MGSG M3

MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021

Module 3: Power Conditioning Units (PCUs) for Microgrid Sources:
➢ PCUs in DC and AC microgrids,
➢ modes of operation and control of PCUs: Voltage mode control, current mode control.
➢ Microgrid functions: black-start and grid synchronization.
Number Reference for Module 2:
of ➢ NPTEL course on ‘DC Microgrid and Control System’ by Prof. Avik Bhattacharya, Dept. of
Lecture Hours Electrical Engineering IIT-Roorkee Link: https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/107/108107143/
➢ Nikos Hatziargyriou, “Microgrids: Architectures and Control,” Wiley-IEEE Press, 2013
= ➢ S. M. Sharkh , M. A. Abu-Sara, G. I. Orfanoudakis and B. Hussain, “Power Electronic
05 Converters for Microgrids,” Wiley – IEEE Press.
➢ Website Software Tools:
➢ https://www.semikron.com/service-support/semisel-simulation.html
➢ https://training.ti.com/
➢ https://www.infineon.com/cms/en/tools/landing/igbt.html
FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

▪ Microgrid – Control Microgrid – Control Philosophy
Philosophy
The control philosophies for the microgrid architecture as reported by various researchers can be
broadly classified as follows:
• Centralized/ Decentralized/Hierarchical type
• Adaptive / Non-adaptive type
• Communication based or without communication
• Grid forming or grid following or grid supporting type

▪ Design of Microgrid Case study: Design of Low Power Microgrid :
To design a 30 kW microgrid to supply the small village (hamlet) comprising of 100 hutments
each with average 300 watts connected loads (Five LED lamps of 12W each, two fans of 60
watts each, a TV/ Music system 80W and one 5A socket for general application.)

▪ Design of Microgrid Case study: Design of Low Power Microgrid : Solution:
Step 1:- Defining Load requirements
❖ Net connected load for the hamlet is = 100x 300W= 30kW
❖ As it is generally observed that all the loads will not be active at the same time, he diversity
factor to be taken for such residential application ranges between 0.4 to 0.6. Day time the
diversity factor can be assumed as 0.4 and night time can be assumed as 0.6.
Hence,
At any given time (and night time) net maximum load on the microgrid
= 0.6.x 30 kW= 18kW
During the Day time, net load on the microgrid = 0.4.x 30 kW= 12kW
Taking the 25% margin on the net maximum load= 1.25 x 18 =22.5 kW.
❖ Assuming the average electricity required (number of units) based on 4 hours of usage
(average) in day time and 4 hours of usage(average) in night time:
Number of Units required per day =18 x 4 + 12x 4= 120
Number of Units required per month = (18 x 4 + 12 x 4) x 30 = 3600
Number of Units required per year = (18 x 4 + 12 x 4) x 365 = 43800

▪ Design of Microgrid Case study: Design of Low Power Microgrid :
Step 2:- Selection of Microgrid Sources:
1. Solar PV
2. Micro-hydro / Wind Energy system
3. Battery / DG
Step 3:- Sizing of Microgrid Sources
Step 4:- Design of PE interface
Step 5:- Microgrid Controller Design

▪ Design of Microgrid PE interface and Microgrid Controller Design
GPRS PV Input
Microgrid Bus Module Keypad Capacitor
Memory Display
Power Circuit Card
HMI Input
RTC Microcontroller Connector
Primary
source Signal
Power Converter Main DC Link
PV, wind, Conditioning
Capacitor
Single / Two stage Microcontroller Circuit
Fuel cell,
Fan
Micro-turbine
Boost Half
Bridge Module
Signal Driver Circuit Magnetic
Set
Conditioning Driver Circuit
Typical power circuit
Communication
conditioning Bus
unit of a Three half bridge
microgrid Local controller DSP / micro- Comm. IGBT modules
of Inverter
sources controller port
SMPS
Control Circuit
Heatsink Output
OnBoardLayer
Bottom layer Connector

▪ Design of Microgrid Design of Power Electronic Interfaces for MG:
Steps Involved in Design:
1) Selection of Power Topology
2) Selection of Switches and diodes
3) Design of Reactive components (Inductors and Capacitors)
4) Selection of control law
5) Implementation in hardware

▪ Design of Microgrid Case study: Design of Solar PV Microgrid Source :
Lf
Microgrid Bus
va
PV
CDC
iPV
Voltage Source Inverter

vDC Cf
Inverter is designed to match the grid frequency i.e. 50 Hz and the switching frequency is
20kHz. hence we chose a cutoff frequency between these two frequencies so as to eliminate
the switching component and retain the frequency of interest. The Inductor and Capacitor are
chosen to give a cutoff frequency of 3kHz.
1 1
Cutoff frequency, fc = → 3000 =
2∗π∗ LC 2∗3.14159∗ L x (2.2e−6 )
Hence for Cf = 2.2 µF and Lf = 1.25 mH

▪ Design of Microgrid Case study: Design of WES as a Microgrid Source :
Lf
τ
Microgrid Bus
va
# M
ωm
VSC-2 VSC-1
Wind Turbine vDC Cf
Assuming that the wind generation setup is based on the Squirrel cage induction generator
(SCIG) the topology preferred will be the back to back converter as shown in figure.
The power rating of both the inverters are same as that of wind turbine.
The VSC-2 is like an active rectifier (Active Front End Convertor) and the VSC-1 is same as the
conventional three leg inverter.

▪ Design of Microgrid Case study: Design of Bi-directional converter for Battery based MG Source:
iL
iBat L vDC
Inverter
CDC
Bi-directional VBAT
Battery conv. dBAT
Kp S + Ki
I*BAT m 1
S S1
Vdco
S2
IBAT VdcL
Current Control for Boost mode of 1
Carrier
operation of BDC
0 Ts t

▪ Design of Microgrid Case study: Design of Bi-directional converter for Battery based MG Source:
L iL
vin D R
Buck Converter : Control strategy to

control output terminal voltage
1 vo
d
0 0.5
Limiter
vo* Gcv
0 d
vo

L iL
diL diL
L + r iL = d vin − v0 L + r iL = u (1)
vin C dt dt
where u is the new control variable, which is related to
the original control variable, d as below;
dv0 v0 vo
C + = iL v0 + u
dt R d= (2)
d vin
From eq.(1), the plant transfer function for current
iL* u control can be written as below:
vo* Gcv Gci
I L (s) 1
Gi ( s ) = = (3)
vo iL vo vin U ( s ) Ls + r
From (3), it is observed that the inductor current dynamics are governed by a poorly stable pole at s= -r/L, which is located
near the origin. In this case, a proportional + integral compensator, Gci = (Kp s + Ki) / s , is suitable choice because the PI
compensator can suitably locate its zero so as to cancel out the plant pole at s=-r/L.
This results in the following loop transfer function:
Ki r
(4) for a condition, =
Kp L
❖ With the above adjustment, the loop transfer function (4) renders the necessary flexibility to achieve, at least ideally, any
bandwidth by adjusting the value of the proportional gain, Kp.
❖ Therefore, the bandwidth of the current control loop, ωci may be chosen to be (say) 1/10th of the angular switching
frequency, ωs as given below:
𝟏
𝝎𝒄𝒊 = × 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒔 (5)
𝟏𝟎
❖ Using (4), the closed loop transfer function can be written as follows:
I L ( s) 1 1
*
= GCL = =
I L ( s) s L (6)
+1 s +1
ci Kp
❖ Equation (6) is a first order transfer function and the time constant τ of the closed loop response is given by:
1 L r
i = Kp = Ki =
ci i i
Inverter control ❖ Let’s first determine the model of power converter as a function of converter voltage V12
across AC terminals of the converter
di
V12 (t ) − vs (t ) = L + RL .i (1)
dt
L RL ❖ For the converter shown in Fig, the output voltage (AC terminal voltage) V12(t) is the
i
VDC 1 2 function of modulation index, ‘m’ as follows
VS
m(t ) = m.sin 2 ft V12 (t ) = m(t )VDC
❖ Assuming PLL is already been implemented to determine (estimate) the frequency
information of grid voltage i.e
12 . sin t
V (t ) = mV DC
(2)
By defining new variable ‘n’, (1) and (2) can be consolidated as follows:
di
where n = L + RL .i . DC sin t - vs (t )
n = mV
dt
And the transfer function for current control can be determined using as follows
I ( s) 1
=
H ( s ) Ls + RL

▪ Inverter control Inverter control
Iref m sinωt i
PI n × Power
+ +
- + ÷ + converter
i -
Vs(t) VDC

Grid Side Conv.
▪ Fuel Cell Fuel Cell
Lg PGrid
DC-DC
boost
ea iag
converter vDC
OR
CDC
Resonance eb ibg
Converter
VSC1 VSC2
ec icg
Fuel cell Boost converter
Two stage topology
control
Boost converter control for fuel
for fuel cell cell
vd
Vo/p iL* n ed* d
*
P PI Boost
converter
iL
vdc
IFC vFC

▪ Fuel Cell Fuel Cell Inverter control
vd
id* ud ed*
Vdc* PI PI md*
ωL
id vdc
vdc
iq ωL
iq * eq*
PI mq*
uq

LOCAL
LOAD
CONVERTER Feeder A
Schematic of a typical
Solar
PV microgrid with solar PV,
GATE
SIGNALS
wind energy and fuel cell Micro-sources Local Loads
Communication
controller
LOCAL CONTROLLER
ON
HEALTHY
STATUS
based micro-sources
FAULT
LC
Feeder B
ia ib ic va vb vc
LOCAL
LOAD
CONVERTER
Utility
GRID
Static Switch Local Loads
GATE
SIGNALS
ON
Communication
LOCAL CONTROLLER
HEALTHY Grid
controller
STATUS Feeder C
FAULT
ia ib ic va vb vc
LOCAL
PCC
LOAD
CONVERTER
LOAD
Schematic of a Local Loads
GATE PV WINDhy
INSOLATION SPEED
HYDROGEN
CONTENT
microgrid proposed Feeder D
SIGNALS
Communication
LOCAL CONTROLLER
ON
by Robert Lasseter
controller HEALTHY
STATUS
FAULT MASTER Critical Loads
CONTROLLER
ia ib ic va vb vc

▪ Power Control Power Control in Stationary Reference Frame (dq reference frame)

▪ MG Control MG Control Architecture:
Architecture
❖ In general, there are two main approaches for control implementation in MGs. It can be
centralized or decentralized.
❖ In centralized scheme, a MG central controller (MGCC) collects the required information by
means of the communication network and performs the necessary actions.
❖ Whereas in decentralized scheme, every DG unit and controllable load has its own controller
that will take actions according to their predefined strategies.
Combination of Centralized and Decentralized Control approaches leads to Hierarchical Control

▪ MG Control MG Architecture: Detailed View • In centralized control
Architecture scheme, the MGCC
optimizes the MG
power exchange with
the utility grid.
• This goal is achieved
by monitoring the
energy market prices
and maximizing the
local production.
• Thus, the DER units
and controllable loads
within the MG receive
specific set points
from the MGCC to
achieve the control
objectives.

▪ MG Control MG Architecture: Detailed View
Architecture
Model of a Grid feeding power converter Model of a Grid forming power converter
Applications
scenarios of grid-
feeding & grid-
forming
converters

▪ MG Control Local Controller / Microsource Interface
Architecture
Power converter interfacing an intermittent or controllable energy source

▪ MG Control Variable speed wind turbine implemented with a DFIG and a partial-scale power converter
Architecture
Source: Microgrids Design and Implementation by Antonio Carlos Z. de Souza et al.

▪ MG Control Variable speed wind turbine implemented with a PMSG/WRSG/SCIG and a full-scale power
Architecture converter

▪ MG Control Grid-tied PV solar system with conventional centralized inverter topology
Architecture

▪ MG Control Multi-level control scheme for the three-phase grid-connected PV system
Architecture

Energy Management in • Energy Management in Microgrid:
Microgrid:
Source: PhD Thesis titled “Energy Management in Microgrids: Algorithms and System” by Wenbo Shi

Microgrid:

Microgrid:

Basic Requirement of Communication Infrastructure
Communication in MG
❖ Communication in microgrids, is the transfer of data in the form of bits, through a communication
channel (wired or wireless), between various entities comprising the microgrid.
❖ Through communication, it is possible to acquire data from and to send various control signals to the
sources, loads and storage systems in a microgrid.
❖ With respect to above, communication finds the following roles in a microgrid:

▪ For control of microgrid (Mainly secondary, tertiary and advisory control).
▪ Monitoring and status reporting.
▪ Protection aspects etc.

Basic Requirement of Communication Infrastructure: Requirements in Microgrid Implementation
Communication in MG
Microgrid Description Rate of Latency
Functionality Transmission
Metering Metering to record energy Up to 10kbps 2 to 10s
consumption, its import / export,
generation and load demand
Centralized Communication of power set-points, Up to 1MBPS 1ms ~ few sec
Control eg. ON/OFF commands to source
commands controllers
System Response to system faults, isolation of Up to 1MBPS 1ms ~ few sec
Protection faulty sections and restoration
Device Response to inverter/ converters Up to 10 0.01µsec ~few
Protection faults MBPS ms
System Source optimization, active / reactive Up to 5 50 ms ~ few
Optimization power control optimization, power MBPS minutes
quality improvement etc.

▪ MG Control Time Latencies in Communication
Architecture
❖ Time delay in received signal by a node can result into delay in monitoring, analysis and
control implementation. This time delay is referred as the ‘Latency’ in communication link.
Significantly large latency may lead to poor control performance for the microgrid.
❖ In emergency conditions like fault and island, these time latencies can play a vital role in
protecting microgrid.
❖ Time latencies ranging from microseconds to seconds should be accounted while selecting the
communication links for a particular functionality of the microgrid

Grid Communication
Basic Requirement of Central Control Layer Distribution
Global Advisory Control
Microgrid Master controller Network Infrastructure:
Communication in MG Generation/load Forecasting:
Reliability and Security
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Power
Quality
Black Start Coordination and control
Grid Synchronization and Disconnection Grid Energy Requirements in
Historical data Analysis Island Management Export/Import
Power and Energy Management
System Stability
Control
Microgrid
System Protection
Implementation
Microgrid
Static
Data Signals Switch
Communication Network
Control Signals
Local Control Layer

LC_MS1 LC_ESS LC_MSN
PQ control /Local Load PQ control /Local Load
management / Power ESS management
management / Power
Quality control Protection/ Charge control
Quality control Protection/
Source Optimization Life max Control
Source Optimization
Power Network
Micro-
Micro-Source_1 ESS
Source_N
Critical Load System Loads System Loads
LC_LD
Load Management: Load curtailment
Critical load Management

Basic Requirement of Classification of Communication Infrastructure
Communication in MG 1. Based Medium type used 5. Based on Mode of triggering the communication
▪ Wired ▪ Time Triggered
▪ Wireless ▪ Event Triggered
2. Based on Topology 6. Based on Mode of triggering the communication
▪ Bus ▪ Unicast
▪ Ring ▪ Multicast
▪ Star ▪ Broadcast
3. Based on type of Connection
▪ Synchronous
▪ Asynchronous
4. Based on Transmitter and Receiver Configuration
▪ Multi-Master
▪ Master/Slave
▪ Peer to Peer Communication

Basic Requirement of Communication can be classified depending on the communication medium as follows:
Communication in MG
❖ Wired Protocols
Controller Area network (CAN)
RS-485
RS-232
Ethernet
Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC)
❖ Wireless Protocols
Bluetooth
Wifi
WiMax
ZigBee
Mobile etc.

▪ Grid Synchronization Grid Synchronization Methods
Methods
1. ZCD (Zero crossing detector)
1. Simple and easy to implement
2. Poor performance in the presence of grid disturbance.
3. Poor performance when the grid voltage consist of notch and harmonics.
2. Filter based approach
1. Deriving the grid voltage template using filters to remove noise contamination and get
positive sequence component of fundamental.
3. PLL
1. PLL is the state of the art technique to extract phase angle of the grid voltages.

For distorted sine wave input,
▪ Grid Synchronization For pure sine wave input, perfect ZCD ZCD performance is very poor
Methods
▪ Zero crossing
Detector

▪ Grid Synchronization
Methods
For distorted sine wave input, multiple pulse generation with ZCD
For filtered sine wave input, perfect ZCD

▪ Basic Phase Locked
Loop (PLL)
Source: Lecture notes of EE675-Microprocessor Applications in Power Electronics by Prof. Mukul Chandorkar IIT Bombay

▪ Phase Locked Loop
(PLL) Using XOR Gate

▪ Phase Locked Loop
(PLL) with Harmonic
Oscillator

▪ Three Phase PLL Grid
Synchronization

▪ Three Phase PLL Grid
Synchronization



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MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID

COURSE CODE- EEDO7021

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

Step 3:- Sizing of Microgrid Sources

Step 4:- Design of PE interface

Step 5:- Microgrid Controller Design

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

Voltage Source Inverter

Hence for Cf = 2.2 µF and Lf = 1.25 mH

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

Current Control for Boost mode of 1

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

Buck Converter : Control strategy to

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

Combination of Centralized and Decentralized Control approaches leads to Hierarchical Control

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

Power converter interfacing an intermittent or controllable energy source

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

Source: Microgrids Design and Implementation by Antonio Carlos Z. de Souza et al.

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

Source: Microgrids Design and Implementation by Antonio Carlos Z. de Souza et al.

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

Source: Microgrids Design and Implementation by Antonio Carlos Z. de Souza et al.

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

Source: Microgrids Design and Implementation by Antonio Carlos Z. de Souza et al.

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

❖ With respect to above, communication finds the following roles in a microgrid:

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

Local Control Layer

Critical Load System Loads System Loads

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

For filtered sine wave input, perfect ZCD

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

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