HVDC Rectifier Station Modelling, Control and Synchronization with AC Systems 39

power demand override

phase-locked loop
Va AC voltage frame reference
frequency stabilization Vb PLL
ΔWr φPLL
Band pass Vc
δ1
DC current
δ2
power control PI controller 180° switch
PDC ref IDC ref δ3
+ PIp ++ αr firings
– + + PIc linearize 60° δ4
+ –
PDC interval δ5
0°
filter
IDC δ6
frequency control
Wrref tap changer controller
+
– PIw
Wr up step logic tap changer
filter –+ and
αr command
down step logic
master-level controls αr_ref = 18 deg

Figure 4.4 Master-level and low-level HVDC controls at rectifier.

in Figure 4.1. There are several possible control modes but not all modes are used at each HVDC
system:

• Power control is the primary control mode, which is employed in most HVDC systems.
• Frequency stabilization may be used to improve stability in a particular bandwidth where known
weakly damped oscillatory modes may exist in the AC system. The frequency range may include
unwanted machine-machine regional oscillations (0.1–5 Hz), or interarea modes (0.01–0.1 Hz). This
signal is typically limited to ±3–5% of the current order and added to the power controller output.
If stabilization is required for an HVDC remote station (inverter) then the controller should compen-
sate for delays incurred by signal transfer. This function is similar to power oscillation damping on
generators.
• Frequency control may be possible with HVDC, for example if it operates in isolated mode, in which
case power control is disabled. If a line-commutated converter (LCC) HVDC is supporting isolated
AC system operation, it is required to provide synchronous condenser or a static VAR compensator
(SVC) for reactive power support at the terminal bus. This is rarely used as the normal mode of
operation with LCC HVDC but it may be included as an emergency control configuration.
• The power-demand override includes a range of limiters and rate limiters for DC power controller.
These limiters are active during startups, postfault recoveries and other events.