
epul
sedFr
enchencr
oachment
.Thi
sar
myf
oughtanddef
eat
edt
he
Fr
enchatt
hebat
tl
eofKeny
era.Hencepr
eser
vat
ionoft
heempi
rewast
hroughmi
l
itar
y
means.

Gar
ri
soni
ngofsol
dier
swasmi
l
itar
ymet
hodadopt
edbySamor
iinor
dert
opr
eser
vehi
s
empi
re.Gar
ri
soni
ngi
sst
ati
oni
ngsol
dier
sinaconquer
edst
atet
opr
eventr
ebel
l
ion.
Gar
ri
sonedsol
dier
swer
emeantt
osuppr
essr
evol
tsandensur
eloy
alt
y.Ti
dy(
1969)
poi
ntedoutt
hatSamor
ist
ati
onedsol
dier
sineachofhi
spr
ovi
ncest
osuppr
ess
possi
bler
evol
tsf
rom t
heconquer
edst
ates.Thesesol
dier
swer
eunderasof
awhowas
r
esponsi
blef
orf
eedi
ngandpay
ingt
hem f
rom pr
oceedsofal
mami
fiel
ds.Thi
skeptt
he
ar
mywel
lmot
ivat
ed.Gar
ri
soni
ngofsol
dier
ssuppor
tmi
l
itantmeanst
hatwer
eusedt
o
pr
eser
vet
heempi
re.

Apar
tfr
om mi
l
itar
ymeans,
rel
i
gionwasusedt
opr
eser
veSamor
i’
sempi
re.
Isl
am uni
fi
ed
t
hest
ate.Besi
deshav
ingbr
oughtupasat
radi
ti
onal
i
st,
Samor
iadopt
edI
slami
cfai
th.
Thoughheaccept
edt
radi
ti
onal
i
stshewasasi
ncer
eMusl
i
m.That
cherquot
edby
Webst
er(
1980)summar
izesSamor
isi
ncer
it
ytoI
slam whenhesai
dSamor
ibui
l
tast
ate
whi
chabl
endofr
eli
gionandeconomi
cs.Toshowhi
ssi
ncer
it
ytoI
slam Samor
i
obser
vedt
heRamadaan,
adopt
edt
het
it
leAl
mami
(commanderoft
hef
ait
hful
,used
Shar
ial
aws,
est
abl
i
shedI
slami
cschool
sandappoi
ntedi
mam i
neachpr
ovi
nce.
Thi
sisa
cl
earev
idencet
hathewasMusl
i
m athear
t.Obser
vingI
slami
clawshel
pedt
ouni
fyt
he
empi
ret
huspr
event
ingi
tfr
om col
l
apse.

Soundeconomycont
ri
but
edt
othepr
eser
vat
ionofMandi
nkaempi
re.Samor
iempi
re
hadsoundeconomy
.Tr
adewi
tht
heBr
it
ishatSi
err
aLeonemadehi
mtoobt
ainguns
t
hatheusedt
opr
otecthi
sst
ate.Gol
dmi
ningi
nBour
egol
dfi
eldsenabl
edSamor
ito
obt
aingol
dwhi
chwasusedast
radei
tem i
nSi
err
aLeone.Heest
abl
i
shedar
senal
i
ndust
ri
eswhi
chheusedt
omakeandr
epai
rguns.Thesear
ethev
erygunst
hatwer
e
usedt
odef
endhi
sst
ate.Al
mami
fiel
dsensur
edsuppl
yoff
oodt
huskeepi
ngt
hear
my
wel
lmot
ivat
ed.

Pol
i
cyoft
oler
anceadopt
edbySamor
iwasadi
plomat
icmeansusedt
opr
eser
vehi
s
empi
re.Bef
ore1888Gr
eatr
evol
tSamor
idi
dnotf
orcet
radi
ti
onal
i
stst
ojoi
nIsl
am
t
houghmostst
ruct
uresi
nhi
sempi
rewer
eIsl
ami
cforexampl
etheuseofShar
ial
aws,
I
slami
ccour
tsandschool
s.Heal
l
owedt
radi
ti
onal
i
stst
ocont
inuewi
tht
hei
rrel
i
gion.He
al
soembr
acedl
ocal
str
uct
uresandal
l
owedt
radi
ti
onal
leader
ssuchast
hequadi
to
cont
inueadmi
nist
eri
ngt
hei
rpol
i
tiesal
thought
heyshowedal
l
egi
ancet
oSamor
i.Thi
s
madehi
mtobeaccept
abl
epr
event
ingdecl
i
neofhi
sst
ate.Whenhet
ri
edf
orce
conv
ersi
onatal
aterdat
ether
ewast
hegr
eatr
evol
tint
heNor
ther
npar
tofhi
s
domi
nion.Howev
ersomehi
stor
ianar
guest
hatgr
eatr
evol
twasnotasar
esul
toff
orced
conv
ersi
onbutf
orcedr
equi
sit
ionoff
ood.Local
swer
einci
tedbyt
heFr
enchwhower
e
usi
ngdi
vi
deandr
ulemet
hod.Sopol
i
cyoft
oler
anceusedbySamor
ienabl
edhi
mto
keephi
sst
atei
ntactf
orqui
tesomet
imebef
orecol
oni
zat
ionbyt
heFr
ench.

I
nconcl
usi
onbot
hmi
l
itantanddi
plomat
icmeanshadbeenusedt
ocr
eat
eandpr
eser
ve
Mandi
nkaempi
reofSamor
iTour
e.Mi
l
itar
ymeansseem t
ohav
epl
ayedapi
vot
alr
olei
n
t
hecr
eat
ionofhi
sempi
re.Oneshoul
dnotbebl
i
ndt
oignor
epar
tpl
ayedbydi
plomacyi
n
empi
recr
eat
ion.I
nthepr
eser
vat
ionoft
heempi
reot
hermeanswer
eimpor
tantand
mi
l
itar
ymeanspl
ayedal
essi
mpor
tantr
ole.Oneshoul
dappr
eci
atet
hepar
tpl
ayedby
bot
hmi
l
itar
ymeansandot
herf
act
orsi
nthecr
eat
ionandpr
eser
vat
ionofMandi
nka
empi
rei
nWest
ernSudan.

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dyM andLeemi
ngD(
1979)Ahi
stor
yofAf
ri
ca1840-
1914v
olme1Regentpr
ess
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Webst
erJBetal
(1980)Ther
evol
uti
onar
yyear
s:WestAf
ri
casi
nce1800Longman.

Aj
ayi
JFS(
1974)Ahi
stor
yofWestAf
ri
cav
ol11Longman

Hagr
eav
esJD(1967)WestAf
ri
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merFr
enchst
ate,
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icehal
l

I
sichi
eEHi
stor
yof
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ri
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