1.

Ratio – mathematical numbers used to compare two things which are similar to each other in
terms of units. Further, these ratios are compared with each other using proportion. Given two
numbers x and y, wherein y ≠ 0, x : y or x/y (all read as x to y/x is to y)
2. Proportion – 2 ratios are equal, equality of 2 ratios in symbols:
a c
----- = ----, b ≠ 0, d ≠ 0 or a : b = c : d (Means = b and c, Extremes = a and d)
b d
Examples: 1:2, 3x:5x, 5/2, etc.
3. Properties of Proportion
1. Means and Extremes properly justifies the use of cross
multiplication.
2. Means or Extremes can be interchange.
3. Reciprocals are equal.
4. Denominators can be added to the numerator.
5. Sum of the numerators and denominators.
4. Geometric Mean – Principle square root of the product
between two or more numbers.
5. Similar Polygons – It their corresponding angles are congruent and the length of the
corresponding sides are in proportion.
6. Pythagorean Theorem – In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of
the legs.

If ΔABC is a right triangle, then ( AB)2=( BC)2 +(AC )2 or a 2+b 2=c 2

7. Other Formulas of Pythagorean Theorem:
1. c= √ a + b
2 2

2. a=√ c −b
2 2

3. b=√ c −a
2 2

8. 2 Special Right Triangles

1. Isosceles Right Triangle/45-45-90 Triangle
1. In a 45-45-90 Triangle, the hypotenuse is √2 times as long as each leg.
2. Ratio - x : x : x √ 2

3. If ΔABC is an isosceles right triangle, with AC=BC, and

Measure of Angle C = 90°, then AB= x√2.
 4. Hints for 45-45-90 Triangle
1. Leg to Hypotenuse – Multiply by √2
2. Hypotenuse to Leg – Divide by √2
2. 30-60-90 Triangle
1. The shorter leg is the side opposite of the 30°.
2. The longer leg is the side opposite of the 60°.
3. The Hypotenuse is the longest side and is the opposite side of the 90°.

4.
5. In a 30-60-90 Δ, the length of the hypotenuse is twice the length of the shorter leg, and
the length of the longer length is √3 times the length of the shorter length.
6. Ratio: x (Short Leg): x √ 3 (Longer Leg):2 x (Hypotenuse)
7. Hints
1. Short Leg to Hypotenuse: Multiply by 2
2. Hypotenuse to Short Leg: Divide by 2
3. Short Leg to Long Leg: Multiply by √3
4. Long Leg to Short Leg: Divide by √3
9. 3 Special Combinations that can prove similar triangles
1. SSS “Similarity Theorem” – 3 pairs of proportional sides
2. SAS “Similarity Theorem” – 2 pairs of proportional sides and congruent angle between
them
3. AA “Similarity Theorem” – 2 pairs of congruent angles
10. Quadrilateral – four-sided figures. We can name them by listing its vertices starting with any
vertex and writing the other vertices in either clockwise or counter-clockwise direction.
11. Parallelogram – a quadrilateral with both opposite sides are parallel.
12. Diagonals – segments that join non-consecutive vertices
13. Properties/Theorems of Parallelograms
1. Opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent.
2. Opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent.
3. Consecutive angles in a parallelogram are supplementary or sum up to 180°.
4. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
5. The diagonals of a parallelogram are not congruent.
6. The parallel side are parallel by definition.
14. Rectangle – a quadrilateral with 4 right angles. A rectangle is a parallelogram, Thus, a rectangle
has nearly all the properties of a parallelogram
15. Properties/Theorems of Rectangles
1. Opposite sides are parallel.
2. Opposite sides are congruent.
3. Opposite angles are congruent.
4. Consecutive angles are supplementary.
5. Diagonals bisect each other.
6. If a parallelogram is a rectangle, then its diagonals are congruent.
 7. All angles are 90°/right angles.
8. Diagonals are congruent.
16. Practice Exer.
1. Simplify the Following:
(Ratio)

17. Word Problems: (Ratio)

1. The measures of acute angles of a right triangle are in the ratio 2:3. Find The Measures.
2. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio of 3:5:7. Find the Shortest and the Largest angle.
3. The ratio of the measures of a complementary angle are in the ratio of 7:11. Find the
measure of each.
4. Find the measure of a supplementary angle whose ratio is 3 to 7.
18. Word Problems (Proportion)
1. Find the first term in a proportion if the 2nd to 4th terms are 6, 15, and 10 respectively.
2. Find the fourth term in a proportion if the first three terms are 12, 17, and 36 respectively.
3. Find the third term in a proportion if the 1st, 2nd, and 4th is 4, 5, and 15, respectively.
19. Find the Geometric Mean
1. 9 and 4
2. 11 and 5
3. 12 and 10
4. 15 and 2
5. 10 and 40
20. Are they similar? (Similar Polygons)

1.

2.
21. Give the Scale Factor

1.
 2.

22. Find the values of a, b, and c. (Pythagorean Theorem)

1. a=3,b=4, c=?

2.

3.
23. Find the values of the leg or the hypotenuse (45-45-90)

1. 2. 3.
24. Find the values of either legs or the hypotenuse (30-60-90)

1. 2. 3.
25. Under what theory is this proven? (Similar Triangles)
1. ∠AB ≅ ∠DE, ∠AC≅∠DF, ∠BC≅∠FE
2. ∠GH≅LK, ∠HI≅∠JK, ∠H=∠K=70
3. ∠P=∠N=70, ∠R=∠O=50
Answer Key
Simplify the Following: (Ratio)

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