Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Cambridge Lower Secondary Complete-Physics-Lower-Sec-2nd-Sb

    Uploaded by

    Yvonne
    799 views135 pages
    Cambridge Lower secondary complete physics

    Original Title

    Cambridge lower secondary complete-physics-lower-sec-2nd-sb

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    Cambridge Lower secondary complete physics

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    799 views135 pages

    Cambridge Lower Secondary Complete-Physics-Lower-Sec-2nd-Sb

    Uploaded by

    Yvonne
    Cambridge Lower secondary complete physics

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    of 135
    Cambridge Lower Secondary Complete Physics Helen Reynolds PNB: iste} Posner oe ts ot oon Oe eee een ne Ceara OXFORD Oo kerboodle Sign up to access your Cambridge erm cette} Reet What is Kerboodle? Kerboodle is a digital ition. Available for ion, itcan help you to: .ssroom experience by highlighting, annotating and zoomingin on specific features For more information, visit: ‘won axfordeecandary com/cambridge-lowersecordary-science Contact your local educational consultant: www.oxfordsecondary.com/contact-us Introduction 4 ‘Thinking and working scontifially 1 Raking questions ® 2. Panningandcorryingoutinvesgntons 10 2 Calling ana ecorcing ta 2 4 beawing raps “ 5 Analysis 16 6 Bsahation 1s Stage7 ht Whatisenery? 20 1.2 Asking questionsabout ery 2 13 Energy ‘ypes Pa 6 14 Energy transter and dsipaton 115) Gravitaonl potenti nergy and inet energy 8 116 Planning: pendlum metion » 17 elascpotentaleney 2 18 Review » ZL ioduction toforces 35 22 Gravity 8 23 How'aleisgroviy “ 25. Planning artes: eating “ 26 Rovndineuces “6 21 Seundwavesanahow tay rave o 22 Detecting sounds 2 22 Echoes st 34 Review 6 42 Charging 42 Gectriccreuits 44 Modeingelecre cts 45 anges ofeleclty 45 Review aagese 51 Orlane: day and ight 70 52 Ourpanct: seasons a 53. Thenihtsty m 54 cursor System 6 56° Chongingiese ancentastonomy 80 S57 Changing idss2: geocentric model 2 58° Changingideasrmogemasronomy ——O& 59° Usingplanetary data 6 510 Review a stage review oo Stages G1 Speed 2 62. Precsonandaccroey whats the erence? 94 62. Datancesime aphs 96 64 Aeclerationand specie graphs *« G5 Presenting data Fomracing 100 {66 Balanced and unbalanced forces 1 67 Fiction 104 8 changingidess about mation 106 69 Tensionand upthst 108 630 Presenting dats rom springs 0 Sa Levers m 612. Caeuating moments a 612 Cente ofmassandsablty 6 G35 Usingpresue m0 636 Presurintiowas m 617 Pressuein gases za 618. Dison of gases and quis 6 619 Review ne 13 telecast ™ ‘at he = teem Ss panes to teeing cece a 6 hee ” Pe fe Tverd en m= aoe ” Bi ever ce Bete = stages Sa onions Se ereeen ve woe commun eeneay * 2S inap/tanie ce = i hele co sonsaeae oa etree ms Posing spas we suse = aes = Introduction How to use your Student Book Walcome ta your Cambridge Lower Secondary Complete Physics Student Book. Tis book has ‘beet mitten to help youstuy Physics tall thre stages ofthe Cambridge Lower Secondary Science euaticulum framework Mos ofthe unisin this book work ike this: nA « . | Every page stats with the learning objectives forthe unit. The ea linked to the Cambridge Lower Secandary Science curiculum framework ring objectives are ‘Key words are marked in bold, You can checkthe meaning ofthese words inthe glossary at the back ofthe Book «the end ofeach unitthere are questions to test that you understand what you have earned, The frst question's straightforward and later questions are more challenging ‘Tre nuceinne are writen inthe sve ofthe Cambridge Checkpoint test, to help you prepare. ‘Answers are avalible in the Teacher Handbook which s avalable in print and digitally via Kerboodle, 1s The key points to remember from the untae also summarised here. “These units cover the Physics topics in the Cambage Lower Secondary Science curriculum framework Inadeition, many ofthe units helpyou think and work scientifically, pu scene prepareforthe nextlevel, and testyour knowedge. Thinking and working scientifically Thinking and working scientifically animoortant component ofthe curriculum framework. a a The Thinking and working scientifically units and features wll ep you earn © how tounderstand and apply models and representations * theimportance af asking scientific questions and planning.how to answer them + how to carry out enquiries such afl test investigations and field work + how 0 analyse data, dav conclusions, and evaluate your enquiry 1 sorties ourHnking and wring sitet nd trode ae npg nyu ia dada inking wo ikngan waking ceil chapter vich seer ennai gon eyage cen Brew Science context m5) Scenceincontent units wil also — help youlearn Se © how simtss throughout histery and from around the lobe developed theories carried out esearch, end drew eye “conclusions about the world around them - ‘= howscienceis applied in everyday fe = FE)» howitues involving physics ae evaluated N= =| theplabalimpactof theuse of physics. =| vs Extension Throughout his book there ae lots of opportunites to learn even mare about physics beyond thecurriclum famework. These units are called Extension because they extend and develop your since sls further Yeu cantellwhen a question or part of units Extension because tismarked with@ dashed tn, lke the one on the lef Extension nits wl not be part of your assessment, but they wilhelp you prepare for moving conto thernext stag ofthe cutculum and eventually fr Cambridge GCSE Physics. Review [athe end of every chapter an every stage there are review questions. “These questions are writen inthe styleofthe Cambridge Checkpoint test. They arethere to help you review what youhave learnedin that chapter or stage Answers to these questions are tvalabein the Teacher Handbook, The Teacher Handbook s avaiable in print or cigtaly va Kerboodle Introdvetion Reference ‘Atte backo his book, on pages 244-249, here ae information that wil help you while you stud. They clude information on: © ow to choose suitable apraratus © how to work accurately and safely © how tose ammeter and voltmeters ety and working Pec A Objectives ‘= Recognise that there are many ways to find answers ‘to questions in science © Understand how to decide ‘ona question to investigate Understand that there aresome questions that selence cannat answer Part of making prediction Isto thinkabout what might happen f your hypothesis wrong, Your investigation should be able to show the diference between acoreect and ‘an incorrect hypothesis. Your conelsion wil say whether the evidence supports, oF does not suppor, your hypothesis. on te ge oh sly tay om bie rl 4 Subiras question canbe ‘answered by doing a for test Asking questions How do scientists answer questions? Weean ask lots of ciffeent questions about the world. Why does the battery {ast longerin some mobile phones than others? What might mobile phones be like in the future? Which mobile pone is best? ‘@ There are questions that scence can answer fe There dre questions that science cannot answer. What makes a question ‘scientific’? Scientists make observations and ask questions such 25, "How do fossil fuels for?" or Why are there are so many diferent animals on Earth?” ‘These are scentife questions ‘scientific question isa question that you can answer by collecting and thinking about data, Data canbe numbers from measurements, oF words from observations. Hypotheses and predictions \When they havea question, scientists may produce a hypothesis. A hypothesis scientific theory or proposed explanation made onthe basis of evidence that can be further tested. A prediction i what you think will happen in the future. Scientists base their predictions on a hypothesis. Then they doan investigation or make further observations to collect data to see ifthe predietionis correct, ‘© Ahypothesisi testable ifyou can {write a prediction based on the hypothesis «© collect data to see whether your preictionis correct. ‘Types of investigation Scientists do investigations to collect data. There are lts of different types of investigation, for example: @ afolrtest #8 asuney orsetof © makinga model ‘observations overtime, © afield study Fair testing Inscience, anything that might change uring an experiments called a variable. The thing that you deliberately change to see whether it affects the outcome ofthe experiments variable. Anything thats afected as 2 result ofyour changes also a variable. “Toki ane working cently In some situations, scientists design an experimentto try to answer their ‘question. Tobe sure of the answer, they must makeit afar test. In afar test the scientists change one variable to find out what effectit has, and they are careful to keep all the other variables the same. In afar test, you change the independent variable, ‘messurethe dependent variable, and keep all the other variables the same, The other varlables are called contral variables. ‘The quantity that you changels the Independent variable. A quantity that changes asa result scaled a dependent variable pelts pad nomp mea ‘© Aplnysical models useful fr very large-scale or small scale systems. You ‘may have used a physical model ofthe Earth andthe Sun oexplain why ‘we have day and night, ‘© Acomputer model uses a computer program to fd answers nT) Eranmendby ating issorobsevetonsel Sree tonto 7 4 Ascattergroph wil shew you ifthere so corelation between two continvous variables. ‘Thinking ané working seenicalty Hyoucollect continuous atain afairest investigation you aetying tend out how one variable affects the other You wil ‘usualy plotaine graph, Inother investigations you ‘may betryingtoseifthere isarelationship between ‘wi variables You wil usually pita scatter graph Aline graph shows the link betwen to variables. You should draw tine of best fit Thisis ane that goes through as many points aspossiblewith roughly equal numbers of points either side of the line Acortelation doesnot ‘ean that one variable affects the other one ‘Something else coule ‘make them bath increase lor decrease atthe same time. For example, fyou plotted thenumber af icecreamssoldinatown ‘each day against the numberof people going to the town swimming pool that day, you would see a correlation, This does rot mean that getting wet makes peopleeatice ‘ream, or that eating ice ‘cream makes people go swimming probably means that on hot days more people want 20 swimming and toeat ice ary Prt Petite ) Objectives + Describe how todo an ‘analysis of an investigation + Describe the relationship shown by afferent ines of best fit on graphs itches i ante) ouezeuee «Mass ofsugor which dissolves inwater at afferent temperatures. Analysis Analysing the evidence ‘When you analyse the evidence that you have collected (yourself or from secondary sources) you shoul ‘© describe the trends or patterns that you have worked out from the splay ofyour data a raph, chart or other display) © identify any anomalous results, and suggest reasons forthem {© make aconclusion by interpreting the results ‘© say whether there ae any imitations to your conclusion ‘© say whether your prediction was corect ‘© use your hypothesis or other scientific knowledge to explain your conclusion Finding trends or patterns in graphs and charts ‘Thebar chart shows how much sugar dissolves in water at different ‘temperaturesina certain time, We only have descriptions ofthe temperature, not numbers, so the results are categorie You can describe the trend by saying: ‘As the temperature ofthe woter increases, the mass of sugor thot cssolves ‘Thisis sometimes called the relationship between the variables Line o seater graphs show relationships between continuous variables. When you have ploted the points on alin or cater graph, draw aline of bes fit Inthe graphs below the line ofbest fits shown, but notte points m a “In these graphs, IPA 4 Inthese graphs fA increases then B increoses Increases then B decreases Line or scatter graphs willbe cifferentf there ino relationship or

    You might also like