SCIENCE 8

Quarter 2 - Module 1
Earthquake and Faults

NAME:
 Lesson

1 Earthquake and Faults

What I Need to Know

After doing all the activities, you will be able to:

a. Describe what a fault is using models or illustrations; and
b. Explain how movements along faults generate earthquakes.

What’s New
Activity 1 – Where’s the Fault?

Observe carefully the figures below. Describe briefly and answer concisely the following
questions. Write your answer in the box provided.

Figure 1. A is the starting point. Land is represented by a box. The two parallel lines are
there so that it is clear for you to observe the events. Figure 1 B, C, and D shows how a
crack forms in the box.

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 Figure 2. Is an example of a fault.
(Image courtesy of the GEER Association and National Science Foundation)

Compare Figure 1 and Is there something in Figure 1 - A, B,Do

C, &
you
D -see
that
anything
looks a similar
like thattoforme
Figur
Figure 2

Write your answer here.

2
 What Is It
Figure

San Andreas Fault

This picture shows the San Andreas Fault in California. Francois ohier/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

A fault is a break in the Earth’s crust, and along the break, significant movement has
taken place. Let us go through the definition in more detail.
The word “break” refers to a crack in the ground. The word “crust” refers to the
outermost layer of the Earth. We live on the surface of the crust.
“Significant movement” means that the rocks have been displaced or shifted
considerably.

What’s More

In Activity 1, if you have observed the movement along the “fault” is in the horizontal
direction. That is, the crust moves sideways.
The next activity, you can also demonstrate movement but in the vertical direction.
The crust will be observed to move up or down.

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Activity 2 – When Fault Move

A sand box A covers are pulled outward. Sand Box B covers are pulled outward, then
a cracks formed in the box. With more outward pulling, the box subsides. Observe carefully.

Figure 3. A box of sand.

Q1. There are two parallel cracks form in the sand. If you continue to pull, what occurrence
will likely to happen?

Q2. What happen/s when the ground is pulled apart by forces within the Earth?

Now, this time observe what happen if the box where pushed toward each other.

Figure 4. Box A covers are pushed toward each other. Box B a tiny hump is formed in the
sand. Box C the hump as seen from another angle.

Q3. What is the direction of movement? What is formed?

Q4. In the real world, a is formed when the ground is squeezed by forces
from inside the Earth. A portion of the land is pushed up, and are
formed.

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 Activity 3: Stick – Slip

Suggested materials needed:

 two small boxes (fruit juice boxes, shoe box, mosquito killer box, or any with same
size)
 masking tape or scotch tape
 rubber band, or garter, or any elastic material
 paper clip or any wire that holds the rubber band in place
 toy house or anything that is place on top of the box

Note: You can use materials similar to those suggested above.

Procedure:
1. Using the materials needed, create a simulation that is similar to the figure below. And
answer Q5 to Q8.

Figure 5. Two
Figure 6. boxes – oneside
Two boxes withbya rubber
side andband attached
tightly taped.toToy
a paper
houseclip
on top of box with rubber band.

Figure 7. Rubber band on box with toy house pulled slowly. Observe what happens.

3. With your right hand placed on the curve arrow, hold the box in place. With your other
hand, slowly pull on the rubber band in the direction shown in Figure 8.

Q5. What happens to the rubber band?

Q6. Keep on pulling on the rubber band. What happens to the box attached to the rubber
band? Note: The tape is supposed to come off, so stick it on very lightly.

Q7. What happens to the “house”?

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Q8. Which is the “fault” in this setup?

While activity 3, stimulates the sudden movement along a fault, it does not show the shaking
that accompanies the sudden movement. Activity 4 demonstrate this.

Activity 4 – Stick-Shake

Materials needed:
 two plastic rulers (plastic transparent) or any flexible materials alike
 modeling clay or any binder that easily loose up
Procedure:
1. Using the clay, attach the rulers’ ends together (how long is the overlap between
rulers?)

Hold the rulers as shown in the picture above. Then slowly move your hands in the direction of

Q9. What is stored in the bent rulers?

Q10. What happens when bending becomes too much?

Note: If nothing happens, separate the rulers and re-attach them only slightly

The activity you just performed simulates how rocks bend along a fault. Think of the
rulers as if they were part of the ground. Figure 11 can help you visualize this.

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 Figure 12. Drawing A shows the ground before bending. In Drawing B, the ground is
bending, storing energy. In Drawing C, the bending limit is reached, and the ground has
snapped.

Q11. In the activity, what represents friction?

What I Have Learned

Activity 5 – Graphic Organizer
Complete the concept map.

What makes
inside the Earth makes the ground
Fault is?
move?

Why there is no A process that

describes the movement
movement
of theright
ground
away
after
evenanifearthquake
there is an occurence of motion inside the Earth
occurs?

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 What I Can Do

Activity 6 – Read and Answer

1. Is there an active fault identified in your town, province, or region?

2. If so, are you and your family prepared for the occurrence of an earthquake?

hquake: Lesson
Focus, Intensity, Magnitude and Active and Inactive Fa

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What’s In
Activity 1 – Earth-Quick to Find

Direction: Complete the words puzzle below, before you proceed to the next activity.

What I Need To Know

After performing the activities, you should be able to differentiate:
 Epicentre of an earthquake from its focus;
 Intensity of an earthquake from its magnitude; and
 Active and inactive faults.
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 What’s New
Activity 2 – Where Does an Earthquake Start?

Objective: After performing this activity, you should be able to differentiate between focus
and epicenter.

Materials:
 Fan or anything similar (discarded boxes or karton)
 Potted plant (parpagayo, bougainvillea, mayana, or anything similar)
 Matchboxes (or DIY box with the same size)
 Table or cardboard DIY table

Try to investigate the difference between the magnitude and intensity of an earthquake.

Activity 1.
1. Have a fan and a potted plant.
a. Fan the plant with less force, then with a moderate force, then with greater force.
b. Observe the movement of the fan at each force.

Answer these:
1. When was the wind strongest? Why?
2. When was it the fastest? Why?
3. When was the wind weakest? Why?
4. When was it slowest? Why?

Activity 2.
1. Line up three potted plants before you or someone who will fan.
2. Fan with greater force.
3. At different distances of plants, observe the movement of the leaves.

Answer these:
1. What did you observe on the movement of plants at various distances?
2. Which plant has the strongest movement? Why?
3. Which plant has the weakest movement? Why?

Activity 3.
1. Get 10 empty matchboxes, 3 stones assorted sizes (small, medium, large)
2. Pile empty matchboxes one on top of the other alternative in groups of 5.
3. Place one pile near one end of the table and also the opposite pile at the other
alternative end.
4. Using a stone, strike one pile under the table. Observe the movement of the
matchboxes in each pile.
5. Repeat using the two other stones one at a time.
6. Observe the movement of the matchboxes as soon as you strike the pile with a
stone.

Figure 13. Matchboxes on the table.

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 Answer these:
1. What happened once you struck the table at one end?
2. Which pile showed stronger movement? Why?
3. Which pile showed the littlest the tiniest movement? Why?
4. Which stone caused the strongest movement?
5. Which stone caused the weakest movement?

What Is It

Earthquakes are vibrations or tremors produced within the earth’s outer layer or
crust. An earthquake is tectonic. It occurs when parts of the earth’s crust break and also the
rocks together with a fault slide near each other or far away from each other. This is often
this can be often called faulting. An earthquake could also be volcanic. Tremors are often
produced to signal an upcoming discharge during this vicinity or region.
The pressure makes the rocks move which formed an opening called the focus. It is
the place where the earthquake originates. The earth’s surface directly above the most focus
of an earthquake has a point or line on which is called an epicenter. The study of
earthquakes is termed seismology. Scientists or experts during this field are called
seismologists. There are two major scales during which earthquakes are measured. The
magnitude of a particular earthquake is also one number that does not vary from place to
position. Magnitude is that the entire energy released by an earthquake at its focus.
Earthquakes of giant magnitude are stronger and typically more destructive than
those of small magnitude. The Ritcher Scale measures earthquake magnitude. The intensity
of an earthquake is measured in terms of its geological effects and so the general damage it
brings. Away from the epicenter, the intensity of an earthquake becomes weaker. The scale
measures the intensity of shaking. The Intensity and the magnitudes' measurement are
always correspond to each other.

An earthquake may be described in two ways: intensity and magnitude. The intensity
of an earthquake gives us an idea of howstrong or weak the shaking is. The
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) uses the following scale to
describe the intensity of earthquakes in the Philippines.

Intensity
Description
Scale
I Scarcely Perceptible – Perceptible to people under favourable
circumstances. Delicately balanced objects are disturbed slightly. Still water in
containers oscillates slowly.
II Slightly Felt – Felt by few individuals at rest indoors. Hanging objects swing
slightly. Still water in containers oscillates noticeably.
III Weak – Felt by many people indoors especially in upper floors of buildings.
Vibration is felt like one passing of a light truck. Dizziness and nausea are
experienced by some people. Hanging objects swing moderately. Still water in
containers oscillates moderately.
IV Moderately Strong – Felt generally by people indoors and by some people
outdoors. Light sleepers are awakened. Vibration is felt like passing of a heavy
truck. Hanging objects swing considerably. Dinner plates, glasses, windows
and doors rattle. Floors and walls of wood framed buildings crack. Standing
motor cars may rock slightly. Liquids in containers slightly disturbed. Water in
containers oscillates strongly. Rumbling sounds may sometimes be heard.

V Strong – Generally by most people indoors and outdoors. Many sleeping

people are awakened. Some are frightened, some run outdoors. Strong
shaking and racking felt throughout the building. Hanging objects swing
violently. Dining utensils clatter and clink, some are broken. Small light and
 unstable objects may roll or overturn. Liquids spill from filed open containers.
Standing vehicles rock noticeably. Shaking of leaves and twigs of trees are
noticeable.
VI Very Strong – Many people are frightened and run outdoors. Some people
lose their balance. Motorist feels like driving in fist fires. Heavy objects or
furniture move or may be shifted. Small church bells may ring. Wall plaster
may crack. Very old or poorly-built houses and man-made structures are
slightly damaged though well-built structures are not affected. Limited rock falls
and rolling boulders occur in hilly and mountainous areas and escarpment
trees are noticeably shaken.
VII Destructive – Most people are frightened and run outdoors. People find it
difficult to stand in upper floors. Heavy objects and furniture overturn or toggle.
Big church bell may ring. Old or poorly-built structures suffer considerably
damage. Some well-built structures are slightly damaged. Some cracks may
appear on dikes, fish ponds, road surface, or concrete hollow block walls.
Limited liquefaction, lateral spreading and landslides are observed. Trees are
shaken strongly. (Liquefaction is a process by which loose saturated sand lose
strength during an Earthquake and behave like a liquid).
VIII Very Destructive – Most people are panicky. People find it difficult to even
outdoors. Many well-built buildings are considerably damaged. Concrete dikes
and foundation or bridges are destroyed by ground setting and tapping.
Railway tracks are bent or broken. Tombstones may be displaced, twisted or
overturned. Utility posts, towers and monuments may tilt or topple. Water and
sewer pipes may be bent, twisted or broken. Limited liquefaction and lateral
spreading cause man-made structure to sink, tilt or topple. Numerous
landslides and rock fells occur in mountainous and hilly areas. Boulders are
thrown out from their positions particularly near the epicentre. Fissures and
faults rupture may be observed. Trees are violently shaken. Water splash or
slep over dikes or banks of rivers.
IX Devastating – People are forcibly thrown to ground. Many cry and shake with
fear. Most buildings are totally damaged. Bridges elevated concrete structures
are toppled or destroyed. Numerous utility posts, towers and monuments are
tilted, toppled or broken. Water sewer pipes are bent, twisted or broken.
Landslides and liquefaction with lateral spreading and sand boils are
widespread the ground is distorted into undulations. Trees are shaken very
violently with some toppled or broken. Boulders are commonly thrown out.
River water splashes violently or slaps over dikes and banks.
X Completely Devastating – Practically all man-made structures are destroyed.
Massive landslides and liquefaction, large scale subsidence and uplift or land
forms and many ground fissures are observed. Changes in river courses and
destructive sachets in large lakes occur. Many trees are toppled, broken and
uprooted.

Table 1. PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)

However accompanying any faults, the consequences may be exciting. Assume a
residence was constructed on a fault. As the spot displaces slowly by slowly, portions of the
residence will be stirred. The ground will fracture, openings will not shut, and the roof may
begin to drip. It is essential to perceive the spot of active faults.
As considerably as likely, no significant constructions should be constructed near or
on them. PHIVOLCS has a diagram that displays the active faults in the Philippines. An
active fault is one that has moved in the past and is suspected to move again. Set differently,
an active fault has produced earthquakes already and is able of producing further in the
eventuality. 11
 Experts adopt various techniques to uncover out if a fault is active. One is by
reviewing the countries past recordings. Archaeologists periodically record about disruptive
incidents such as earthquakes. Another is by analysing the oscillations, former and today
that come from faults. Nevertheless different method is by inspecting the surroundings. For
example, a fault may meet a path and because of that, the road is displaced. Either a fault
may cast over a river or the river current is then changed. Or a fault may slice through
mountains and form cliffs. This is not to say that anyone can spot an active fault.

Figure 14. Active Faults and Trenches

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 What’s More

Activity 3: Modeling Active and Inactive Fault

Below is a model that represents:

Figure 13. The Fault Model consists of two pieces that fit together.

Figure 14. The model shows different fault movements of Earth ground.

Side ward movement was illustrated in model A and B while vertical movement was shown
on models C and D. In Model C, a portion of the ground dropped down, forming a low area.
In Model D, part of the ground was raised, forming a high region.

Q1. Create your own model to show different types of movement along a fault.

Q2. How would the surroundings be affected?

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 What I Have Learned

How Strong is the Earthquake?

Directions: Do the following thought exercise. Justify your answer based on the fault model.
1. Suppose an earthquake occurred in Mindanao. Would the intensity be the same
all over the Philippines?

2. When an earthquake occurs, where would shaking be greater? Near the

epicentre or away from the epicentre? Where would damage be more? Near the
epicentre or away from the epicentre?

3. Based on your answers to Questions A and B, where would the intensity

be higher? Near the epicentre or away from the epicentre?

What I Can Do

Direction: Read and fill in the blank

A. The of an earthquake is determined by observing the effects of

the in different places. Houses, buildings, and other structures are
inspected. People are interviewed about what the intensity of an earthquake is determined
by observing the of the earthquake in different places. Houses, buildings,
and other structures are . People are interviewed about what they saw
(the cabinet fell over), how they (I was frightened), or what they did
(I ran out of the house).

B. Another way of describing the strength of an earthquake is by .

Recall that as rocks bend along a fault, energy is stored little by little. When the rocks
suddenly snap, the is released.
The released energy can be calculated by scientists and is called the
magnitude of the earthquake. The greater the magnitude, the stronger the earthquake. To
distinguish the two, intensity is expressed using (I, II, III) while magnitude
uses s (2, 3, 4).
Earthquakes with a magnitude of may or may not be felt. Those that are felt
by most people have a magnitude of . Magnitude quakes can lead to a lot of
damage in highly populated areas.
Earthquakes with a magnitude of can cause severe damage. A magnitude
quake results in widespread destruction, especially near the epicentre.
Luckily, only occur every year.

C. Do You Live Near an Active Fault?

Using the “Distribution of Active Faults and Trenches in the Philippines, enumerate at
least 5 Active Fault and 5 Inactive Fault surrounding Mindanao.

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Summary
A fault is a break in the Earth’s crust, and along the break, significant movement has
taken place. Its movement can be described along the fault in the horizontal direction. That
is, the ground moves sideways. On the other hand, if ground will be observed to move up or
down the movement in the vertical direction. An earthquake is a vibration of the Earth due to
the rapid release of energy. The place where the earthquake starts is called the focus, along
the fault plane. The spot on the surface of the Earth that is directly above the focus is called
the epicentre. The strength/energy of an earthquake is called the magnitude. The strength
of the movement of an earthquake of (how strong or weak is the shaking) is called the
intensity.

Scientists use different ways to find out if a fault is active. One is by checking the
country’s historical records. Another is by studying the vibrations, past and present that
come from faults. Still another way is by observing the surroundings. Or a fault may cut
across a stream and the stream channel is then shifted. Or a fault may slice through
mountains and form cliffs.

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 Assessment (Post-Test)
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Earthquakes are a phenomenon in Japan, Indonesia, and therefore the
Philippines. Why is that so?
a. Japan, Indonesia, and therefore the Philippines are positioned near the
equator.
b. Japan, Indonesia, and also the Philippines are located within the Pacific
Ring of fireside.
c. Japan, Indonesia, and also the Philippines are circled by seas.
d. Japan, Indonesia, and also the Philippines are thought archipelagic
countries.
2. What will most be anticipated to occur every moment a fault slips?
a. There will be no movement in the slightest degree.
b. The rocks are held together.
c. The rocks will swiftly slip and can create an earthquake.
d. There will be moving immediately.
3. Scientists use alternative ways to seek out out if a fault is active. Which one
isn't included?
a. Scientists checked the country’s account.
b. Scientists observed the environment.
c. Scientists created a fault model
d. Scientists studied the past and present vibrations.
4. An earthquake happens along a line. Which of the subsequent isn't true about
faults?
a. It is found toward land.
b. it's where fault cyclone starts.
c. It will be found under the ocean.
d. it's an opportunity within the Earth’s crust.
5. What does one call the spot above the main focus on the surface of the Earth?
Crust c. Epicenter
6. Which of the subsequent refers to the place where the earthquakes start?
Fault plane
c. Focus Epicenter
d. Fault
7. What office in our country that's answerable for monitoring and observing
earthquake and tsunami occurrence?
1. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA)
2. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology(PHILVOLCS)
3. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR )
4. Department of Food and Authority(DFA)
8. Not every fault movement beneath the ocean will produce a tsunami. Which of
the subsequent fault movements will lead to such an occurrence?
a. String movement
b. Vertical movement
c. Sideward movement
d. Horizontal movement
9. What does one call the phenomenon that refers to the fast movement between
two sides of a fault wherein the friction is overcome leading to a sudden
movement or shaking of the ground?
a. Stick-bend
b. Stick-vibrate
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 c. Stick-slip
d. Stick-shake
10. When the tsunami reaches the shore what could happen?
a. The wave accelerates and grows tall.
b. The wave breaks down.
c. The wave races.
d. It slows down and grows tall.
11. What is the term wont to describe Intensity VII?
a. Devastating
b. Strong
c. Very strong
d. Destructive
12. The release of energy of an earthquake refers to?
a. Focus
b. Epicenter
c. Intensity
d. Magnitude
13. Which of the subsequent is/are true about tsunamis?
a. It is associated with tides.
b. It is because of the upward movement of rock at the seafloor.
c. It is a large tsunami.
d. It is because of the upward movement of rock toward land.
14. Energy from the within the world makes the bottom move. Which of the
subsequent is that the reason why there's no movement right away?
a. There is no movement immediately thanks to the bending of the rocks.
b. The rapid release of energy causes a delay within the movement of the
bottom.
c. There is no movement instantly thanks to the vibrations of the rocks.
d. Friction causes a delay within the movement of the bottom.
15. Scientists use other ways to explain how powerful an earthquake is. Which
method refers to noting the results of the earthquake on people, structure, and
also the surroundings?
a. Intensity
b. Focus
c. Magnitude
d. Epicenter
16. Which of the subsequent choices is correctly associated?
a. Magnitude II: scarcely perceptible
b. Intensity III: weak Intensity 9: devastating
c. Magnitude 5: slightly felt
17. Which of the subsequent refers to the vibrations produced by an earthquake?
a. Sea-surface waves
b. Pressure waves
c. Seismic waves
d. Tidal waves

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Key to Answers

1
 What’s In
Activity 1 – Earth-Quick to Find

What I Can Do

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References
DOST PHIVOLCS. n.d. http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph (accessed June 28, 2020).

GEER geerassociation.org. n.d. http://www.geerassociation.org/GEER_Post%20EQ%20

Reports/Duzce 1999/kaynasli 1.htm (accessed June 28, 2020).

"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/." USGS Science for a Changing World. n.d.

http://earthquake.usgs.gov.

Learning Resourse Management and Development System (LRMDS). n.d.

http://lrmds.depedldn.com/DETAIL/6555.HTM (accessed June 28, 2020).
quizizz. n.d. quizizz.com (accessed JUNE 15, 2020).

In Earth, An Introduction to Physical Geology (6th Ed.), by E.J., & Lutgens, F.K. Tarbuck.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999.

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