University of Petra

Faculty of Information Technology ‫كلية تكنولوجيا المعلومات‬

Cloud computing
Literature review

Prepared By:
Ahmed Nistas – 202010092
Saif Emad – 202111075
Rafiq Nasrallah – 202110854

Supervised By:
Prof. Abdelraouf M Ishtaiwi

Semester:
Summer 2023/2024 (2)

Cloud Computing (literature review)

Cloud Computing became a large and interesting field to study nowadays and , there are many
definitions of cloud and cloud computing and most of them was focusing on the technology.
Vaquero at (2009) combined all of the definitions about the cloud to make one proposed
definition. Cloud computing can best be described as a giant pool which contains hardware,
software, and other services that can be accessed through the “cloud” (1). All these
resources can be accessed whenever necessary. So its collection of IT services provide to
customers over the network probably in ( Pay-Per-Use ) way (1. Armbrust, (2009)).During the
1960s, the initial concepts of time-sharing became popularized via Remote Job Entry (RJE); this
terminology was mostly associated with large vendors such as IBM and DEC. Full-time-sharing
solutions were available by the early 1970s on such platforms as Multics (on GE hardware),
Cambridge CTSS, and the earliest UNIX ports (on DEC hardware). Yet, the "data center" model
where users submitted jobs to operators to run on IBM mainframes was overwhelmingly
predominant. (White, 1971)
Swati I. Bairagi and Ankur O. Bang claims in their paper ( Cloud Computing: History,
Architecture, Security Issues ) that cloud computing was introduced for the first time by John
McCarthy Back in 1960s, John said in his words ““computation may someday be organized as a
public utility” and they also mentioned that the characteristic of cloud computing were explored
for first time in 1966 By Douglas Parkhil in his Book, “The challenge of the computer Utility”.
(2. Swati I. Bairagi)
In 1963, DARPA (the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) presented MIT with $2
million for Project MAC. The funding included a requirement for MIT to develop technology
allowing for a “computer to be used by two or more people, simultaneously.” In this case, one of
those gigantic, archaic computers using reels of magnetic tape for memory became the precursor
to what has now become collectively known as cloud computing. It acted as a primitive cloud
with two or three people accessing it. The word “virtualization” was used to describe this
situation, though the word’s meaning later expanded. In 1969, J. C. R. Licklider helped develop
the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), a “very” primitive version of the
Internet. JCR, or “Lick,” was both a psychologist and a computer scientist, and promoted a
vision called the “Intergalactic Computer Network,” in which everyone on the planet would be
interconnected by way of computers and able to access information from anywhere. (What could
such an unrealistic, impossible-to-pay-for fantasy of the future look like?) The Intergalactic
Computer Network, otherwise known as the internet, is necessary for access to the cloud. (Foote)
(4)
The cloud computing begin also in the organization by the telecommunications world when they
started offering Virtual Private Network (VPN) services along with comparable quality of service
at a much lower cost. (Lee, 2013)

1970 Clouds
The meaning of virtualization began shifting in the 1970s and now describes the creation of a
virtual machine, which acts like a real computer with a fully functional operating system. The
concept of virtualization has evolved with the internet, as businesses began offering “virtual”
private networks as a rentable service. The use of virtual computers became popular in the 1990s,
leading to the development of the modern cloud computing infrastructure. (5) By the 1970s the
full time sharing solutions were available on platforms such as Multics , Cambridge and UNIX
ports , the "data center" model where users submitted jobs to operators to run on IBM
mainframes was overwhelmingly predominant. (White، 1971)

Clouds on 2000s
Even in the 2000s the cloud services continued too rise for example in, 2002, Amazon introduced
its web-based retail services. It was the first major business to think of using only 10% of its
capacity (which was commonplace at the time) as a problem to be solved. The cloud computing
infrastructure model allowed them to use their computer’s capacity more efficiently. Soon after,
other large organizations followed their example. (White, 1971), In 2006, also Amazon
introduced Simple Storage Service (S3) in March and Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) in August.
These services were among the first to use server virtualization to provide IaaS on a pay-as-you-go
basis. In the same year, Google launched Google Docs, a SaaS model to edit and save documents
online, Google and Netflix came after amazon when Netflix released the video streaming service and
google released the beta version of Google App Engine which considered as PaaS because its
capability to provide a fully managed infrastructure and platform for users to create web applications.

In early 2009 NASA launched (Nebula) which became the first open source software for deploying
private and hybrid clouds, and the same year later on the French government announced
Andromeda project and committed 285 million euros to establish a national cloud computing service,
Unfortunately the project ultimately failed , leading to shut down on 1 February 2020 (Hicks, 26
September 2019)

What is cloud ?
What is cloud and how it works ? the answer for these two questions should be in a technical
POV, Cloud computing is a natural evolution of the widespread adoption of multiple technical
advances in distributed computing including virtualization, grid computing, autonomic
computing and utility computing all of that by combining automatic computing in which the IT
environment will be able to manage itself based on perceived activity, and utility computing in
which computer processing power is seen as a utility that clients can pay for only as needed (Lee,
2013), Key to the definition of cloud computing is the “cloud”
itself. For our purposes, the cloud is a large group of interconnected computers. These computers
can be personal computers or network servers; they can be public or
private, This cloud of computers extends beyond a single company or enterprise. The
applications and data served by the cloud are available to broad group of users, cross-enterprise
and cross-platform. Access is via the Internet. Any authorized user can access these docs and
apps from any computer over any Internet connection. And, to the user, the technology and
infrastructure behind the cloud is invisible. It isn’t apparent (and, in most cases doesn’t matter)
whether cloud services are based on HTTP, HTML, XML, JavaScript, or other specific
technologies (Shivaji P. Mirashe, 2010)
for example for the cloud , google hosts a cloud that consists of both smallish PCs and larger
server, these two are a private cloud owned by google and a public one ( for google users )

there are five key properties of cloud computing :

1) Cloud computing is user-centric.
Once you as a user are connected to the cloud, whatever is stored there— documents,
messages, images, applications, whatever— becomes yours. In addition, not only is the
data yours, but you can also share it with others. In effect, any device that accesses your
data in the cloud also becomes yours.
2) Cloud computing is task-centric.
Instead of focusing on the application and what it can do, the focus is on what you need
done and how the application can do it for you., Traditional applications—word
processing, spreadsheets, email, and so on—are becoming less important than the
documents they create.
3) Cloud computing is powerful.
Connecting hundreds or thousands of computers together in a cloud creates a wealth of
computing power impossible with a single desktop PC. Cloud computing is accessible.
Because data is stored in the cloud, users can instantly retrieve more information from
multiple repositories. You’re not limited to a single source of data, as you are with a
desktop PC.

4) Cloud Computing is intelligent.

With all the various data stored on the computers in a cloud, data mining and analysis are
necessary to access that information in an intelligent manner
5) Cloud Computing is Programmable.
Many of the tasks necessary with cloud computing must be automated. For example, to
protect the integrity of the data, information stored on a single computer in the cloud
must be replicated on other computers in the cloud. If that one computer goes offline, the
cloud’s programming automatically redistributes that computer’s data to a new computer
in the cloud (Shivaji P. Mirashe, 2010)
Conclusion
The cloud computing began at 1960 first introduced by John McCarthy and then by DARPA in
1963 which was the first project using cloud computing and then the cloud services continued to
rise with the telecommunication companies ( VPN ) , 1970 Virtual machines and more until the
huge rise of cloud services nowadays when Amazon launched the first commercial cloud – the
Elastic Computer Cloud (EC2) in 2006. This was closely followed in 2008 by Google who
introduced radical pricing models with free-entry-level plans and low-cost computing and
storage services with its Google App.
Although private clouds were initiated in 2008, they were still undeveloped, and not very
popular. Concerns about poor security in public clouds was a strong driving force promoting the
use of private clouds. In 2010, companies like AWS, Microsoft, and OpenStack had developed
private clouds that were fairly functional. (2010 was also when OpenStack made an open-
sourced, free, do-it-yourself cloud, which became very popular, available to the general public.)
In the end we all need cloud services as companies or as personal because it`s make any service
cost lower with more efficient and smart ways.

References :
1. Armbrust, M., Fox, A., Griffith, R., Joseph, A., Katz, R., Konwinski, A., Lee, G., Patterson, D.,
Rabkin, A., Stoica, A., and Zaharia, M. (2009). Above the clouds: A Berkeley view of cloud
computing. UC Berkeley.
2. Swati I. Bairagi, Ankur O. Bang Cloud Computing: History, Architecture, Security
Issues
3. Lee, J. A View Of Cloud Computing. Int J Netw Distrib Comput 1, 2–8 (2013).
4. Dataveristy A Brief History of Cloud Computing
By Keith D. Foote on December 17, 2021
5. Cyber magazine The history of cloud computing By Vikki Davies
6. White, J. E. (1971). "Network Specifications for Remote Job Entry and Remote Job Output Retrieval
at UCSB
7. Hicks, Jacqueline (26 September 2019)
8. Cloud Computing Shivaji P. Mirashe, Dr. N.V. Kalyankar.