What type of metal will be used to fabricate the Subtense Bar instrument?

A. Galvanized iron:

Galvanized Iron

APSEng, Civ

; Arch Jour

. Journal of the Franklin Institute, of the State of Pennsylvania, for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts; Devoted to
Mechanical and Physical Science, Civil Engineering, the Arts and Manufactures, and the Recording of American and
Other Patent Inventions (1828-1851)
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; Philadelphia Vol. 6, Iss. 2, (Aug 1, 1843): 144.

Galvanized iron is regular steel that has been coated with a layer of zinc to protect it from corrosion. The thermal
expansion of galvanized iron is primarily influenced by the thermal expansion properties of the underlying steel and the
zinc coating.
In general, the coefficient of linear expansion for steel is around 0.000012 per degree Celsius, and for zinc, it's around
0.000030 per degree Celsius. These values represent the fractional change in length for each degree Celsius change in
temperature.
Galvanized Steel

Galvanized steel goes through a special process that gives it the absolute best protection available against corrosive
agents in the environment and extremes of temperature. The same way galvanized steel does noy corrode when it’s
exposed to rain and snow, it also stands up well in extreme heat and extreme cold.
That is because the process of galvanizing steel does not just coat it with a layer of zinc. It also forms a layer of an
alloy of iron and zinc just below the zinc coating that provides the steel beneath it with still more galvanic protection.
Even if something were to melt or abrade the top zinc layer away, this layer protects steel from corrosion, too. But,
exactly what are the high and low temperature extremes for keeping galvanized steel in good condition?
The reason for this is that zinc and steel expand at different rates. Iron has a thermal expansion coefficient of 7.5. That
means that it expands by 7.5 millionths of its original volume for every 1° F increase in the surrounding temperature.
Zinc has a thermal expansion coefficient of 19. That means it expands by 19 millionths of its volume for every 1° F
increase in the surrounding temperature.
By the time galvanized steel has been heated from, say, room temperature of 72° F to the kinds of temperatures you
might encounter in a furnace room, 392° F, the steel core has expanded about 0.25 percent and the zinc on top of it has
expanded about 0.6 percent. That’s not a big difference, but it’s enough to cause the formation of a gap between the
zinc coating and the zinc-iron alloy layer of the steel so the zinc layer begins to peel.
The gap forms because thin layers of metal that’s expanding faster than thick layers of metal. If the galvanized member
or part is exposed to heat one side and not the other, gaps will be more prominent. The more pieces there are in the
assembly, the more the zinc will peel, too.
Of course, there is a similar effect while the galvanized steel part or assembly member was first galvanized. Your
galvanizing facility has to take differential thermal expansion coefficients into account to avoid warping the steel at the
galvanizing plant. The same attention to time and temperature of heating at the galvanizing plant and care for the
thickness of the coating can reduce the risk of peeling when the steel is exposed to fire. And adding as little as 0.0001
percent lead to the hot zinc dip reduces peeling at high heat, too.
Sometimes exposure to fire will degrade HDG steel and may require re-galvanizing. But the steel is protected by the
layer of iron and zinc alloy up to temperatures of about 480° F (250° C). That’s the point at which serviceability
becomes an issue. If you anticipate your HDG steel will be exposed to extreme heat in an industrial process on a
predictable and regular basis, you should double check with your engineers and make sure your HDG plant knows the
specs you need.
Galvanized Steel in Extreme Cold
Temperatures of -40° F (-40° C) don’t have an effect on the time to first maintenance for galvanized steel, or at least we
haven’t seen this effect yet. Galvanized steel has been in use in structures at the poles at these temperatures for over 20
years without any maintenance problems. Really extreme cold, in the -100° range, would make steel brittle with long-
time use.

The thermal expansion of galvanized steel, like any other material, is influenced by changes in temperature. The
coefficient of linear expansion is a measure of how much a material expands or contracts for each degree Celsius or
Fahrenheit change in temperature.
For galvanized steel, the expansion behavior is influenced by both the underlying steel and the zinc coating. The
coefficient of linear expansion for steel is typically around 0.000012 per degree Celsius, and for zinc, it's around
0.000030 per degree Celsius.
To calculate the thermal expansion of galvanized steel, you can use the formula:
It's important to note that this formula gives an approximation, and other factors, such as the specific composition of the

galvanized coating and the steel substrate, can influence the precise thermal expansion behavior.
In practical terms, galvanized steel is often used in environments with varying temperatures, including outdoor
applications. Its thermal expansion characteristics are generally taken into account in the design and installation of
structures or components to prevent issues related to thermal expansion and contraction.

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#:~:text=Iron%20has%20a%20thermal%20expansion,increase%20in%20the%20surrounding%20temperature.

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Measuring Tape Roll: It might also refer to a roll of measuring tape, commonly used for
taking measurements in construction, carpentry, or other applications.

Understanding Tape Measures

A tape measure, also called measuring tape, is a type of flexible ruler. Tape measures are made
from a variety of materials, including fiber glass, plastic and cloth. They are among the most
common measuring tools used today.

Generally speaking, the term “tape measure” refers to a roll-up, self-retracting style tape
measure that’s designed for carpentry. The actual tape potion of the measure, called the
‘ribbon,’ is usually constructed from a stiff metallic material that can stiffen when needed but
can also roll up for simple use and storage. However, the term covers all types of tape
measures – even tailor’s tape.

The modern idea of tape measures originated in tailoring with cloth tape used to alter or fix
clothing. It wasn’t until carpenters adopted the Farrand Rapid Rule, patented by Hiram
Farrand, that the tape measure became a staple of common usage. Ferrand’s design was later
sold to Stanley Works.

Tape measures come in both Imperial Units (inches and feet) and metric (centimeters and
meters), featuring unit breakdowns for further accuracy. Specialized versions can include
markings that cover truss lengths for roofing and stud intervals for housing.

The guides below for how to read a tape measure and how to measure on a tape measure
assume Imperial (American) units for the explanations.
 How to Read a Tape Measure
1 Find/read the markings. On a standard tape measure, the biggest marking is the inch
mark (which generally has the biggest number, if it has them).
2 As the increments decrease, so does the length of the mark. For example, ½" has a
bigger mark than ¼" which has a bigger mark than ⅛", and so on.
 3 Read 1 inch. The space from the largest mark to another is 1 inch.

4 Read one-half inch. Same principle as reading one inch, only this time the space
between the second-biggest mark and the biggest is read. You can think of a half-inch
mark as half way between a full inch.

5 The remaining markings follow a similar pattern. ¼" is half of ½". ⅛" is half of ¼". Most
tape measure markings go as small as 1⁄16;". This tape divides one more time, down to 1⁄32".
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 How to Measure Using a Tape
Measure
6 Measure a length. Put the end of the measure at one end of the item or space you want
to measure. When the length stops, take a reading on the tape measure.
7 Find the length. In order to determine the length, you must add the lengths between
inches together. For example, the image below has a measurement that goes beyond the
space between two inch marks (that is, one full inch). In order to find the length, add the
length of the inch (1) with the space between the second inch mark and the third. In this
case, you’d add 1 inch + 1/4 inch to get 1¼ inch, or “one and a quarter inches.

8 For a length less than 1 inch, simply read off the tape measure the length. If the
increments of an inch are not labeled, determine the marking’s increment and add
together the respective fractions.
9 As an example, the image below shows a length that goes from the inch mark to an
unlabeled marking. We know it’s more than 3/4 of an inch and less than one full inch. The
marking is half way between 3/4 (6/8) and 7/8. Therefore, the marking is half of 1/8, or
1/16. Taking this knowledge, you simply add the known fractions to find the length.
Convert 3/4 to 12/16 for common denominators and add 12/16 + 1/16 to get 13/16 – that’s
your length.
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Tape Measure Test

Put your newfound skills to the test! What is the measurement over the range marked by the
red lines? Use every technique at your disposal to come up with the answer as quickly as you
can.

Answer: 1 ⅛"

Let's start simple. The distance from the 2" to 3" marker is, of course, 1". From the inch mark to
the ⅛" mark is ⅛". 1" + ⅛" = 1 ⅛".

Answer: 11⁄16"

A little more difficult. Break it down into simpler parts. Think of this as what's halfway between
5
⁄8" and 3⁄4"? Find the lowest common denominator: 5⁄8" and 6⁄8". To find the middle of these two
numbers, multiply the denominator by 2. 10⁄16" and 12⁄16". Halfway between these two numbers?
11
⁄16".
Answer: 15⁄32"

This measurement is very precise. You know the smallest marks denote 1⁄32". Find the closest
number and put it in terms of 32nds. ½" = 16⁄32". 1⁄32" less than that = 15⁄32".

OPEN REEL TAPES:

Contractors, engineers, and construction workers commonly use these types of
measuring tapes. These are normally composed of fiberglass and include a hand
crank for retraction. With measurements in both meters and feet, they can range
in length from 25 to 500 ft.

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