MGSG M5

MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021

Module 5 : Introduction to Smart-Grid:
Concept of Smart-Grid, Definitions, Need of Smart-Grid, Functions of Smart-Grid, Opportunities &
Barriers of Smart Grid, Concept of Resilient & Self-Healing Grid, Micro grids role in smart-grid
scenario.
Number Review of Smart Grid Technologies: Introduction to Smart Meters, Real Time Prizing, Smart
of Appliances, Automatic Meter Reading(AMR), EV (Vehicle to Grid).
Lecture Hours
=
07
FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

What is smart grid?
Announced in US by President Barack Obama on 8thJanuary, 2009
Smarter
1. Generation
2. Transmission
3. Distribution
4. Customer participation
5. Operations
6. Markets
7. Service Providers
Overall objective:
Smart/best/optimal utilization of all the available resources.

Smart and Robust Person

What is smart grid?...contd.
Definition by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA:
A modernized grid that enables bidirectional flows of energy and uses two-way communication and
control capabilities that will lead to an array of new functionalities and applications.
IEEE:
1. Smart grid is a large ‘System of Systems’, where each functional domain consists of three layers:
(i) the power and energy layer, (ii) the communication layer, and (iii) the IT/ computer layer.
2. Layers (ii) and (iii) above are the enabling infrastructure that makes the existing power and
energy infrastructure ‘smarter’.
Domain of Smart Grid spans over Generation, Transmission, Distribution till Customer Devices

Concept of Smart Grid
Electrical Infrastructure
“Intelligence” Infrastructure

 Transmission Grid:
Challenges and Few
Measures

Smart Grid Network Transformed Power System Network-Utilities are poised to move from the traditional power
system to a highly flexible, secured and green power system by using integrated two way
communications and advanced control technology.

Smart-grid
Demand Renewable
Response Integration
AMI
Field Data
Applications SMART GRID
Distribution
Automation
Outage Management Power Quality and

EV Management
Planning
What a Smart-grid should offer?
 Be able to heal itself
 Motivate consumers to actively manage usage
 Resist attack
 Provide higher quality power
 Accommodate all generation and storage options
 Enable electricity markets to flourish
 Run more efficiently
 Enable intermittent power generation sources

 Smart Grid Enablers Smart Grid Enablers
Clean and Flexible Generation-Share of Renewable Energy Sources to increase
Flexible Transmission -FACTS & HVDC
Energy Storage Systems
System Wide Secure Communication Network
Automation –SCADA/EMS, Synhro phasor based WAMPCS, ADMS, Home/Building/Industrial
Automation
Active Distribution Network
Sensors-Smart Meters, PMUs
Smart Analytics-Wide area monitoring and control, DSM
Market and Regulatory Framework
PROSUMER: Producer + Consumer

VIRTUAL SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR: To artificially add inertia through converter controls.
ADMS (ADVANCE DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM): to coordinate DMS and MEMS (Micro-
grid Energy Management System)

Smart Grid Applications
Demand Response and Dynamic Pricing

Distributed Generation and Alternate Energy Sources
Self-Healing Wide-Area Protection and Islanding
Asset Management and On-Line Equipment Monitoring
Real-time Simulation and Contingency Analysis
Participation in Energy Markets
Shared Information – Continuously Optimizing – Intelligent Responses!

Traditional Power Grid

Generation Transmission Distribution Customer Premises
Substation
Power HV to MV MV to LV
HV lines Meter Loads
Plant Step down Transformer
transformer

Electric Utility Communications Architecture
Control/Operations Centers
Communications Networks
Power Field Field Field

Meter Loads
Plant Devices Devices Devices

Control/Operations Centers 3rd Party

Services
Communications Networks Distribution
Access Point
Regional Wide Area Backhaul/WAN
Interconnection Network Public
Networks
Field Neighborhood
Area Area Network
Network
Workforce
Mobile Home Area
Network Network
Power Energy
Management
Plant System
Field Field Field Field Consumer

Grid Smart
Electric
Energy Devices Devices Devices Devices Meter Products
Resources

Comparison of Traditional Grid Smart Grid
traditional power grid
and smart power grid Information flow One-way communication Two-way communication
Centralized power Distributed power
Power generation
generation generation
Grid topology Radial Network
Integration of distributed Low degree High degree
energy sources
Sensors Low degree High degree
Monitoring Manual monitoring Self-monitoring
Outage recovery Manual restoration Self-reconfiguration
Testing Manual Remote
Ability to control Limited Pervasive
Efficiency Low High

 Representative SG 3G/4G WiMAX
Standards Cellular Wi-Fi
IEC 61850
IEEE P2030 DNP3 SONET
Substation
Wide Area Network
IEC 61400-25
IEC 61850
DNP3
CIM
Control center
Wind farm SUN
Wi-Fi
3G/4G Cellular
IEEE 1547 Neighbor Area Network

IEC 61850-7-420 BACnet
OpenADR
DRBizNet
SAE J2293
Distributed Energy C12.18 SAE J2836 Commercial user
Resources C12.19 Zigbee SAE J2847
C12.22 Smart Wi-Fi
M-Bus meter
Residential user PHEV

Home Area Network
 Smart Grid
Foundational
Standards

 Smart Grid 1. Inter-operability: “the ability of two or more systems or components to exchange information
Foundational and to use the information that has been exchanged”
Standards
2. The overall SMART GRID system is lacking widely accepted standards
3. Standards Development Organizations (SDOs):
1. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
2. American National Standards Institute (ANSI),
3. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC),
4. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE),
5. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Telecommunication
Union (ITU) etc.
4. Alliances:
1. ZigBee Alliance, Wi-Fi Alliance, Home Plug Powerline Alliance, Z-Wave Alliance, etc.

 Few Major Challenges in 1. Reliable and Fast Communication, Big Data, Cyber Security.
the Smart Grid
2. WAMS integration with EMS, SCADA/DMS implementation in the existing networks.
3. Suitable Converter Topology and Controls for RES Integration.
4. Optimal Siting, Sizing and Controls of Energy Storage Systems.
5. Dealing with Intermittent Generation-Flexible Generation (High ramp rate), CHP and Thermal
storage.
6. Adaptive Protection in Active Distribution Network, Microgrid protection (DC more
challenging)
7. Regulatory Changes.
8. Customers’ Acceptance to RES Deployment and Demand Side Participation-Social survey

 COMPLEX SMART
GRID MARKET

 Advanced Sensing Advanced Sensing and Measurement
and Measurement 1. Enhance power system measurements and enable the transformation of data into information.
2. Evaluate the health of equipment, the integrity of the grid, and support advanced protective
relaying.
3. Enable consumer choice and demand response, and help relieve congestion
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)

1. Provide interface between the utility and its customers: bi-direction control
2. Advanced functionality
1. Real-time electricity pricing
2. Accurate load characterization
3. Outage detection/restoration

 Advanced Sensing Health Monitor: Phasor measurement unit (PMU)
and Measurement 1. Measure the electrical signals and determine the health of the system.
2. Increase the reliability by detecting faults early, allowing for isolation of operative system,
and the prevention of power outages.

 Advanced Sensing Distributed weather sensing
and Measurement 1. Widely distributed solar irradiance, wind speed,
temperature measurement systems to improve the
predictability of renewable energy.
2. The grid control systems can dynamically adjust the
source of power supply.

 Integrated 1. High-speed, fully integrated, two-way communication technologies that make the smart grid a
Communications and dynamic, interactive “mega-infrastructure” for real-time information and power exchange.
Security 2. Cyber Security: the new communication mechanism should consider security, reliability, QoS.

 Wireless Sensor 1. The challenges of wireless sensor network in smart grid
Network 1. Harsh environmental conditions.
2. Reliability and latency requirements
3. Packet errors and variable link capacity (the physical transmission bit rate of the source).
4. Resource constraints.
2. The interference will severely affect the quality of wireless sensor network.

 Advanced 1. These power system devices apply the latest research in materials, superconductivity, energy
Components and storage, power electronics, and microelectronics.
Subsystems 2. Produce higher power densities, greater reliability and power quality, enhanced electrical
systems.
3. Advanced Energy Storage
1. New Battery Technologies: Sodium Sulfur (NaS)
2. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
1. Grid-to-Vehicle(G2V) and Vehicle-to-Grid(V2G)
2. Peak load leveling


 Improved Interfaces 1. The smart grid will require wide,
and Decision Support seamless, often real-time use of
applications and tools that
enable grid operators and
managers to make decisions
quickly.
2. Decision support and improved
interfaces will enable more
accurate and timely human
decision making at all levels of
the grid, including the consumer
level, while also enabling more
advanced operator training.
3. Advanced Pattern Recognition &
Visualization-Human Interface
(Real-time calculate the stable
region based on the voltage
constraints, thermal limits, etc.)

 Control Methods and Traditional power system problems:
Topologies 1. Centralized
2. No local supervisory control unit
3. No fault isolation
4. Relied entirely on electricity from the grid

 SMARTGRID 1. Distributed
2. Autonomous
1. Can perform automatic control without human intervention, such as fault isolation
3. Intelligent
1. Demand-side management
2. Securing critical loads

 Smart Grid-Resilient
& Self-Healing Grid

 Smart Grid-Resilient The design of a fault tolerant and resilient system is a desirable in almost all the technological
& Self-Healing Grid field.
The fault tolerance and self healing features can be incorporated with different approaches and
their combinations like:
 Reconfigurable power network: It allow the separation of the faulty network and continuity of
the power through the reconfigured power network
 Reconfigurable control: Failure of control can be handled by redundant or supplementary
control operation through reassignment of the control strategies.
 Prevention of faults: This is achieved through continuous monitoring of the system parameters
at real time by means of the intelligent electronic devices networks interface through the
communication network. The pre-fault conditions can be identified and further damage can be
avoided by appropriate control implementation.

 Electricity Market 1. Current practice: Fixed market
1. Few producers, less competition
2. Regulated by government
2. The future : Free market

1. Many producers (wind, solar, …)
2. Less regulation

 Selecting a TRADITIONAL APPROACH STRATEGIC APPROACH
Communications
Strategy Network per project Layered communications architecture
-Build/pay as you go
SCADA Supports for current + future smart grid apps
AMI
Distribution Automation
Field data applications

 Smart Grid Distribution Area Networks are challenging
Considerations
Latency Bandwidth Addt’l high traffic apps:
Application
(msec) (kbps) • Substation
Reclosers 10's <56
•PHEV Station
Capacitor Bank 100's <56
RTU 1000's 56 • Mobile GIS
Motor Operated (Geographic Information
1000's <56
Disconnect Systems)
Line Regulator 100's <56
• AVL (Automatic Vehicle
Advanced Metering 100's 56 Location)
IDR 100's <56
Demand Mgmt 100's <56 …more in the future
MWM Voice 100's <56
MWM Data 100's 1000's
Aggregate 10's 1000's
 SmartGrid • Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI): Establish two-way communications between advanced
Applications meters and utility business systems.
• Cyber security: Ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the electronic
information.
• Demand response and consumer energy efficiency: Provide mechanisms and incentives for
customers to cut energy use during times of peak demand.
• Distribution grid management: Maximize the performance of feeders, transformers, and other
components of distribution systems.
• Electric transportation: Enable large-scale integration of plug-in electric vehicles.
• Energy storage: Provide the means to store energy.
• Network communications: Identify performance metrics and core operational requirements of
various Smart Grid applications.
• Wide-area situational awareness: Monitoring and display of power-system components over
large geographic areas in near real time to optimize management of grid components and
performance and respond to problems before disruptions arise.

 Building Blocks of AMI

 Characteristics of AMI 1. Provide the basic link between the utility grid and the consumer.
2. Generation and storage options distributed at consumer site can be monitored and controlled
via AMI technologies
3. Markets are enabled by connecting the utility grid and the consumer through AMI
4. Smart meters are employed with power quality monitoring abilities
5. Remote connection and disconnection of individual supply
6. Automatically send the consumption data to utility at pre-defined intervals
7. Helps in self healing by detecting and locating failures
8. Improve asset management and operations
9. Accelerate the deployment of advanced distributed operations equipment and applications

 Benefits of AMI CONSUMER BENEFITS
• more choices about price and service,
• Less intrusion and more information to manage consumption, cost and other decisions.
• higher reliability, better power quality, and more prompt, more accurate billing .
• In addition, AMI will help keep down utility costs, and therefore electricity prices.
UTILITY BENEFITS
Utility benefits fall into two major categories, billing and operations.
Billing
- AMI helps the utility avoid estimated readings, provide accurate and timely bills, operate more
efficiently and reliably, and offer significantly better consumer service.
- AMI eliminates overhead expenses of manual meter reading.
- Consumer concerns about meter readers on their premises are eliminated.

Operation:
• With AMI the utility knows immediately when and where an outage occurs so it can dispatch
repair crews in a more timely and efficient way.
• Using AMI, the utility can receive significant benefits from being able to manage customer
accounts more promptly and efficiently, starting with the ability to remotely connect and
disconnect service .
• Maintenance and customer service issues can be resolved more quickly and cost-effectively
through the use of remote diagnostics.
• AMI enables new programs and methods for creating and recovering revenue such as distributed
generation and prepayment programs.
• AMI also provides vast amounts of energy usage and grid status information that can be used by
consumers and utilities to make better decisions.

SOCIETAL BENEFITS
• Improved efficiency in energy delivery and use, producing a Favorable environmental impact.
• It can accelerate the use of distributed generation, which can in turn encourage the use of green
energy sources.
• It is likely that emissions trading will be enabled by AMI’S detailed measurement and recording
capabilities.
• A major benefit of AMI is its facilitation of demand response and innovative energy tariffs.

 Challenges of AMI • High capital cost : Expenditures on all hardware and software components, including meters,
network infrastructure and network management software, along with cost associated with the
installation and maintenance.
• Standards: standards are needed to ensure interoperability among the AMI Based grid system.
• Integration: AMI is a complex system of technologies, that must integrate all the information and
management systems like SCADA, DMS etc.

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
• LAN is a packet data communication system which offers high bandwidth communication over a
comparatively restricted geographic area through an inexpensive transmission media .
• LAN is composed off two or more components of disk storage with high capacity, which permits
all computers in the network to access a general set of rules.
• LAN has operating system software which instructs network devices, interprets input and permits
the user to communicate with each other.
• In LAN each hardware is termed as node
• The LAN can incorporate several hundred computers within a geographical stretch of 1-10 km
• The LAN can also interconnected together to form WAN
Advantages and special attributes of LAN
 Resource sharing
 Area covered
 Cost and availability
 High channel speed
 Flexibility

Home Area Network (HAN)
• A home area network is a dedicated network connecting devices in the home such as displays,
load control devices and ultimately "smart appliances" seamlessly into the overall smart
metering system.
• It facilitates the communication and sharing of resources between computers, mobiles and
other devices over network connections.
• It also contains software applications to monitor and control these networks.
• HAN may be wired or wireless.
• HAN is a subsystem within smart grid dedicated to DSM and includes DR and energy efficiency
Challenges to HAN
• Major challenge is to integrate various technology solutions, so that smart services such as
comfort, automation, security, energy management, and health can be offered seamlessly.
• Interoperability is another key concern among the technology solutions that needs to be resolved
in order for any technology to be acceptable by the market.
• Consumer privacy and security is an issue that needs to be address.


Neighborhood Area Network (NAN)
NAN is a wireless community currently used for wireless local distribution applications. Ideally, it
will cover an area larger than a LAN.
Some architectural structures will focus on the integration and interoperability of the various
domains within the smart grid.
Domains consist of groups of buildings, systems, individuals, or devices which have similar
communications characteristics as shown below:
A. Bulk generation: includes market services interface, plant control system, and generators; this
domain interacts with the market operations and transmission domains through wide area
networks, substation LANs, and the Internet.
B. Transmission : includes substation devices and controllers, data collectors, and electric storage;
this domain interacts with bulk generation and operations through WANs and substation LANs;
integrated with the distribution domain.
C. Distribution: this domain interacts with operations and customers through Field Area Networks.
D. Customer: includes customer equipment, metering, Energy Management Systems (EMS),
electric storage, appliances, PHEVs, and so on.

E. Service Providers: includes utility and third party providers which handle billing customer
services, and so on; this domain interacts with operations and customers primarily through the
Internet.
F. Operations : includes EMS, Web Access Management System (WAMS), and SCADA; this domain
can be sub - divided into ISO/RTO independent system operator /regional transmission
organization) , transmission, and distribution.
G. Market: includes /ISOs/RTOs, aggregators, and other market participants

Ref: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8659758/
 Smart Grid domains,
electrical and Domain Communication Interface Electrical Interface
communication
interface Service provider, Operations, Generation,
Market None
Transmission, Distribution, Customer
Markets, Service provider, Transmission,

Operations None
Distribution, Customer, Generation
Markets, Operations, Customer,
Service provider None
Distribution, Generation
Markets, Operations Generation,
Transmission Generation, Distribution
Distribution
Operations, Transmission, Customer,
Distribution Transmission, Customer
Service Provider
Markets, Operations, Service provider,
Customer Distribution, Generation
Distribution
Generation incl. Markets, Operations, Transmission,
Transmission, Customer
DER Customer

 Overview of SG
communication layers
Power Transmission and
Application Layer Customer Applications
Distribution Applications
Premise Area Network

(Home Area Network,
Neighborhood Area
Building Area
Communication Layer Wide Area Network Network/Field Area
Network,
Network
Industrial Area
Network)
Power Control Layer Power monitoring, control and management systems
Power Generation
Power System Layer Power Distribution Customer
and Transmission

 Networks in SG.

 Smart metering
architecture.
1. SGs are considered as one of the largest potential IoT network implementations with smart
meters and wireless smart sensors placed throughout the grid, and smart appliances
communicating with each other to ensure reliable and efficient power generation and
distribution.
2. The advanced metering infrastructure consists of physical and virtual components, including
sensors, monitoring systems, smart meters, software, data management systems, and
communication networks.
3. The smart metering devices installed on the customer premises use different technologies for
communicating. These vary depending on what manufacturer smart meter the utilities
company are installing, and the application
 Data rate and
communication range
requirements in SG
hierarchy

 Overview of network
types and requirements Data Rate Technology
Network Type Coverage Data Rate
Requirements Alternatives
High data rate. Wireless: WiMAX,
Devices such as 10 Mbps 3G,4G,5G.
WAN 10–100 km
routers and −1 Gbps Wired: Ethernet,
switches. Fiber Optic
Wireless: ZigBee,
Highly dependent Wi-Fi,
100 kbps
NAN/FAN 10 m–10 km on node density WiMAX, Cellular.
−10 Mbps
and topology. Wired: Power Line
Communication
Wireless: ZigBee, Z-
Dependent on
wave,
application.
Wi-Fi.
HAN/BAN/IAN 1–100 m Generally low 10–100 kbps
Wired: Ethernet,
data rate
Home Plug,
required.
M-Bus

Wired Communication Technologies
Data Coverag Network
Technology Application Advantages Disadvantages
Rate e Type
Premise
Up to In-home communication,
Up to Coverage network,
Ethernet 100 SCADA, backbone Good on short distances
100 m limitations NAN/FAN,
Gbps communication
WAN
SCADA, backbone
Up to Noisy channel
Broadband Up to communication in Existing infrastructure, NAN/FAN,
300 environment,
PLC 1500 m power generation standardized, high reliability WAN
Mbps Disturbance
domain
SCADA, backbone Existing infrastructure, Noisy channel
Narrowband 10-500 Up to NAN/FAN,
communication in power standardized, environment,
PLC Kbps 3 km WAN
generation domain high reliability Disturbance
4, 5, 10 Up to In-home communication, Coverage limitations, Premise
HomePlug Low cost, low energy
Mbps 200 m Smart appliances Disturbance network
Up to SCADA, backbone High bandwidth, high data
Up to
Fiber optic 100 communication in power rate. not susceptible to Costly WAN
FCRIT, Dept. Gbps 100 km
of Electrical Engg. generation domain Ms. Misbah Khan
electromagnetic interference
Wireless Communication Technologies
Technology Data Rate Coverage Application Advantages Disadvantages Network Type
Not widespread,
Up to In-home communication Low cost, coverage highly
WiMAX 75 Mbps NAN/FAN, WAN
50 km Smart meter reading low energy reduced if loss in
line of sight
In-home communication,
Mesh capability, Low data rate,
Up to energy monitoring, Premise network,
ZigBee 20–250 kbps simplicity, mobility, short range,
100 m smart appliances, NAN/FAN
low energy, low cost. interference
home automation
Mesh capability, Low data rate,
Up to
Z-Wave 9-40 kbps Wireless mesh network simplicity, mobility, short range, Premise network
30 m
low energy, low cost. interference
In-come communication,
2 Mbps– Up to smart appliances, Good on short Premise network,
Wi-Fi Security
1.7 Gbps 100 m home automation, distances. NAN/FAN
SCADA
Wireless Communication Technologies
Technolo Network
Data Rate Coverage Application Advantages Disadvantages
gy Type
Already existing Network shared
Up to SCADA, network, high with consumers NAN/FAN
3G 70 km
42 Mbps Smart meter reading security, low cost, may result in , WAN
large coverage congestion.
Already existing Network shared
Up to Up to SCADA, NAN/FAN
4G/LTE network, high with consumers
979 Mbps 16 km Smart meter reading , WAN
security, low cost, large coverage may result in congestion
Low cost, low
LTE-M 7 Mbps 11 km Smart meter reading Lower data rate NAN/FAN
energy, scalability, coverage
Low cost, low
NB-IoT 159 kbps Smart meter reading energy, scalability, Lower data rate NAN/FAN
coverage
Up to SCADA, Remote control Low energy, Low latency, NAN/FAN
5G
20 Gbps Smart meter reading High data rate, scalability , WAN
Backup, remote location Good when no other
Satellite 50 Mbps High cost WAN
FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. communication alternative is viable Ms. Misbah Khan

MGSG M5

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MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID

COURSE CODE- EEDO7021

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

Outage Management Power Quality and

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

PROSUMER: Producer + Consumer

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

Demand Response and Dynamic Pricing

Self-Healing Wide-Area Protection and Islanding

Asset Management and On-Line Equipment Monitoring

Real-time Simulation and Contingency Analysis

Participation in Energy Markets

Shared Information – Continuously Optimizing – Intelligent Responses!

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

Traditional Power Grid

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

Generation Transmission Distribution Customer Premises

Power Field Field Field

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

Control/Operations Centers 3rd Party

Field Field Field Field Consumer

Generation Transmission Distribution Customer Premises

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

IEEE 1547 Neighbor Area Network

Residential user PHEV

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

2. The future : Free market

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

SCADA Supports for current + future smart grid apps

Field data applications

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan