LESSON ONE

Grammar: The Verb. There + to be. Word Order. Questions. Subject-verb agreement. The
Noun: Number and Case. The Pronoun: Indefinite Pronouns. Imperatives:
Requests, Warnings, Instructions, Prohibition. Reported Speech. The Article.

VOCABULARY
Across prep – через; по інший бік (чогось). e.g. The post office is across the street. Вжив., коли
йдеться про рух з одного боку площини до іншого. e.g. They walked across the road. – Вони
перейшли дорогу. There is a bridge across the river. – Через річку є міст. Syn. through prep –
через, крізь, вжив., коли йдеться про рух у трьохвимірному просторі. e.g. They walked
through the forest. – Вони йшли крізь/через ліс. Syn. over prep – над, вжив., коли йдеться
про рух над чимось. e.g. The plane was flying over the sea. – Літак пролітав над морем.
Differ v – відрізнятися, різнитися; відрізняти. e.g. The new Kyiv greatly differs from the old
Kyiv. She differs from her sister in the colour of her eyes. – У її сестри інший колір очей./Вона
відрізняється від сестри кольором очей. Tastes differ. – Про смаки не сперечаються.
Difference n – відмінність, різниця; несхожість. Означає сам факт несхожості одного
об’єкту з іншим, але не уточнює, у чому ця різниця. There is no (little, some, a wide,
big/major/important/significant, small/minor etc) difference between them; a difference in living
conditions (colour, temperature, meaning, etc). e.g. Calculate the difference between the amount
you started with and what you have left. Syn. distinction n – різниця, відмінність,
розбіжність; характерна ознака, особливість, відмінна риса. Вказує на ясність та
очевидність тієї риси, яка робить об’єкти несхожими. e.g. He saw no distinction between
them.
Different adj – 1. несхожий, відмінний, інший. The street has a different name now.
Basically/entirely/completely/totally different – зовсім інший/несхожий, slightly different –
незначний/неяскраво виражений. e.g. The place looks completely different now. The absolute
size of population gains and losses gives a slightly different picture of regional changes. –
Дійсний показник доходів та збитків населення дає дещо іншу картину регіональних змін.
Phr. be different from smb/smth – відрізнятися від когось/чогось. e.g. Our daughters are very
different from each other. 2. різний, усілякий, різноманітний, усякий: different people (things,
goods, places, questions, problems, etc). There are many different types of cloth. Syn. various
adj – різний, різноманітний; різносторонній, різнобічний. Вжив. у функції означення зі
злічуваними іменниками у множині. e.g. You must do various exercises on that rule. – Ви
повинні робити різні вправи на це правило.
Empty a – 1. порожній, пустий; незаповнений: an empty bag (room, bus, seat, etc). e.g. The
fuel tank’s almost empty. An empty room – кімната, в якій немає людей, a bare/naked room
– кімната, у якій немає меблів, a vacant room – вільна, ніким не зайнята кімната. e.g. The
room seemed quite bare. – Кімната здавалася досить порожньою. I came into the room and
saw that it was empty. – Я увійшов до кімнати і побачив, що вона порожня (там нікого не
має). The teacher asked us to look for a vacant room in which we could have a consultation. –
Учитель попросив нас знайти вільну кімнату, де б ми змогли провести консультацію.2.
легковажний, несерйозний, беззмістовний, пустопорожній: an empty promise (talk, etc). e.g.
Unfortunately, his repeated promises to pay the money back were just empty words.
Famous аdj – відомий, славетний,уславлений: a famous writer (name, picture, monument, etc).
e.g. Many famous people have stayed in this hotel since it was built. Syn. well-known adj –
відомий, популярний, добре відомий багатьом людям, e.g. He was a well-known person in our
town. – Він був добре відомою особою в нашому місті. Syn. notorious adj – горезвісний,
сумнозвісний, що користується лихою славою. e.g. He was a notorious criminal in London’s
suburbs. – Він був кримінальним авторитетом, що користувався лихою славою в
передмістях Лондону. Phr. be famous/well-known/ notorious for smb/smth – славитися,
бути відомим кимось/чимось. e.g. What famous English writers of the XIX century do you
know? France is famous for its wine.
Full adj – 1. повний (заповнений вщент). e.g. The bus is completely full. Don’t talk with your
mouth full. Phr. half-full/three-quarters full etc – наполовину/три четверті повний. e.g.
McAllister filled his glass until it was three-quarters full. 2. наповнений, заповнений
(кимось/чимось.): be full of people (books, buses, ideas, light, etc). e.g. Life’s full of surprises,
isn’t it? 3. повний, нескорочений: a full name (answer, text, story etc). e.g. I don’t think he’s
telling us the full story 4. повний, вичерпний: a full account of smth. e.g. The charity helps
disabled children reach their full potential. 5. багатий: a lake full of fish. e.g. The music papers
were full of gossip about this band.
Government n уряд; держава. e.g. Kyiv is the seat of the Ukrainian Government. Neither party
had the majority necessary to form a government.
Modern аdj – сучасний, новий: a modern author (museum, style, dress, industry, model, etc);
modern history (literature, art, architecture, etc). Syn. contemporary. e.g. Smaller families are a
feature of modern society. Computers are an essential part of modern life.
Nation n – держава, країна, нація. e.g. Japan has become one of the richest nations in the
world. The President’s speech to the nation lasted about ten minutes.
Population n – населення, мешканці, жителі. e.g. Several European countries now have
declining populations. Most of the world’s population doesn’t get enough to eat.
Quiet adj – тихий, спокійний: a quiet place (street, sea, day, night, child, person; voice, etc).
Вказує на відсутність шуму, галасу, звуків. e.g. I know a quiet place in the mountains. The
child is very quiet, maybe he is ill. – Дитина дуже спокійна, можливо, вона нездорова. Phr.
be quiet – мовчати. Syn. still adj – спокійний, нерухомий; тихий, безшумний, безмовний.
Підкреслює повну нерухомість, або тишу. Phr. keep still – не рухатися. e.g. Sit still. I am
going to take your photo. – Сиди і не рухайся. Я фотографуватиму тебе. Keep still while I
tie your bow. Syn. calm adj – спокійний, тихий у значенні несердитий, не розгніваний. e.g.
Everyone praised David for the calm way in which he handled the situation. He tried to stay calm
for everybody not to be worried. – Він намагався поводитися спокійно, щоб нікого не
потурбувати.
WORD COMBINATIONS
Be situated – бути розташованим, знаходитись;
in fact – фактично, дійсно, насправді;
picture gallery – картинна галерея;
housing conditions – житлові умови;
modern conveniences – сучасні зручності (газ, водопровід, телефон, центральне
опалення).
 KEY STRUCTURES & WORD STUDY

Exercise 5. In (A) find words in the text opposite in meaning to the following. In (B) replace
the words in bold type by their opposites. Make all necessary changes. Translate the
sentences into Ukrainian.
(A) small, modern, many, noisy, full, short, ugly, rich, big, wide, good, dry, clean, light.
(B) 1. The bottle is less than half full. 2. Turn down the radio, please. It’s too loud. 3. The area is
rich in minerals. 4. The weather was damp and cold. 5. The sun was up. It was light. 6. The bag
was full and very heavy. 7. Every time he tells the same story. 8. The girl wants a shorter dress.
9. Old cities usually have narrow streets. 10. The film is too long. 11. That’s a bad joke! 12. The
country has a dry climate. 13. She likes this sort of heavy humour. 14. My friend lives in a noisy
street. 15. The traffic is not so heavy in the morning as in the afternoon.

Exercise 6. Compare the meanings of the words in bold type.

(i) This is a new building; (ii) This is a modern building. 2. (i) The painter was a big man. (ii)
The painter was a great man. 3. (i) He is a new writer. (ii) He is a modern writer. 4, (i) It was a
damp day. (ii) It was a wet day. 5. (i) This is fine silk. (ii) This is beautiful silk. 6. (i) The girl
was quiet. (ii) The girl was silent.

Exercise 7. In the following pairs of sentences, bring out the difference in meaning between
the words in bold type through suggesting other word combinations, giving situations,
paraphrasing, or translating.
1. (i) There’s heavy traffic in the dock area, (ii) He speaks with а heavy accent. 2. (i) These are
all empty boxes. (ii) These are all empty words. 3. (i) It was a dark morning. (ii) It was a dark
secret. 4. (i) There is a wide avenue across the city. (ii) There is a wide difference between these
two ideas. 5. (i) It was a quiet colour. (ii) He was a quiet child. 6. (i) Long hair is no longer
fashionable. (ii) Her sister was ill for a long time. 7. (i) This is a big place you have here. (ii)
“Love” is a big word. 8. (i) The bag is light. (ii) The colour is light. 9. (i) This is dry wood. (ii)
This is a dry subject. 10. (i) The tree is still green. (ii) The boy is still green. 11. (i) The house is
damp. (ii) The climate is damp. 12. (i) It is a fine morning. (ii) This is a fine museum.

Exercise 8. The words below are names of parts of the body. Complete the sentences by one
of the words (used as a noun) and translate them into Ukrainian.
Ear, heart (2), hand, face, eye, head, foot, mouth, body
1. There was a small house in the ___heart___ of the forest. 2. We were tired to get to the
__head___ of the matter. 3. This year the camp is situated at the _foot__ of the hill. 4. The
painter is very famous. He has a wonderful __eye____ for colour. 5. The boy has a very good
___ear__ for foreign languages. 6. They have some very nice watches in that shop, quite modern,
too, with square ____body__ and three ___hands___, one for the hours, another for the minutes,
and still another for the seconds. 7. Father's seat was at the ____face__ of the table. 8. A
legislative __mouth____ is a group of persons who make laws. 9. London lies in the __heart____
of the Thames.

Exercise 9. Choose the correct word.

1. They drove home (across/through/over) the darkness. 2. She was watching him
(across/through/over) the rim of her cup. 3. He stared at the houses (across/through/over) the
street. 4. You must make a (difference/distinction) between travellers and tourists. 5. It makes no
(difference/distinction) whether he is a citizen or not. 6. There is an essential (difference/
distinction) between computers and humans. 7. California is (famous/well-known/notorious) for
raisins. 8. The area was (famous/well-known/notorious) for murders. 9. It is a (famous/ well-
known/notorious) fact, that smoking can cause lung cancer. 10. It was very (quiet/still/calm)
there, you could hear the wind moving the trees. 11. Around them the forest was very
(quiet/still/calm). 12. The streets are (quiet/still/calm) after last night’s disturbances. 13. I think
(history/historic/historical) novels are my favourite literary genre. 14. He reads
(history/historic/historical) at university. 15. St. Sophia`s Cathedral is an impressive (history/
historic/historical) monument. 16. Man walking on the Moon was a (history/historic/ historical)
event. 17. Where’s the (history/historic/historical) museum? 18. Romeo and Juliet is an
important (history/historic/historical) play by Shakespeare.

Exercise 10. Translate the following sentences. Note the pattern.

hundred hundreds
five thousand workers thousands of workers
million millions
1. У 2050 році населення Землі буде понад 9,2 мільярди. 2. Щорічно сотні киян купують
квартири у нових районах міста. 3. У Великому Лондоні більше десяти мільйонів жителів.
4. У суботу та неділю Лондон порожніє. Сотні лондонців виїжджають за місто. 5. Вдень
вулиці будь-якої столиці світу заповнені тисячами машин. 6. В Угорщині одне велике
озеро. Це – Балатон. А у Фінляндії десятки великих та сотні малих озер.

Exercise 11. Answer the following questions, using “both” and “all” according to the model.
Model 1. Which of these two exercises is difficult?
(a) They are both difficult.
(b) Both of them are difficult.
Model 2. Where are the government offices in London?
(a) They are all in Whitehall.
(b) All of them are in Whitehall.
(A) 1. Which of his brothers is a worker? 2. Are the students in your group English? 3. Where are
your French books? 4. Are these two stamps German? 5. What are your parents? 6. Where are
the children? 7. Are rooms 30 and 32 on the left-hand side of the corridor?
(B) 1. What cities are Kyiv and Lviv? 2. Where are the theatres situated in London? 3. Are the
Stock Exchange, the Royal Exchange and the Bank of England in the City? 4. Are Cambridge
and Oxford University towns?

Exercise 12. Fill in the blanks with “it” or “there” according to the sense.
1. 1. The Lake District in England is called so, because ____ are really a lot of lakes there. ____
is a very beautiful part of the country. At the beginning of the 19th century ____ was a group of
poets who lived in this district. They were known as Lake Poets.
2. Prince Edward Island is the smallest province in Canada, both in territory and population. In
fact, ____ is like one large, well-kept farm. ____ is no place more than a few miles from the
coast. ____ is a very quiet island. ____ is almost like being in another world. ____ is no heavy
industry on the island. Its main industry is agriculture. Yet ____ is a historical place for ____ is
the birthplace of Canada.

Exercise 13. Add the correct form of “there is”, or “it is” to the following.
• ______ a beautiful cathedral in this place before the war. 2. ______ a short way from here to
the station? 3. ______ a shorter way to the station if you are in a hurry. 4. ______ a pity that you
won’t be at the party. 5. ______ a woman standing here a minute ago. 6. ______ a fact that he is
a clever man. 7. ______ no time for tea if we are in a hurry. 8. ______ time to go to bed. 9.
______ no place like home. 10. ______ a problem to get to Oxford from London? ______ no
problem at all. You can get there either by boat or by bus. 11. ______ one empty seat in the plane
when I arrived. 12. ______ a beautiful park here in a couple of years. 13. Don't you think ______
time for another cigarette? 14. ______ a place I know where you can have good coffee. 15.
______ a crossing here?

Exercise 14. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs. Retell the passages.
(A) 1. The full name ____ Great Britain is the United Kingdom ____ Great Britain and Northern
Ireland. London, its capital, is one ____ the largest cities ____ the world. It is situated ____ both
sides ____ the Thames.
2. ____ the heart ____ England, about 112 miles north-west ____ London, is Birmingham, a city
____ over a million inhabitants. The district around Birmingham is a district ____ factories and
mines. The nearest port is Liverpool ____ the mouth ____ the river Mersey ____ the Irish Sea.
3. One ____ the towns, right ____ the centre ____ England is Stratford, Shakespeare's birthplace.
____ the bank ____ the river Avon there is a monument to; Shakespeare. Not far ____ it is
Shakespeare's house; a small house ____ small rooms, and a small garden. Now Stratford is a
busy town ____streets full ____ people and cars.
4. The streets ____ the West End ____ London are all famous ____ something: Piccadilly ____
its clubs, Harley Street ____ its doctors, Charring Cross Road ____ its bookshops.
5. If the City is a busy place ____ the day and a quiet place ____ night, Soho (____ the heart
____ the West End) which is famous ____ its French, Italian Swedish restaurants, is a busy place
____ night, but quiet ____ the day.
(B) Scotland is ____ the north ____ the British Isles. It is ____ the north ____ England. Scotland
is a country ____ its own traditions, traditions which are alive even now and are rare ____ the
modern world. Scotland is a part ____ Britain, but Scotland is not England. It differs ____
England ____ many ways. Scotland has her own administration of government 1 which is centred
____ Edinburgh. She has her own national heroes, a national dress, the kilt 2 (which is, strictly
speaking, only ____ men); her own typical instrument, the pipes3 (or the bagpipes); her own
national country dances and songs (some ____ which are very popular ____ England, too); her
poetry (some ____ which is famous ____ the English-speaking world). In short: Scotland is not
England.
1. органи місцевого самоврядування;
2. спідниця шотландського горця; 3. волинка.
Exercise 15. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word. Use the correct form. Translate the
sentences into Ukrainian.
Several, different (3), difference (4), differ (2), damp (2),
famous (3), full, empty (2), quiet, modern
1. Charles Dickens is a ______famous___ 19th century English writer. He is ___famous_____
for his novels about working-class of England. 2. There are several_______ paintings by
Rembrandt in the Hermitage, the world ____famous___ museum. 3. The Ukrayina hotel in Kyiv
is an interesting example of ___modern____ architecture. 4. In the words of the great American
writer Mark Twain the ___difference____ between the right word and the almost right word is
the ___difference____ between lightning and the lightning bug*. 5. The family was out of town,
and the house stood __empty_____. 6. The play is __ full_____ of humour. 7. You really mustn't
smoke on an ___empty____ stomach. 8. The woman’s clothes were ___damp____ with the rain.
9. There were _____Several__ people at the bus-stop. 10. There is a world of __difference_____
between “few” and “a few”, “little” and “a little”. 11. October weather is ____damp ___ and
foggy. 12. In contrast to his brother who is a noisy sort of man, he is very __quiet_____. 13. The
sisters ____differ__ from one another in the colour of their eyes. 14. In fact there is no
___difference____ in meaning between “have something” and “have got something”. 15. Three
___different____ persons told me the same story. 16. The two brothers _differ_____ in their
judgment of this piece of music. 17. Our sons are very ____different______ from each other.
*жук-світляк

Exercise 17. Тest translation.

1. Британський музей, відомий своєю бібліотекою, має одне з найбільших зібрань книг у
світі. 2. Лондон розташований на обох берегах річки Темзи. Через Темзу є чотирнадцять
мостів. 3. Уест-Енд – найстаріша частина Лондона. Там багато музеїв, театрів, картинних
галерей, магазинів та парків. 4. Давайте припинимо нашу довгу і беззмістовну розмову.
Три різні людини розказали мені одну й ту ж історію. 5. Він відрізняється від свого
старшого брата. Том має хороший слух. 6. Мій друг мешкає на шумній/гамірній вулиці. 7.
У Сіті немає житлових будинків. Вдень там багато людей, а вночі вулиці порожні. 8. Ви не
отримаєте від нього багато порад. Він занадто молодий. 9. Шотландія є частиною Британії,
але це країна зі своїми власними традиціями, які живі і донині. 10. У суботу та неділю
Лондон порожніє. Сотні лондонців виїжджають за місто. 11. Ваша помилка дуже груба. Це
не орфографічна, а граматична помилка. 12. Зал був наполовину заповнений. 13. Дружина
Тома – відома художниця. У музеї сучасного мистецтва є багато її картин. 14. На цьому
фото два брати: один – славетний, а інший – користується лихою славою. Хоча брати були
дуже схожі, вони відрізнялися кольором волосся та ростом. 15. У нього такий спокійний
голос. Я можу слухати його годинами. 16. Вони обидва хвилину помовчали. 17. Дитина
була тихою як мишка. 18. Не рухайся, доки я зав’язую твої черевики.
GRAMMAR
Word Order
Exercise 18. Study the following charts and examples.
Verb + direct object + to or for + indirect object I lent my book to Michael.
Verb + indirect object without to or for + direct object. I lent Michael my book.
 He always goes to work by car.
She cleaned the house and also cooked the dinner.
adverb + verb We always have to phone him.
I have never done it and I never will.(= I will never do it)
They were very tired and they were also hungry.
to be + adverb You are always late. You are never on time.
The traffic isn’t usually as bad as it was this morning.
He always says he won’t be late but he always is.(=he is always late)
She can’t even boil an egg.
verb 1 + adverb + You can never remember his phone number.
verb 2 (+ verb 3) The house was only built a year ago and it is already falling down. They
don’t usually smoke in the house.
probably I probably won’t see you. or
I will probably not see you.
(C) Translate the sentences into English.
1. Насправді, я йому позичив грошей. 2. Листа я йому показав учора. 3. Принесли вони
мені багато цікавих новин. 4. Дав він мені нову книгу відомого автора. 5. На роботу Том
завжди їздить машиною. 6. Він також вивчає англійську, яка є важливим засобом
спілкування у сучасному світі. 7. Зазвичай я приймаю душ, коли прокидаюся. 8. До театру
я теж пішла, але не змогла дістатися крізь натовп до входу. 9. Хоча всі ми і були стомлені,
ми все ще не спали. 10. Завжди вона обіцяє, що зателефонує, але ніколи цього не робить.
11. Він відрізняється від своїх одногрупників інтересами.
Exercise 21. Learn the difference in the meaning of each pair of sentences. Translate the
sentences into Ukrainian.
(А) 1. There’s little milk left. I’d like a little milk in my coffee. 2. There was little noise in the
studio. He heard a little noise in the studio. 3. He had little patience. All that was needed was a
little patience to finish the job correctly. 4. There was happily little mess after the party. The
puppy left a little mess on the carpet.
(В) 1. He isn’t very popular. He has few friends. I enjoy my life here. I have a few friends and we
meet quite often. 2. – Did you take a few photographs when you were on holiday? – Yes, I did.
But very few of them are of good quality. 3. Things aren’t going so well for her. She has a few
problems. She’s lucky. She has few problems. 4. Most of the town is modern. There are few old
buildings in it. A few old buildings were restored in the centre of Kyiv last year.

Exercise 22. Express the opposite idea.

1. There are few government offices in this part of the town. 2. There is only one bridge across
the river in this place. 3. When I was there last, there were no houses on the left side of the street.
4. There isn't any sugar in my tea. 5. We had a fine spring; there will be a lot of apples this year.
6. There is some writing paper on the desk. 7. There was no time to visit the museum. 8. There
are several bookshops in this street.

Exercise 23. Complete the following, using there is ..., there are .... Use a lot of, much, many,
few, a few, little, any, no where necessary.
1. This is the older part of the city (historical places). 2. It is a very big city (more than 5,000
streets, avenues, and squares). 3. The theatre is not far from here (still a shorter way across the
square), 4. This side street is very quiet (traffic). 5. The film was interesting to me (people who
did not like it). 6. It’s very late (time to go there on foot). 7. The sky is dark (a heavy rain in a few
minutes). 8. The lecturer was a very interesting man (questions when the lecture was over). 9. I
am sorry we are late (another train for at least two hours). 10. Nobody is at home (light in the
windows). 11. Don't leave yet (supper soon). 12. We’ll have a hard time this spring
(examinations). 13. I have an invitation to the party (interesting people).

Exercise 24. Replace the Ukrainian words by suitable English equivalents.

1. He takes (мало) sugar in his tea. 2. There is (небагато) sugar in the sugar-bowl. 3. She has
(небагато) books on this subject in her library. 4. There are (багатo) interesting books in my
bookcase. 5. There are (зовсім немає) factories in this town. 6. There is (якась кількість)
bread in the hоuse. 7. There is (небагато) butter in the butter-dish. 8. I had (мало) money on
me at the moment. 9. You won't get (багато) advice from him. He is too young. 10. Is there
(яка-небудь) river in those parts of the continent? 11. Give me (будь-яку) book on the Economy
of this country. 12. There is (великий) traffic in this part of the city. 13. There is (багато) fruit
in the Caucasus. 14. Did you get (яку-небудь) information from this manual?

Exercise 25. Study the following charts.

• They bought some flowers.
I am busy. I have some work to do.
Some/ There is somebody at the door.
something/ He was hungry. He wanted something to eat.
somebody • What is wrong? Have you got something in your eye?
Would you like something to eat?
Can I have some bread, please? (We expect the answer “Yes”)
• He didn’t buy any books.
Any/ She is lazy. She never does any work in the house.
anything/ There wasn’t anything in the box.
anybody I’m not hungry. I don’t want anything to eat.
• Have you got any information? No, I haven’t.
Has anybody seen him? – Yes, he is in the hall.
• No cars are allowed in the city center.
What did you say? – Nothing.
No/ There is nobody living there.
none/ She had no difficulty in finding a job.
nothing/ We have got no money. (We haven’t got any money.)
nobody I said nothing. (I didn’t say anything).
(no one)/ The station is nowhere near here. (The station isn’t anywhere...).
nowhere • There was no bus. I’ve got no time.
A: How much money have you got? B: None (no money).
• None of the shops were (was) open.
No one in the class did their homework.
Exercise 26. Complete the sentences with some, any, no, none in (A) and with some-, any-,
no- + body, -thing, -where in (B).
(A) 1.This evening I‘m going out with ______ friends of mine. 2. A: Have you seen ______
good films recently? B: No, I haven’t been to the cinema for ages. 3. I didn’t have ______
money, so I have to borrow it. 4. Can I have ______ milk in my coffee, please? 5. I was too tired
to do ______ work. 6. Can you give me ______ information about places of interest in the town?
7. If there are ______ words you don’t understand, use a dictionary. 8. – How many eggs have
we got? – I don’t know. I’ll go and buy ______ from the shop, if you like. 9. I couldn’t make an
omelette because there were ______ eggs.10. What a stupid thing to do! ______ intelligent
person would do such a thing.
(B) 1. Does ______ mind if I open the window? 2. You must be hungry. Would you like ______
to eat? 3. The bus was completely empty. There was _____ in it. 4. Be quick, let’s go! There is
______at the door and I don’t want _______ to see us. 5. Sally was upset about _______ and
refused to talk to me. 6. – Where shall we go on holiday? – Let’s go ______. 7. They stay at
home all the time. They never seem to go ______. 8. – Where did you go for your holidays? –
_______ I stayed at home. 9. What did you buy? – I couldn’t find _______ I wanted. 10. There
was complete silence in the room. _______ said ______.

The Noun: Number.

Countable and Uncountable Nouns, Irregular Plurals.
Subject – Verb Agreement
Exercise 30. (A) Complete the sentences using the plurals of the nouns in brackets.
(B) Use the correct plural of each noun, making all necessary changes.
1. The sportsman won a gold medal at the Olympic stadium. 2. The deer shelters in the wood
from a storm. 3. The Welshman took a photo. 4. The datum was created using the wrong formula.
5. Such a phenomenon caused the apparatus to function incorrectly. 6. The city gave the
victorious hero a rousing cheer. 7. Choosing the right criterion for the single series of judgments
was difficult. 8. The basis of the series of results was developed using the very latest Information
Technology and state-of-the-art Physics and Chemistry. 9. The woman selected her clothes for
the journey. 10. The Frenchman took half of the cloth. 11. The defendant was acquitted as there
was no proof. 12. There was a great stimulus to receive a bonus. 13. The sports stadium was also
used as a concert arena. 14. The appendix to the memorandum was extremely lengthy. 15. There
was a squid and an octopus by the reef.

Exercise 31. Choose all the appropriate nouns in the following sentences keeping in mind
the use of the noun determiners.
1. You shouldn’t judge him on one achievement/failure/progress/success. 2. I need a new
underwear/clothes/clothing/suit. 3. It was hard for him to find employment/job/career/work. 4.
One countryside/scenery/scene/view always stays in my mind. 5. His new job is something to do
with publicity/advertisement/advertising/marketing. 6. Did you have a good luck/
experience/fortune/time while you were away? 7. Buy now! It’s a real saving/bargain/
saving/reduction! 8. The officer will have to get a permit/pass/permission/leave to get into the
factory. 9. There is a/an income/ fortune/wealth/money to be made from computer devices. 10.
Bob is always offering assistance/advice/suggestion/idea. 11. There is not enough fun/joke/joy
around these days. 12. Neither computer/equipment/machine/machinery is suitable. 13. Each
bag/baggage/luggage/suitcase should be labeled. 14. Almost every detail/explanation/
information/news is suitable. 15. This picture is not of much importance/price/value/worth.

Exercise 33. Use the appropriate form of the verb.

1. No news (is, are) good news. 2. The police (was, were) interested in the accident. 3. The
number of books in her library (has, have) increased. 4. The family (is, are) sitting under the oak
tree. 5. Everything (was, were) spoiled. 6. The white horse and its owner (is, are) waiting for the
final results. 7. “Romeo and Juliet” (is, are) one of the most famous plays by Shakespeare. 8. The
wounded (was, were) transported to the nearest hospital. 9. Three school-leavers and a
headmaster (is, are) discussing the script. 10. Potatoes (was, were) very cheap last autumn. 11.
The old man and the boy (has, have) to do a lot before being able to leave.

Exercise 34. Choose the correct form of the verb in the following sentences. (See appendix
… if necessary.)
1. John, along with twenty friends, (is/are) planning a party. 2. The picture of the soldiers
(bring/brings) back many memories. 3 The quality of these recordings (is/are) not very good. 4.
If the duties of these officers (isn’t/aren’t) reduced, there will not be enough time to finish the
project. 5. The effects of cigarette smoking (have/has) been proven to be extremely harmful. 6.
The use of credit cards in place of cash (have/has) increased rapidly recently. 7. Advertisements
on television (is/are) becoming more competitive than ever before. 8. Living expenses in this
country, as well as in many others, (is/are) high. 9. Mr. Jones, accompanied by several members
of the committee, (have/has) proposed some changes of the rules. 10. The levels of intoxication
(vary/varies) from subject to subject.

Exercise 36. Choose the correct form of the verb in the following sentences. (See appendix
… if necessary.)
(A) 1. Neither Bill nor Mary (is/are) going to the play tonight. 2. Anything (is/are) better than
going to another movie tonight. 3. Skating (is/are) becoming more popular every day. 4. A
number of reporters (was/were) at the conference yesterday. 5. Everybody who (has/have) a
fever must go home immediately. 6. Your glasses (was/were) on the table last night. 7. There
(was/were) some people at the meeting last night. 8. The committee (has/have) already reached a
decision. 9. A pair of jeans (was/were) in the washing machine this morning. 10. Each student
(has/have) answered the first three questions. 11. Either John or his wife (make/makes) breakfast
each morning. 12. After she had looked through the material, the secretary decided that
everything (was/were) in order. 13. The crowd at the basketball game (was/were) wild with
excitement. 14. A pack of wild dogs (has/have) frightened all the ducks away. 15. The jury
(is/are) trying to reach a decision. 16. The army (has/have) eliminated this section of the training
test. 17. The number of students who have withdrawn from class this quarter (is/are) appalling.
18. There (has/have) been too many interruptions in this class. 19. Every elementary school
teacher (has/have) to take this examination. 20. Neither Jill nor her parents (has/have) seen this
movie before.
(B) 1. A group of teenagers in the town (has/have) organized a scheme to help old people with
their shopping. 2. A number of people (has/have) complained about the noise. 3. Do you think
three pounds (is/are) a big enough tip? 4. Hamburger and chips (is/are) not a very healthy lunch.
5. In the latest rail union vote, the majority (has/have) voted to go on strike; the rest of the
members (is/are) expected to support the strike fairly solidly. 6. Two kilos (is/are) pretty small
for a newborn baby. 7. Our teenage son thinks there (is/are) a number of good reasons for staying
up late and having a good time. 8. A couple of dangerous-looking men (is/are) waiting for you
outside. 9. One of my friends (has/have) just won two free plane tickets to New York. 10. Six
weeks (is/are) a long time to wait for news of your family. 11. The majority of the children's
parents (is/are) unemployed. 12. A lot of shops (is/are) opening on Sundays now. 13. The
Philippines (has/have) signed the new human rights agreement. 14. The police think that more
than one person (was/were) in the stolen car. 15. Tom and Rosie were late, but the rest of us
(was/were) on time. 16. (Is/Are) bacon and eggs what you usually eat for breakfast? 17. We’ve
just learnt that a couple of our club members (has/have) been chosen for the national team.

Exercise 41. Translate the sentences. Use the Possessive case.

1. Йому зателефонував секретар Джона. 2. Вона уникає будь-яких коментарів стосовно
подорожі її подруги, чи не так? 3. Ми жили в будинку мого тестя. 4. Дістатися до театру
займе у вас одну хвилину. 5. Це не моя книга. Це когось іншого. 6. Тут ви можете побачити
резиденцію прем’єр міністра. 7. Магазин жіночого одягу за рогом. 8. Усі слухали промову
спікера з великою увагою. 9. Поверхня землі постійно змінюється.

Reported Speech
Imperatives: Requests, Warnings, Instructions, Prohibition
Exercise 42. Study the following chart.
Direct Speech Reported Speech
1. The old lady says/said to the young man, “Give, 1. The old lady asks/asked the young man to give
me a hand with my heavy suitcase.” her a hand with her heavy suitcase
2. “Never say such things again,” father said to me. 2. Father told/ordered me never to say such things
3. Peter said to his wife, “Don't forget to send me a again.
telegram, please”. 3. Peter asked/begged his wife hot to forget to
send him a telegram
Some other changes should be observed in Reported Speech:
now → then; today, tonight → that day, that night; yesterday → the day before, the previous
day; tomorrow → the following day, the next day, here → there; this → that; these → those;
ago → before; last week → the week before, the previous week; next week → the following
week, the next week.

Exercise 43. Use Reported Speech.

(A) 1. “Don’t repeat this mistake!” the instructor warned the sportsman. 2. “Leave your address
with the secretary,” the assistant said. 3. “Phone me for an answer tomorrow,” the manager said
to the client. 4. “Don’t be so silly,” the father said to the kid. 5. “Give a smile,” the photographer
said to me. 6. “Don’t leave these books on the table, put them back on the shelf,” the librarian
said to the student. 7. “Please, help me to make a decision,” Ann asked her friend. 8. “Don’t
discuss this question now,” said the chairman. 9. “Leave your things here,” my companion
advised me. 10. “Be a good girl and sit quietly for five minutes,” the nurse said to the child.
 The Article
Exercise 44. Study the following chart.
A. Give me a book. (any book)
Give me the book. (the book in your bag)
B. There is an article in today’s paper.
The article is on modern architecture.
It’s an interesting article.

Exercise 45. Explain the use or the absence of the article before the word(s) in bold type.
1.Can I have a biscuit? 2. Would you mind if I take the last biscuit? 3. Do you like biscuits? 4.
Can you see the road sign from here? 5. Is there a road sign anywhere? 6. Are there readable
road signs in Kyiv? 7. I got a goal today. 8. I got the winning goal today. 9. A designer shirt
can look expensive. 10. The designer jeans were expensive.

Exercise 46. Fill in the blanks with articles.

(A) 1. This is ___ very difficult sentence for me. ___ sentence has too many unknown words in
it. 2. Ours is ___ noisy street. ___ street is in the centre of the city. It is ___ street with very
heavy traffic during the day. 3. “Is there ___ theatre in your town?” “Yes, we have one. ___
theatre is in the town's central square.” 4. You have ___ mistake in the second form of the verb.
___ mistake is bad, it is not ___ spelling but ___ grammar mistake. 5. He has ___ interesting
collection of butterflies. ___ collection is the second best in our country. 6. He has ___ elder
brother, ___ brother is away the greater part of the year. He is ___ sailor.
(B) I like Elsom. It is ___ seaside resort in ___ South of England. ___ town is not very far from
Brighton and it has the charm of ___ old town. ___ town was never fashionable. In winter Elsom
was usually ___ quiet place and the Dolphin ___ very comfortable inn. In the hall of the inn
there still is a framed letter from Mr. Thackeray, ___ famous writer. In August and September
___ town is full of holiday-makers and is for two months ___ noisy place.

Exercise 47. Complete the sentences using uncountable, singular countable or plural nouns.
1. Could you pass me ______ (glass)? 2. This table is made of ______ (glass). 3. I need a piece
of ______ (wood). 4. The house was near ______ (wood). 5. She looked at him with ______
(pity). 6. It’s ______(pity). Anne isn’t here. 7. ______ (time) goes so quickly! 8. She phoned six
______ (time) yesterday. 9. Three ______ (beer), please. 10. ______ (beer) makes you fat. 11.
He hasn’t got much __________ (experience). 12. It was __________ (experience) I won’t
forget. 13. There’s ______ (chick) in the garden. 14. Do you want ________ (chicken) or beef?

Exercise 48. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Я вже написав есе. Можна мені здати роботу? 2. Я б хотіла приміряти пальто. Так,
пальто мені дуже подобається. 3. Передай мені, будь ласка, газету. 4. Хто увійшов до
аудиторії? Ти не знаєш, що це за людина? 5. Постав стілець на місце та підійди до столу. 6.
– Вам сподобався музей? – Мені дуже сподобався екскурсовод. 7. Учора ми складали
іспит, але я пішов раніше. З нашої групи усі склали іспит? 8. Запрошуємо вас до нас у
гості. Дякую за запрошення. 9. – Ти вчора коли пішов з вечірки? – Я пішов рано, ще не
було й дев’яти. – А коли вечірка скінчилася? 10. – У кінотеатрі йде новий англійський
фільм. Я вчора нарешті його переглянув. – Як вам сподобався фільм? – Сюжет дуже
цікавий, але мені не сподобався головний герой. 11. Я вам обіцяла принести газету. Мені
дуже незручно, але я її не знайшла.
APENDICES
THE VERB

VERB
Finite Form Non-finite Form
Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous Infinitive Gerund Participle

VERB
Notional Auxiliary Modal Link
Is/are/was/were Must/have to Seem/appear
Do/does Can/could be able to
Have/has Should/ought to
Will/shall Be to

VERB
Imperative Indicative Suppositional

THE NOUN
Plural of Nouns
The plural of nouns is formed by adding -es if the noun ends in:
• s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -tch, -x: buses, classes, bushes, beaches, watches, foxes.
• o: tomatoes, heroes, potatoes, echoes (exceptions: photos, pianos, solos, zeros, radios, videos,
studios, autos, kilos).
• y preceded by a consonant (-y is changed into -i before -es): industries, countries.
• f: leaf-leaves, thief- thieves, half- halves (but beliefs, roofs).
• fe: wife-wives, knife-knives, life-lives.
• Some nouns form plurals by changing the root vowel:
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, mouse- mice.
• Some nouns have the same forms for singular and plural:
aircraft, crossroads, deer, means, series, sheep, species,
• Some nouns have only plural form:
clothes, earnings, glasses, spectacles, jeans, premises, proceeds, scales, scissors, trousers.
• Some nouns borrowed from Latin or Greek keep their plural forms:
analysis-analyses, basis-bases, crisis-crises, criterion-criteria, phenomenon-phenomena, datum-
data, curriculum-curricula, memorandum-memeranda, formula - formulae, appendix-appendices,
index-indices, stimulus-stimuli.
Noun determinants
Article There is a lamp on the table. The director has just come.
Noun in the possessive case Peter’s father is a doctor.
Personal pronoun Where is my pencil? He lives with his mother.
 Demonstrative pronoun
Indefinite pronouns
Interrogative pronouns
This house is very old. I’ll take those books.
There were many students at the meeting. Come at any time. He
goes there every day.
What book have you read? Whose pencil is this? What kind of
man is he?

Note: His first scientific work was a great success. Shevchenko created the Ukrainian literary
language.

Nouns: Countable and Uncountable

1. Some nouns in English are normally uncountable: air, accommodation, advice, applause,
assistance, baggage, beauty, behaviour, bread, butter, camping, cash, chaos, cheese, chess,
clothing, coffee, conduct, courage, cutlery, dancing, dirt, education, employment, equipment,
evidence, flower, freedom, fun, furniture, hair, harm, health, help, homework, housing,
information, intelligence, jewellery, justice, knowledge, leisure, litter, love, luck, luggage,
machinery, meat, money, mud, music, news, nonsense, oil, parking, pay, petrol, permission,
photography, poetry, pollution, produce, progress, publicity, research, rice, rubbish, safety, sand,
scenery, shopping, sightseeing, sugar, sunshine, traffic, transport, travel, underwear, vine,
violence, water, weather.
2. Sometimes a noun is used countably when we are talking about:
a) recognized containers for things:
I prefer tea to coffee. Three teas (= cups of tea), please.
b) a type, brand or make of thing:
There’s some cheese in the fridge left. There were dozens of cheeses (kinds of cheese)
c) a particular example of a physical or concrete thing:
She has blonde hair. There’s a hair in my soup!
d) a particular instance of a substance or an idea:
The statue was made of stone. I had a stone in my shoe.
3. Some nouns have different meanings when they are used countably and uncountably:
accommodation, competition, glass, grammar, iron, jam, lace, paper, property, room, sight,
speech, time, work.
Bolivia is one of the world’s largest producers of The cupboard was full of tins. (metal food
tin. (the metal) containers)
4. The noun damage can be used countably, but only in the plural:
Sue is claiming damages (= money paid as compensation) for the injuries caused.
5. The following expressions have no effect on the verb: together with, along with, accompanied
by, as well as
The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.
Mr. Robbins, accompanied by his wife and children, is arriving tonight.
Note: If the conjunction and is used, the verb will then be plural.
The actress and her manager are going to a party tonight.

Study the following chart.

With any of, each of, either of, neither of, or • I don't think any of them knows
none of and a plural noun we can use a singular (or know) where the money is hidden.
or plural verb. However, we prefer a singular • Neither of the French athletes has (or have)
verb in careful written English. won this year.
If either of you takes a vacation now, we will not
be able to finish the work.
With a/the majority of, a number of, a lot of, • A number of refugees have been turned back at
plenty of, all (of), or some (of) and a plural noun the border.
we use a plural verb. But if we say the number • The number of books in the library has risen to
of, we use a singular verb. over five million.
With any of, none of, the majority of, a lot of, • All the furniture was destroyed in the fire.
plenty of, all (of), some (of) and an uncountable
noun we use a singular verb.
With each, every and a singular noun we use a • Every room has its own bathroom, but
singular verb. (For each of, see above.) • The boys have each drawn a picture.
With everyone, everybody, everything (and • Practically everyone thinks that Judith should
similar words beginning any–, some– and no–) be given the job.
we use a singular verb. Everybody who has not purchased a ticket should
be in this line.
Something was under the house.
Nobody works harder than John does.
Collective nouns indicating time, money, and measurements used as a whole are singular.
Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt.
Fifty minutes isn’t enough time to finish this test.
Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that recorder.
Two miles is too much to run in one day.