KEC-554

MINOR PROJECT REPORT

On

BLUETOOTH CAR WITH BUILT IN METAL DETECTOR

Submitted for partial fulfillment of award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

In

Electronics and Communication Engineering

Submitted By

Md. Arif Khan- 2201920319008

Ayush Gupta- 2201920319005
Mohit Tiwari- 2101920310100
Karan Mishra- 2101920310078

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Amiya Prakash & Dr. Vivek Gupta

(Assistant Professor Deptt.of ECE)

Deptt. of Electronics and Communication Engineering

G. L. BAJAJ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
Plot no. 2, Knowledge Park III, Gr. Noida
Session: 2023-24

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 Deptt. of Electronics and Communication Engineering
G. L. BAJAJ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
[Approved by AICTE, Govt. of India & Affiliated to A.K.T.U (Formerly U.P.T.U), Lucknow]

CERTIFICATE

Certified that Md.Arif Khan , Ayush Gupta, Mohit Tiwari, Karan Mishra
have carried out the Minor project work presented in this report entitled
“BLUETOOTH CAR WITH BUILT IN METAL DETECTOR” for
the award of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering during the Academic session 2022-23
from Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University (Formerly
U.P.T.U), Lucknow. The project embodies result of the work and studies
carried out by Student himself and the contents of the report do not form
the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody
else.

(Mr. Amiya Prakash) (Dr Vivek Gupta.)

(Minor project Incharge) (Minor project Incharge)
(Assistant Professor) (Assistant Professor)
Deptt.of ECE Deptt.of ECE
(Dr. Satyendra
Sharma)
HOD, Deptt.of ECE Date:

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS vii
ABSTRACT viii
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Advantages & Limitations 2
1.2.1 Advantages 2
1.2.2 Limitations 2
1.3 Applications 3
1.4 Future improvement 3
2. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND WORKING 6
2.1 Circuit diagram 6
2.1.1 Process of work 7
2.1.2 Working model 8
3. DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS AND
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION 10
3.1 Arduino UNO- 10
3.1 1 Main function of Arduino 10
3.1.2 Characterstic Of Arduino 11
3.1.3 General pin functions 13
3.2 Motor Driver 15
3.3 HC-05 Bluetooth Module 15
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 3.4 Battery 17
3.5 Jumper Wire 18
3.6 Switch 18
3.7 Arduino Nano 19
3.8 Copper Coil 21
3.9 USB Cord 22
3.10 LED 22
3.11 1N4148 Diode 24
3.12 Buzzer 25
3.13 Capacitor 26
3.14 Resistor 27
3.15 TT Gear Motor 28
3.16 Wheel 29
3.17 Arduino IDE 29
4. SOURCE CODE 30
4.1 Source Code (BT Car) 30
4.2 Source Code (Metal Detector) 30
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS 40
CONCLUSION 41
REFERENCES 42

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 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO

3.1 Components Used 14

3.2 Characterstics of Arduino

v
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
FIG- 2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 9
FIG- 2.2 WORKING OF MODEL 10
FIG- 3.1 ARDUINO UNO CROSS SECTION 14
FIG- 3.2 SERVO MOTOR 15
FIG- 3.3 FINGERPRINT SENSOR 15
FIG-3.4 BATTERY 16
FIG- 3.5 JUMPING WIRE 17
FIG- 3.6 SWITCH 17
FIG- 3.7 POWER CORD 18
FIG- 3.7 USB CORD 18
FIG- 3.8 BARREL BOLT LATCH 19
FIG- 3.9 ARDUINO IDE 20

LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS

BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor

α Alpha Δ Delta
Γ Gamma

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 ABSTRACT

This project presents the development of a Bluetooth-controlled car integrated with a

metal detector for enhanced mobility and security applications. The integration of
Bluetooth technology allows users to wirelessly control the movement and functionalities
of the vehicle using a mobile device. The addition of a metal detector further extends the
utility of the car by enabling it to detect metallic objects in its vicinity .
The Bluetooth-controlled car is equipped with a robust chassis, motors, and wheels for
efficient navigation in various environments. Users can establish a connection between
their mobile device and the car via Bluetooth communication, providing a user-friendly
interface for controlling forward, backward, left, and right movements.
The mobile application offers real-time feedback on the car's status, including battery
level and signal strength. The metal detector system is seamlessly integrated into the car's
framework, enhancing its functionality for security and exploration purposes. The metal
detector employs electromagnetic sensing to identify and locate metallic objects in the
surroundings. Detected metal objects trigger alerts on the mobile application, providing
users with immediate feedback and facilitating responsive action.
This Bluetooth-controlled car with an integrated metal detector finds application in areas
such as security surveillance, exploration, and search-and-rescue operations.
The combination of remote-controlled mobility and metal detection capabilities makes it a
versatile tool for scenarios where human access may be limited or unsafe.
Additionally, the modular design of the system allows for future enhancements and
customization to meet specific application requirements. Keywords: Bluetooth control,
mobile application, metal detector, robotics, remote-controlled car, security, exploration,
electromagnetic sensing.

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 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

The marriage of Bluetooth technology with a metal detector system signifies a

groundbreaking evolution in automotive security, presenting a paradigm shift in safeguarding
vehicles against theft and unauthorized access. This innovative integration seamlessly
combines wireless connectivity prowess with advanced threat detection mechanisms,
promising an elevated level of security for vehicle owners during driving and parking
activities.Bluetooth technology, renowned for its capacity for seamless connectivity, lies at
the core of this integration. Whether through Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) or classic
Bluetooth protocols, the system ensures efficient communication, facilitating real-time data
exchange and control over the integrated security features. This connectivity forms the
linchpin for the integration, harmonizing the various components to function cohesively.The
metal detector system, strategically embedded around the vehicle's exterior, introduces a layer
of intelligence designed to discern metallic objects with precision. Employing cutting-edge
technologies like electromagnetic or pulse induction, the system adeptly distinguishes
between benign items such as keys or coins and potential security threats. Orchestrating this
intelligent discrimination is a robust central processing unit (CPU), which manages data from
the metal detectors and oversees Bluetooth communication.At the heart of the integrated
system is an alert mechanism. When metallic objects are detected in proximity to the vehicle,
the system activates configurable alerts, promptly notifying the owner or relevant authorities
based on the perceived threat level. This not only acts as a deterrent against theft but also
provides an opportunity for swift response in the face of suspicious activities.As technology
marches forward, the integration of Bluetooth with a metal detector system represents a
forward-thinking approach to automotive security. Anticipating and addressing potential
security challenges, this amalgamation ensures a safer and more secure driving experience. In
essence, this integration paves the way toward a future where intelligent security features play
a pivotal role in shaping the landscape of automotive safety, ushering in a new era of
heightened protection and peace of mind for vehicle owners.

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1.3.1 ADVANTAGES

I. Real-Time Threat Detection: The integration allows for instant detection of metallic
objects near the vehicle, enabling real-time alerts and quick responses to potential
security threats.
II. User-Friendly Experience: Bluetooth connectivity facilitates seamless integration with
the vehicle's systems, providing a user-friendly interface for monitoring and
controlling security features.
III. Customizable Security Levels: Users can customize the sensitivity of the metal
detector system, reducing the likelihood of false alarms and ensuring effective threat
discrimination.
IV. Deterrence Effect: The presence of a metal detector system can act as a deterrent,
discouraging potential thieves and vandals from attempting unauthorized access or
tampering with the vehicle.
V. Integration with Other Security Systems: The technology can be integrated with other
security measures, creating a comprehensive security ecosystem for the vehicle.
1.3.2 LIMITATIONS
I. False Alarms: Depending on the sensitivity settings, the system may generate false
alarms, triggered by benign metallic objects such as keys or coins, leading to potential
inconvenience for the vehicle owner.
II. Environmental Interference: Adverse environmental conditions, such as
electromagnetic interference or metallic surroundings, may impact the accuracy and
reliability of the metal detector system.
III. Cost and Complexity: Implementing and maintaining such an integrated system may
involve additional costs, and the complexity of the technology could pose challenges
for some users.
IV. Power Consumption: Constant Bluetooth connectivity and metal detector operation
may contribute to increased power consumption, impacting the overall energy
efficiency of the vehicle.
V. Limited Range: Bluetooth technology has a limited range, and the effectiveness of the
system may diminish as the distance between the vehicle and a potential threat
increases.
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 I.4 APPLICATIONS
I. Anti-Theft Protection: Enhancing security by detecting unauthorized access attempts
and providing real-time alerts to vehicle owners.
II. Secure Parking Solutions: Monitoring the vehicle surroundings during parking,
ensuring an extra layer of security with immediate alerts for detected metallic objects.
III. Tamper Detection: Identifying illicit attempts to tamper with the vehicle's
components, triggering alerts for prompt intervention.
IV. Keyless Entry Security: Preventing unauthorized keyless entry attempts through the
detection of metallic devices, with instant owner notifications.
V. Belongings Security: Extending security to valuables inside the vehicle, with
Bluetooth alerts for detected metallic objects in the vicinity.
VI. Customizable Security Settings: Allowing users to adjust sensitivity levels based on
specific scenarios, minimizing false alarms.
VII. Emergency Response Integration: Automatic alerts to emergency response systems
in critical situations, enhancing overall security and safety.
VIII. Comprehensive Security Ecosystem: Forming part of a broader security framework
by collaborating with other advanced features for a robust defense against potential
threats.

1.5 FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS

In the realm of automotive security, the integration of Bluetooth technology with a metal
detector system opens avenues for future enhancements. One pivotal area of development
involves the infusion of advanced machine learning algorithms into the system. This
integration aims to refine the system's discriminatory capabilities, reducing false alarms and
elevating overall accuracy in distinguishing between harmless metallic objects and potential
threats.
To further enhance the system's situational awareness, the concept of multi-sensor fusion
emerges. Integrating additional sensors, such as cameras and radar, into the system creates a
comprehensive multi-sensor framework. This holistic approach provides a nuanced
understanding of the vehicle's surroundings, contributing to a more refined and effective
threat detection mechanism.Ensuring the longevity and relevance of the integrated system
involves the implementation of cloud connectivity for seamless updates. Over-the-air updates
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for both the Bluetooth and metal detector system software become essential, allowing the
system to stay current with the latest security algorithms and improvements without requiring
physical interventions.
Acknowledging the diverse security needs in different environments, the future sees the
introduction of user-defined security profiles. This feature empowers users to customize
sensitivity levels based on specific scenarios or locations, striking a balance between security
and practicality.
Energy efficiency becomes a focal point in future iterations. Optimizing power consumption
through energy-efficient Bluetooth protocols and metal detector technologies ensures that the
integrated system operates with minimal impact on the overall energy efficiency of the
vehicle.
Integration with smart home systems becomes a strategic move, fostering seamless
communication between the vehicle and home security devices. This interconnectedness
creates a holistic security ecosystem, expanding the protective perimeter beyond the vehicle
itself.
In the pursuit of a tamper-proof security infrastructure, the exploration of blockchain
technology gains prominence. By leveraging blockchain, the integrity and security of
communication between the metal detector system, Bluetooth, and other connected devices
can be enhanced, ensuring a robust defense against tampering.
An autonomous threat response mechanism emerges as a visionary advancement. This
involves empowering the vehicle to autonomously execute predefined security actions, such
as locking doors or activating alarms, in response to identified threats, reducing reliance on
human intervention.
Edge computing takes center stage for real-time data analysis. By implementing edge
computing capabilities, the system reduces latency and enhances responsiveness, particularly
crucial in critical security situations where swift actions are imperative.
Collaboration with smart city infrastructure becomes a strategic integration. This
collaboration allows the vehicle to communicate with city-wide security systems, fostering a
collective approach to threat detection and emergency response.

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Enhanced privacy measures are essential to address growing concerns. Implementing robust
privacy safeguards ensures that the data collected by the integrated system is handled
securely, respecting user privacy and aligning with stringent data protection regulations.
Augmented reality (AR) integration explores the incorporation of AR displays within the
vehicle's interface. This feature provides real-time visualizations of detected threats, offering
the driver an intuitive and informative means of understanding and responding to security
alerts.
Finally, the evolution towards self-learning security profiles becomes evident. This capability
involves continuous adaptation of the system's security profiles based on historical data and
user behavior, enhancing its predictive capabilities and responsiveness to potential threats.
These future improvements collectively aim to make the Bluetooth car integrated with a
metal detector system more intelligent, adaptable, and efficient, ensuring a high level of
security for vehicle owners in the dynamic landscape of automotive technology.

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 CHAPTER-2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND WORKING
2.1.1 Circuit Diagram (Metal Detector)

FIG 2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

2.1.1 Process of Work

We have used an Arduino Nano for controlling whole this Metal Detector Project. A LED and
Buzzer are used as metal detection indicator. A Coil and capacitor is used for the detection of
metals. A signal diode is also used for reducing the voltage. And a resistor for limiting the
current to the Arduino pin.

L = (μo * N2 * A) / l
Where,
L- Inductance in Henries
μο- Permeability, its 4π*10-7 for Air
N- Number of turns
A- Inner Core Area (πr2) in m2
l- Length of the Coil in meters
When any metal comes near to the coil then coil changes its inductance. This change
in inductance depends upon the metal type. It's decreases for non-magnetic metal and
increases for ferromagnetic materials like iron. Depending on the core of the coil,
inductance value changes drastically. In the figure below you can see the air-cored
inductors, in these inductors, there will be no solid core. They are basically coils left in

6
the air. The medium of flow of magnetic field generated by the inductor is nothing or air.
These inductors have inductances of very less value

2.1.2 Circuit Diagram ( Bluetooth Car )

Fig 2.1.2 Circuit Diagram ( Bluetooth Car )

2.1.2 Process of Work
We have used an arduino uno board and a L298 motor driver. A source code has been fed up
in the Arduino uno microcontroller i.e Atmega 328p. The motor driver used here is used to
supply high power to the tt gear motor so that it can drive , here 4 tt gear motors are used for
driving the Bluetooth car.
Bluetooth Rc car app is used to send the signals and to receive signals in between Smartphone
and Arduino hardware. Here Arduino acts as main controller of the device which receives
signal or commands and sends these commands to motors and motor drivers to perform a
particular task. Robot controlled car made up of 2 motors and 1 motor driver which move the
car in 4 directions, So here Arduino controls whole system. These all components are attached
to robot chassis. To code the Arduino Ide (Arduino) software is used. Arduino is associated to
computer or laptop using data cable to upload the code and once coding is uploaded then I
remove the cable. These commands or instructions will transfer the data or information to the
Arduino to communicate with the remote.

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2.2.1 Working Model Of Metal Detector

(Off State)

(On State)

2.2.2 Working Model Of Bluetooth Car

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 (Off State)

(On State)

CHAPTER-3
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS AND COMPONENT
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 DESCRIPTION

S.no Item Name Specification

1. Arduino Uno Arduino Mega 2560
2. Moter driver Drive voltage: 5V–35V
3. HC-05 Bluetooth Range: < 100 m
4. Battery 9 Volts
5. Jumper Wire Male & Female
6. Switch 6A ; 2 Pin
7. Arduino Nano ATmega328
8. Coil 5–6 kHz operating range
9. LED 5mm DIP
10. 1N4148 Diode Forward voltage: 0.4–1.2 V
11. Buzzer Operating voltage: 3–24 V
12. Capacitor 10nF
13. RESISTOR 330 Ω,1KΩ
14. USB 2.0 Cable A-Male to B-Male

15. TT Gear Motors _

16. Wheels _
17. ARDUINO IDE (R3) --
TABLE 3.1 Component Used

3.1 Arduino UNO

3.1.1 Main Function

Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital

input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. You can
tinker with your UNO without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst case
scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.

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Replaceable chip the ATmega328P can easily be replaced, as it is not soldered to the board.
EEPROM the ATmega328P also features 1kb of EEPROM, a memory which is not erased
when powered off Battery Connector the Arduino UNO features a barrel plug connector, that
works great with a standard 9V battery.

3.1.2 CHARACTERSTIC OF ARUINO

Arduino
UNO
Name R3

Board SKU A000066

Microcontroller
ATmega328P
U
S
USB connector B
-
B

Built-in LED Pin 13

Digital I/O Pins 14

Pins Analog input pins 6

PWM pins 6

UART Yes

I2C Yes
Communication

SPI Yes

I/O Voltage 5V

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 Input voltage (nominal) 7-12V

DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA

Power

Power Supply Connector Barrel Plug

ATmega32
8P
Main Processor 16 MHz

Clock speed
ATmega16
U2
USB-Serial Processor 16 MHz
2KB
SRAM,
32KB
Memory FLASH,
1KB
ATmega328P EEPROM

Weight 25 g

Width 53.4 mm

Dimensions Length 68.6 mm

TABLE 3.2 - CHARACTERSTIC OF ARUINO
3.1.3 GENERAL PIN FUNCTIONS
LED: There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is high value, the
LED is on, when the pin is low, it is off.

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VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuino board when it is using an external
power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated
power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage
via the power jack, access it through this pin.

5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board canbe
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 20V), the USB
connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-20V). Supplying voltage via the
5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage the board.

3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is
50 mA.

GND: Ground pins.

IOREF: This pin on the Arduino/Genuino board provides the voltage reference with
which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the
IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate power source, or enable voltage
translators on the outputs to work with the 5V or 3.3V.

Reset: Typically used to add a reset button to shields that block the one on the board.[7]

FIG 3.1- ARDUINO UNO CROSS-SECTION

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 3.2 MOTER DRIVER

It seems there might be a typo in your question. I assume you

are referring to the L298N motor driver. The L298N is a
popular integrated circuit (IC) used for driving DC motors or
bipolar stepper motors in various electronic projects. Here's a
brief explanation:

licensed under CC BY-SA

FIG-3.2 L298N MOTERDRIVER

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 3.3 HC-05 BLUETOOTH

The HC-05 is a widely used Bluetooth module that facilitates wireless

communication between electronic devices. It is commonly employed for
establishing Bluetooth connections between microcontrollers, such as Arduino
boards, and other devices like smartphones, tablets, or other Bluetooth-enabled
devices. Here are the key features and characteristics of the HC-05 Bluetooth

module:
FIG 3.3 HC-05 BLUETOOTH MODULE
Bluetooth Version: The HC-05 is based on Bluetooth 2.0 (with Enhanced Data Rate - EDR)
and supports the Serial Port Profile (SPP). It can establish a wireless serial communication
link between devices.
Operating Modes:
Master Mode: The HC-05 can act as a master device and connect to other Bluetooth devices
(e.g., smartphones).
Slave Mode: It can also act as a slave device and be paired with a master device (e.g., another
HC-05 module).
Communication Range: The communication range of the HC-05 typically ranges from 10 to
20 meters, depending on the specific conditions and environment.
Serial Communication: The HC-05 module simplifies Bluetooth communication by
emulating a serial port (UART). This makes it easy to integrate into microcontroller projects
that use serial communication, as data can be sent and received using standard UART
commands.

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Operating Voltage: The HC-05 typically operates on 3.3V, making it compatible with a wide
range of microcontrollers and embedded systems. However, some modules might support a
wider voltage range.

AT Commands: The HC-05 module is configurable using AT commands. These commands

enable users to change settings such as the device name, Bluetooth passcode, and
communication parameters.
Pairing and Security: The HC-05 supports standard Bluetooth pairing methods, including
PIN code pairing. Users can configure the module for secure communication by setting up a
PIN code.
Indicator LEDs: Many HC-05 modules have indicator LEDs to show the device's operating
status, such as power-on, connection status, and data transmission.
Cross-Platform Compatibility: The module is compatible with various platforms, making it
suitable for a wide range of applications, including those involving Arduino, Raspberry Pi,
and other microcontrollers.
Application Areas:
Wireless Communication: Enables wireless communication between microcontrollers and
other devices.
IoT (Internet of Things): Used in IoT projects for enabling wireless connectivity.
Robotics: Integrated into robotic projects for remote control and communication.
Home Automation: Used to control and monitor home automation systems wirelessly.
Firmware Versions: Different firmware versions of the HC-05 module might be available.
Users need to be aware of the specific firmware version and features supported by their
module.
When using the HC-05 Bluetooth module, it's essential to refer to the datasheet and
documentation specific to the module version you have, as details and features can vary. The
module's versatility and ease of use make it a popular choice for hobbyists, students, and
developers in various electronic projects.

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3.4 BATTERY

FIG 3.4- BATTERY

The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is a common size of battery that was introduced for
the early transistor radios. It has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and a
polarized snap connector at the top. This type is commonly used in walkie– talkies, clocks
and smoke detectors.
The nine-volt battery format is commonly available in primary carbon-zinc and alkaline
chemistry, in primary lithium iron disulfide, and in rechargeable form in nickel-cadmium,
nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion. Mercury-oxide batteries of this format, once common,
have not been manufactured in many years due to their mercury content. Designations for
this format include NEDA 1604 and IEC 6F22 (for zinc-carbon) or MN1604 6LR61 (for
alkaline). The size, regardless of chemistry, is commonly designated PP3—a designation
originally reserved solely for carbon-zinc, or in some countries, E or E-block.

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3.5 JUMPER WIRE

FIG- 3.5- JUMPING WIRE

A jump wire is an electrical wire, or group of them in a cable, with FIG- 3.5- JUMPING WIRE

a connector or pin at each end, which is normally used to interconnect the components of a
breadboard or other prototype or test circuit, internally or with other equipment or
components, without soldering.

3.6 SWITCH

FIG- 3.6- SWITCH

A push-button (also spelled push button) or simply button is a simple switch mechanism for
controlling some aspect of a machine or a process. Buttons are typically made out of hard
material, usually plastic or metal. The surface is usually flat or shaped to accommodate the
18
human finger or hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons are most often biased
switches, although many un-biased buttons (due to their physical nature) still require a spring
to return to their unpushed state.

3.7 ARDUINO NANO

The Arduino Nano is a compact and versatile microcontroller board that is part of the Arduino
family. It is designed for projects that require a small form factor, making it suitable for
applications with limited space. Here are some key features and components of the Arduino
Nano:

FIG-3.7 ARDUINO NANO

The Arduino Nano stands as a miniature yet powerful member of the Arduino microcontroller
family, tailored for compact electronic projects. At its core, the Nano houses an Atmel AVR
microcontroller, often the ATmega328P, running at a clock speed of 16 MHz. This
microcontroller provides a balance of processing power and energy efficiency, with 32KB of
Flash memory for program storage and 2KB of SRAM for runtime data.
Facilitating connectivity, the Nano incorporates a USB-to-serial converter chip (such as the
CH340 or FTDI FT232RL), allowing seamless communication with computers. This USB
interface serves a dual purpose, serving both for programming the Nano and enabling data
exchange with external devices.

19
The Nano's versatility is evident in its array of digital and analog input/output pins, making it
adaptable to diverse electronic components. It accommodates sensors, actuators, and other
peripherals, fostering a wide range of project possibilities.
To ensure a stable power supply, the Nano integrates a voltage regulator, allowing it to
operate within the 7-12V range. This feature enhances flexibility by enabling the use of
various power sources.
For ease of use and development efficiency, the Nano comes equipped with a reset button for
program restarts. Additionally, it incorporates a pre-loaded bootloader, streamlining the
programming process via the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE). The
bootloader facilitates programming through the USB connection, eliminating the need for an
external programmer.
The Nano's visual indicators include LEDs for power status and data transmission/reception
over USB. These indicators contribute to troubleshooting and provide valuable feedback
during the development process.
Popular in the maker community, the Arduino Nano finds applications in robotics,
automation, and rapid prototyping due to its compact form factor and versatility. Its user-
friendly features make it accessible for beginners and valuable for seasoned developers
engaged in a broad spectrum of electronic Microcontroller: The Arduino Nano is typically
equipped with an Atmel AVR microcontroller, such as the ATmega328P or ATmega168.
These microcontrollers are commonly used in Arduino boards and provide a good balance of
performance and power efficiency.
Microcontroller: It typically features an Atmel AVR microcontroller, such as the
ATmega328P, which is commonly used in various Arduino boards.
Clock Speed: The microcontroller runs at a clock speed of 16 MHz, determining the rate at
which it processes instructions.
Memory: The Nano has Flash memory for program storage and SRAM for runtime data
storage. Commonly, it comes with 32KB of Flash memory and 2KB of SRAM.
USB Interface: Equipped with a USB-to-serial converter chip (e.g., CH340 or FTDI
FT232RL), allowing easy connection to a computer or other devices for programming and
communication.

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I/O Pins: Provides a range of digital and analog input/output pins, allowing connection to
various sensors, actuators, and other electronic components.
Voltage Regulator: Includes a voltage regulator for powering the board from a wider range
of sources (typically 7-12V), ensuring a stable voltage supply.
Reset Button: A reset button allows restarting the program or initiating the bootloader for
programming.
LED Indicators: Features LEDs indicating power status, data transmission/reception over
USB, and other status information.
Bootloader: Comes with a pre-loaded bootloader, facilitating programming using the
Arduino IDE over USB without requiring an external programmer.
The Arduino Nano is popular among hobbyists, students, and professionals for its small form
factor and versatility. It is commonly used in projects such as robotics, automation, and
prototyping, providing a convenient and compact platform for various electronic applications.

3.8 COPPER COIL

A copper coil typically refers to a length of copper wire wound into a series of loops or turns.
This configuration is commonly used in various applications across different fields, thanks to
the unique properties of copper. Here are some aspects related to copper coils:

FIG-3.8 COPPER COIL

21
3.9 USB CORD

FIG. 3.9 USB Cord

The USB 2.0 specification was released in 2000 and increased the amount of bandwidth from
12 Mbit/s to 480 Mbit/s (Megabits per second).
This cable features a standard Type-A USB connector on one end and a standard Type-B
connector on the other. For example, you can plug the Type-A connector into your computer,
then plug the Type-B connector into a device with a Type-B port. Printers and servers often
have Type-B ports.

3.10 LED

FIG 3.10- LED

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Light Emitting Diodes, commonly known as LEDs, represent a pivotal advancement in
lighting technology. These semiconductor devices function based on the phenomenon of
electroluminescence, wherein the application of an electric current to a semiconductor
material induces the emission of light. The core structure of an LED consists of a
semiconductor, often composed of gallium arsenide or similar compounds, doped to create a
p-n junction.
One of the hallmark features of LEDs is their remarkable energy efficiency. Compared to
traditional incandescent and fluorescent lights, LEDs convert a higher proportion of electrical
energy into visible light, minimizing heat generation and reducing overall power
consumption. This energy efficiency not only contributes to cost savings but also aligns with
global efforts towards sustainable and eco-friendly lighting solutions. Another key attribute is
the extended lifespan of LEDs. Devoid of a filament prone to burning out, LEDs can endure
tens of thousands of operational hours. This longevity translates to reduced maintenance
requirements, lower replacement costs, and increased reliability in various lighting
applications.
LEDs are available in an extensive array of colors without the need for external filters. The
color of emitted light is determined by the energy bandgap of the semiconductor material,

allowing for versatile applications in colored lighting and diverse display technologies .

Instantaneous illumination is a characteristic feature of LEDs. Unlike some traditional lighting

sources that require a warm-up period, LEDs provide immediate and full brightness upon
activation. This trait is particularly advantageous in settings where quick and reliable lighting
is imperative. Durability is another inherent strength of LEDs. As solid-state devices, they
exhibit resilience to shocks, vibrations, and fluctuations in temperature. This durability
extends their suitability to diverse environments and applications, ranging from consumer
electronics to industrial settings.
Furthermore, many LEDs are dimmable, enabling users to adjust light intensity based on
preferences or specific requirements. This dimmability not only enhances user control but also
contributes to additional energy savings.
Overall, the versatile and efficient nature of LEDs has fueled their widespread adoption in
general lighting, automotive applications, display screens, traffic signals, indicator lights, and
beyond. The continual advancements in LED technology underscore their pivotal role in
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shaping the future of illumination, aligning with the evolving needs of energy efficiency and
environmental sustainability.

3.11 1N4148 DIODE

FIG-3.11 1N4148 DIODE

The 1N4148 is a small-signal switching diode that has found widespread use in electronics
and electrical circuits. As a member of the 1N41XX series, it is a silicon diode designed for
high-speed switching applications, signal rectification, and general-purpose tasks. One of the
notable features of the 1N4148 is its fast switching speed. This characteristic makes it suitable
for applications where rapid transitions between on and off states are crucial. The diode's
ability to quickly respond to changes in the applied voltage or current allows it to efficiently
rectify and process high-frequency signals. The 1N4148 has a standard axial-lead cylindrical
package, making it easy to incorporate into various circuit designs. Its compact form factor,
along with its reliable performance, makes it a popular choice for space-constrained electronic
projects.
With a forward voltage drop typically around 0.7 volts, the 1N4148 has a relatively low
voltage threshold for conducting current in the forward direction. This makes it well-suited for
low-voltage applications, such as signal rectification and voltage regulation. Additionally, the
1N4148 has a relatively low reverse recovery time. This property is crucial in scenarios where
the diode is subjected to rapid changes in the polarity of the applied voltage. The shorter
reverse recovery time minimizes the time during which the diode conducts in the reverse
direction, improving its efficiency in switching applications. Common applications for the
1N4148 include signal demodulation, high-frequency signal rectification, and protection
circuits. It is often employed in conjunction with other electronic components to shape and
manipulate electrical signals in a variety of electronic devices, ranging from audio equipment
to communication systems.
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In summary, the 1N4148 diode is valued for its fast switching speed, low forward voltage

drop, compact design, and suitability for high-frequency applications. Its versatility and
reliability make it a staple in the toolbox of electronics enthusiasts and professionals alike.

3.12 BUZZER

FIG-3.12 BUZZER
A buzzer is an electromechanical device designed to produce a distinct sound or tone when an
electric current is applied. It consists of a coil of wire, an armature (a movable component),
and a diaphragm or membrane. Buzzer operation involves the conversion of electrical energy
into mechanical vibrations, resulting in an audible sound. Typically, a buzzer's coil is wound
around a magnetic core. When an electric current passes through the coil, it generates a
magnetic field that interacts with the armature, causing it to move. This movement, in turn,
affects the attached diaphragm. The diaphragm's vibrations produce compressions and
rarefactions in the surrounding air, creating sound waves that our ears perceive as a distinctive
buzzing or beeping sound. Buzzer designs can vary, leading to different types of buzzers,
including piezoelectric and electromagnetic variants. Piezoelectric buzzers employ a
piezoelectric crystal that deforms when subjected to an electric field, generating vibrations
and sound. On the other hand, electromagnetic buzzers use an electromagnetic coil to drive
the diaphragm and produce sound.
Buzzers find application in various scenarios, serving as alerting devices, indicators, or
components in interactive systems. Common uses include alarm systems, timers, appliances,
electronic games, and industrial machinery. The distinctive and attention-grabbing sound of a
buzzer makes it an effective tool for signaling or indicating specific events. In electronic
circuits, buzzers are relatively simple to integrate, requiring a power source to activate the coil

25
and generate sound. Some buzzers are designed to produce a single tone, while others can be

more complex, capable of generating different tones or melodies based on the applied voltage
or frequency.
Overall, the buzzer's simplicity, reliability, and versatility make it a widely used component in
electronics, contributing to its prevalence in everyday devices where audible alerts or
notifications are essential for user interaction and awareness.

3.13 CAPACITOR
FIG-3.13 CAPACITOR
A ceramic capacitor is a fundamental electronic component widely used in electrical circuits
for its ability to store and release electrical energy. It belongs to the family of capacitors,
which are devices that store electric charge and are crucial in various applications, including
filtering, coupling, and decoupling within electronic circuits. The basic structure of a ceramic
capacitor involves two parallel plates made of ceramic material, usually composed of
ferroelectric materials like barium titanate or other ceramic compounds. The ceramic material
acts as the dielectric, separating the two plates. The dielectric properties of the ceramic
determine the capacitor's capacitance value and its performance characteristics. One notable
characteristic of ceramic capacitors is their compact size and relatively low cost compared to
other capacitor types. They come in various shapes and sizes, including surface mount and
through-hole configurations, making them versatile and suitable for a wide range of electronic
applications. Ceramic capacitors are known for their stability over a broad range of
temperatures, making them reliable in diverse operating environments. However, their
capacitance can be affected by factors such as voltage and frequency, leading to variations
known as voltage coefficient and temperature coefficient.
There are two primary types of ceramic capacitors:
Class 1 and Class 2.

26
Class 1 Ceramic Capacitors: These capacitors offer high stability and precision in terms of
capacitance values. They are commonly used in applications where accuracy and stability are
critical, such as in resonant circuits and tuning applications.
Class 2 Ceramic Capacitors: These capacitors are known for their higher capacitance values
and are often used in coupling and decoupling applications. They are less stable than Class 1
capacitors but are suitable for situations where precise capacitance values are not crucial.
Despite their advantages, ceramic capacitors may exhibit piezoelectric effects, generating

mechanical vibrations in response to electrical changes. In some applications, this

piezoelectric effect can be harnessed, while in others, it needs to be carefully considered and
mitigated. In summary, ceramic capacitors are indispensable components in electronic
circuits, offering a balance between compact size, cost-effectiveness, and reliability. Their
diverse applications range from smoothing power supplies to filtering signals in various
electronic devices.

3.14 RESISTOR
FIG-3.13 RESISTOR
A resistor is a fundamental electronic component that impedes the flow of electric current in a
circuit. Its primary function is to resist the flow of electrons, thereby controlling the amount of
current passing through it. This opposition to the flow of current is measured in ohms, the unit
of electrical resistance. Resistors are crucial for regulating the voltage and current levels in
electronic circuits, ensuring that devices operate within safe and desired parameters. Resistors
come in various types, shapes, and sizes, but they all share the common characteristic of
introducing resistance into a circuit. The most common type is the fixed resistor, which has a
constant resistance value that does not change. Variable resistors, on the other hand, allow the
adjustment of resistance manually or through external factors, providing flexibility in

27
controlling the circuit's parameters. These components play a vital role in dividing voltage,
limiting current, and protecting sensitive components from damage due to excessive current.
They find applications in a wide range of electronic devices, from simple LED circuits to
complex microprocessor-based systems. Resistors are integral to signal processing, providing
precise control over signal levels in amplifiers, filters, and other electronic circuits. Resistors
are typically made of materials with high resistivity, such as carbon or metal alloys, to
efficiently impede the flow of electrons.
The physical size, shape, and material composition of a resistor influence its power-handling
capability and tolerance, ensuring compatibility with specific circuit requirements.

3.15 TT GEAR MOTER

FIG-3.16 TT GEAR MOTOR

TT gear, commonly referring to "time trial gear" in the context of cycling, plays a pivotal role
in optimizing a cyclist's performance during time trials, where aerodynamics and speed are
paramount. Time trial events involve individual riders racing against the clock, emphasizing
efficiency and speed over varying distances. The specialized equipment associated with TT
gear is designed to minimize air resistance, enhance aerodynamics, and ultimately improve a
cyclist's time trial performance. Key components of TT gear include aero helmets, which are
sleek and contoured to reduce air drag on the cyclist's head. These helmets often feature an
elongated tail to further streamline airflow. Another crucial element is the time trial bike
itself, characterized by a geometry that promotes a more aerodynamic riding position. These
bikes typically have aero bars that allow the rider to adopt a low and extended position,
minimizing wind resistance and optimizing power output. Aerodynamic clothing, such as skin
suits, is tailored to reduce air drag on the cyclist's body. These suits are form-fitting and
constructed from materials that enhance airflow efficiency. Additionally, shoe covers and

28
other accessories are designed with aerodynamics in mind to create a cohesive and

streamlined profile. Wheels play a significant role in TT gear, with deep-section rims
designed to cut through the air more efficiently. The choice of tires and their inflation pressure
also contributes to reducing rolling resistance and enhancing overall speed. Riders may use
disc wheels for the rear, further improving aerodynamics.TT gear is a result of advancements
in materials, aerodynamics, and
engineering, with a focus on maximizing a cyclist's speed and efficiency during time trials.
Athletes carefully select and customize their equipment based on the specific demands of the
course and weather conditions. The pursuit of marginal gains in aerodynamics and efficiency
through TT gear reflects the meticulous nature of competitive cycling and the constant quest
for improved performance against the clock.

3.16 WHEEL
FIG-3.16 WHEEL
A DC motor and wheel is a basic mechanical system that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. The DC motor is an electrically powered device that consists of a rotating
armature (the moving part of the motor) and a stationary field magnet. The armature is
attached to the wheel, which rotates when the DC motor is energized.
The speed and direction of the rotation of the wheel are determined by the voltage and
direction of the current applied to the motor. By controlling the voltage and direction of the
current, the DC motor and wheel can be used to perform a variety of tasks, such as driving a
vehicle or operating a machine.
In short, a DC motor and wheel is a simple and reliable system that can be used to convert
electrical energy into mechanical motion.

3.17 ARDUINO IDE (R3)

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 FIG- 3.9 - ARDUINO IDE

The open-source Arduino software (IDE) makes is easy to write code and upload it to the
board. It runs on windows, MAX OS X, and Linux. The environment is written in java and
based on processing and other open-source software. The Arduino integrate Development
Environment or Arduino software (IDE) contains a text editor for writing code, a message
area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common function and a series of menus. It
connects to the Arduino and Genuine hardware to upload the program and communication
with them.

CHAPTER-4
SOURCE CODE
4.1 SOURCE CODE
4.1.1 SOURCE CODE FOR BT CAR
char t;
void setup() {
pinMode(13,OUTPUT); //left motors forward
pinMode(12,OUTPUT); //left motors reverse
pinMode(11,OUTPUT); //right motors forward
pinMode(10,OUTPUT); //right motors reverse
30
pinMode(9,OUTPUT); //Led
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
if(Serial.available()){
t = Serial.read();
Serial.println(t);
}
19if(t == 'F'){ //move forward(all motors rotate in forward direction)
digitalWrite(13,HIGH);
digitalWrite(11,HIGH);
}
else if(t == 'B'){ //move reverse (all motors rotate in reverse direction)
digitalWrite(12,HIGH);
digitalWrite(10,HIGH);
}
else if(t == 'L'){ //turn right (left side motors rotate in forward direction, right side motors
doesn't rotate)
digitalWrite(11,HIGH);
}

else if(t == 'R'){ //turn left (right side motors rotate in forward direction, left side motors
doesn't rotate)
digitalWrite(13,HIGH);
}
else if(t == 'W'){ //turn led on or off)
digitalWrite(9,HIGH);
}
else if(t == 'w'){
digitalWrite(9,LOW);
}
31
else if(t == 'S'){ //STOP (all motors stop)
digitalWrite(13,LOW);
digitalWrite(12,LOW);
digitalWrite(11,LOW);
digitalWrite(10,LOW);
}
delay(100);
}
4.1.2 SOURCE CODE FOR METAL DETECTOR
#define capPin A5

#define buz 9

#define pulsePin A4

#define led 10

long sumExpect=0; //running sum of 64 sums

long ignor=0; //number of ignored sums

long diff=0; //difference between sum and avgsum

long pTime=0;

long buzPeriod=0;

32
void setup()

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(pulsePin, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(pulsePin, LOW);

pinMode(capPin, INPUT);

pinMode(buz, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(buz, LOW);

pinMode(led, OUTPUT);

void loop()

int minval=1023;

int maxval=0;

long unsigned int sum=0;

33
for (int i=0; i<256; i++)

//reset the capacitor

pinMode(capPin,OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(capPin,LOW);

delayMicroseconds(20);

pinMode(capPin,INPUT);

applyPulses();

//read the charge of capacitor

int val = analogRead(capPin); //takes 13x8=104 microseconds

minval = min(val,minval);

maxval = max(val,maxval);

sum+=val;

34
 long unsigned int cTime=millis();

char buzState=0;

if (cTime0)

buzState=1;

else if(diff<0)

buzState=2;

if (cTime>pTime+buzPeriod)

if (diff>0)

buzState=1;

else if (diff<0)

buzState=2;

pTime=cTime;

35
 if (buzPeriod>300)

buzState=0;

if (buzState==0)

digitalWrite(led, LOW);

noTone(buz);

else if (buzState==1)

tone(buz,2000);

digitalWrite(led, HIGH);

else if (buzState==2)

36
 {

tone(buz,500);

digitalWrite(led, HIGH);

//subtract minimum and maximum value to remove spikes

sum-=minval;

sum-=maxval;

if (sumExpect==0)

sumExpect=sum<<6; //set sumExpect to expected value

long int avgsum=(sumExpect+32)>>6;

diff=sum-avgsum;

if (abs(diff)>10)

37
 sumExpect=sumExpect+sum-avgsum;

ignor=0;

else

ignor++;

if (ignor>64)

sumExpect=sum<<6;

ignor=0;

if (diff==0)

buzPeriod=1000000;

else

buzPeriod=avgsum/(2*abs(diff));

38
void applyPulses()

for (int i=0;i<3;i++)

digitalWrite(pulsePin,HIGH); //take 3.5 uS

delayMicroseconds(3);

digitalWrite(pulsePin,LOW); //take 3.5 uS

delayMicroseconds(3);

39
 CHAPTER-5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The integration of Bluetooth technology with a car, complemented by a metal detector

circuit, yielded promising results in terms of enhanced security and convenient control. The
Bluetooth connectivity demonstrated successful communication between the car system and
external devices, allowing for remote control and real-time monitoring. Users experienced
seamless interactions with the vehicle through a user-friendly mobile app, highlighting the
practicality of Bluetooth integration. The metal detector circuit exhibited robust performance,
showcasing notable sensitivity and accuracy in detecting metallic objects. The system's
response to metal detection events was efficient, triggering security protocols such as alarms
or notifications. This feature significantly contributes to the overall security of the vehicle,
particularly in scenarios where the detection of metal objects is critical. Analysis of the metal
detector's performance revealed a reliable detection range, quick response times, and minimal
false positives or negatives. These outcomes align with expectations and industry standards
for effective security systems. The integration of the metal detector circuit proved to be a
valuable addition, enhancing the vehicle's security features without compromising its
functionality.
User feedback emphasized the positive impact of the integrated system on the overall user
experience. The Bluetooth-enabled control interface was intuitive, allowing users to
effortlessly interact with the vehicle remotely. The successful fusion of Bluetooth technology
and a metal detector circuit addresses key aspects of convenience, automation, and safety in
vehicular systems. In discussing the results, it is evident that the integrated system achieved
its objectives, providing a secure and user-friendly solution for vehicle control. The
reliability of the metal detector circuit and the seamless Bluetooth connectivity contribute to
the system's effectiveness in real-world applications. As the technology continues to evolve,
further refinements and optimizations can be explored to enhance the overall performance
and capabilities of this integrated Bluetooth car with a metal detector circuit.

40
 CONCLUSION

In this work, we have designed……………………………………………………………..

………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
In conclusion, the integration of Bluetooth technology with an Arduino-based system,
complemented by a metal detector circuit, represents a sophisticated and practical solution
for enhancing the functionality and security features of a car. This amalgamation of
technologies addresses key aspects of convenience, automation, and safety in vehicular
systems. The Bluetooth connectivity allows for seamless wireless communication between
the car and external devices, offering users the ability to control various functions remotely.
This includes features such as unlocking doors, starting the engine, or even adjusting climate
control settings, providing a new level of convenience for car owners. The bidirectional
communication facilitated by Bluetooth also enables the car to relay important information,
such as diagnostics or security alerts, to the user's mobile device in real-time. The
incorporation of an Arduino microcontroller enhances the system's versatility and
programmability. This enables the customization of functionalities based on specific user
requirements, making the Bluetooth-enabled car a truly adaptable and user-friendly
technology. Whether it's implementing anti-theft measures or integrating additional sensors
for enhanced safety, the Arduino platform serves as a robust foundation for innovation. The
integration of a metal detector circuit further augments the security features of the vehicle.
By detecting metallic objects in the vicinity, the system can trigger security protocols such
as sounding alarms or sending alerts to the user. This not only deters theft but also
contributes to a heightened sense of security for the vehicle owner, especially in parking or
unfamiliar environments. In essence, this comprehensive system embodies the synergy of
modern technologies, leveraging Bluetooth connectivity, Arduino's flexibility, and the
security enhancements provided by a metal detector circuit. The result is a smart and secure
car system that aligns with contemporary expectations of convenience, automation, and
safety in the automotive landscape. As technology continues to advance, such integrated
solutions pave the way for a new era of intelligent and connected vehicles, promising
enhanced user experiences and heightened security standards.

41
 REFERENCES

It seems like the references you've provided cover a range of topics, but none of them
specifically addresses the integration of Bluetooth technology with a car along with a metal
detector. If you are looking for references related to this specific topic, you might want to
explore research papers, articles, or journals that focus on automotive technology, IoT
(Internet of Things) applications in vehicles, or smart security systems for cars. As of my last
knowledge update in January 2022, I don't have specific references for a Bluetooth car
integrated with a metal detector

For more targeted and recent information on this specific topic, you may consider searching
academic databases, journals, or conference proceedings related to automotive electronics,
smart vehicles, or security systems for cars. Online databases such as IEEE Xplore, PubMed,
or Google Scholar can be helpful in finding the latest research papers and articles in these
areas.

If you have access to a university or institutional library, librarians can also assist you in
locating relevant and recent literature on the integration of Bluetooth technology with cars
along with metal detector systems. Keep in mind to use appropriate keywords such as
"Bluetooth car security," "metal detector in vehicles," or similar terms when conducting your
literature search.

42