3

CHAPTER
Trigonometric Ratios
and Identities

INTRODUCTION SYSTEMS FOR

MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES
The word trigonometry is derived from three greek words.
An angle can be measured in the following systems.
Tri Gon Metron 1
1. Sexagesimal System (British System): In this system
360
1
of a complete circular turn is called a degree (°), of a
60
three sides Measure 1
degree is called a minute (′) and of a minute is called a
second (′′). 60
In the ancient time trigonometry defines relations between elements
of a triangle. In a triangle there are six basic elements, three sides One right angle = 90°, 1° = 60′, 1′ = 60′′
and three angles. Any three line segments will form a triangle if
they satisfy three triangular inequalities i.e. the sum of any two ADVANCED LEARNING
lines segment is greater than third side. In Euclidean geometry 1
the sum of three angles of a triangle is 180º. These requirements 2. Centesimal System (French System): In this system
1 400
impose limitations on the manner in which the relations between of a complete circular turn is called a grade (g), of a
the elements are defined. 1 100
grade is called a minute (') and of a minute is called a
second ("). 100

ANGLE ∴ One right angle = 100g; 1g = 100'; 1' = 100"

Angle is a measure of rotation of a given ray about its initial point. Note: The minutes and seconds in the Sexagesimal system
The original ray is called the initial side and the final position of are different with the minutes and seconds respectively in
the ray after rotation is called the terminal side of the angle. The the Centesimal System. Symbols in both systems are also
point of rotation is called the vertex. If the direction of rotation is different.
anticlockwise, the angle is said to be positive and if the direction
3. Circular System (Radian Measurement): The angle subtended
of rotation is clockwise, then the angle is negative.
by an arc of a circle whose length is equal to the radius of the
B circle at the centre of the circle is called a radian. In this system
sid
e the unit of measurement is radian (c) As the circumference of a
nal circle of radius 1 unit is 2π, therefore one complete revolution of
e r mi
T the initial side subtends an angle of 2π radian.
 = +ve
Vertex O
Initial side
A More generally, in a circle of radius r, an arc of length r will
(i) Positive angle subtend an angle of 1 radian. It is well-known that equal
(anticlockwise measurement) arcs of a circle subtend equal angle at the centre. Since in a
Initial side circle of radius r, an arc of length r subtends an angle whose
Vertex O A measure is 1 radian, an arc of length  will subtend an angle
 = –ve

Ter
m whose measure is radian. Thus, if in a circle of radius r, arc
ina r
lS
ide of length  subtends an angle θ radian at the centre, we have
B 
(ii) Negative angle θ= or  = rθ .
(clockwise measurement) r
 B
1 Example 2: The minute hand of a clock is 10 cm long. How
1 A far does the tip of the hand move in 20 minutes?
 1
O Sol. The minute hand moves through 120° in 20 minutes or
O 1 A 
1 2π
1 moves through radians.
3
B
Since the length of the minute hand is 10 cm, the
 radian  radian distance moved by the tip of the hand is given by the
(i) (ii) formula
B 2π 20π
2 l = rθ = 10 × = cm.
3 3
1  O 1 A
O 1 A 1 

B 2 Concept Application
 radian  radian
1. In a circle of diameter 40 cm, the length of a chord is
Area of Circular Sector 20 cm. Find the length of minor arc corresponding to
the chord.
B
2. The angles of a triangle are in AP and the number of
r degrees in the least is to the number of radians in the
greatest as 60 to π find the angles in degrees.
O 
3. Assuming that is a person of normal sight can read print
r at such a distance that the letters subtend an angle of
5' at his eye, find the height of the letters that he can
A read at a distance of 12 metres.
1 2
Area = r θ sq. units
2
Note: θ radian is written as θc or can be written simply as θ. When
the unit of angle is not mentioned. it must be taken as radians.
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
e.g. θ = 15 implies 15 radian
FOR ACUTE ANGLES
Let a revolving ray OP starts from OA and revolves into the
Relation between radian, degree and grade:
position OP, thus tracing out the angle AOP.
π
radian = 90° = 100g In the revolving ray take any point P and draw PM
2 perpendicular to the initial ray OA.
In the right angle triangle MOP, OP is the hypotenuse, PM is
the perpendicular, and OM is the base.
The trigonometrical ratios, or functions, of the angle AOP are
defined as follows:
Example 1: Find the radian measure corresponding to
P
–37° 30′.
Sol. 60′ = 1°
° A
1 O
M
∴ 30′ =  
2
MP Perpendicular
1° 75 ° , i.e., , sin ∠AOP
∴ −37° 30′= – 37 =– OP Hypotenuse
2 2
360° = 2π radians OM Base
OP
, i.e. , cos ∠AOP;
−75 ° 2π 75 −5π Hypotenuse
∴ =
− × radians = radians
2 360 2 24 MP
, i.e. Perpendicular , tan ∠AOP;
OM Base

Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 49

 OM Base Now if we take one complete revolution from the position
, i.e. , cot ∠AOP; OP, we again come back to same position OP. Thus, we also
MP Perpendicular
observe that if x increases (or decreases) by any integral multiple
OP Hypotenuse of 2π, the values of sine and cosine functions do not change. Thus,
, i.e. , sec ∠AOP;
OM Base sin (2nπ + x) = sin x, n ∈ Z, cos (2nπ + x) = cos x, n ∈ Z
OP Hypotenuse Further, sin x = 0, if x = 0, ± π , ± 2π , ± 3π ....., i.e., when
, i.e. , cosec ∠AOP;
MP Perpendicular π 3π
x is an integral multiple of π and cos x = 0, if x = ± . , ± ,
The quantity by which the cosine falls short of unity i.e. 2 2
1 – cos ∠AOP, is called the Versed Sine of ∠AOP; also the quantity 5π π
1 – sin ∠AOP, by which the sine falls short of unity, is called the ± , .....i.e., cos x vanishes when x is an odd multiple of .
2 2
Coversed Sine of ∠AOP. Thus sin x = 0 implies x = nπ , where n is any integer
It can be noted that the trigonometrical ratios are all real π
numbers. cos x = 0 implies x = (2n + 1) . , where n is any integer.
2
The names of these eight ratios are written, for brevity, We now define other trigonometric functions in terms of sine
sin ∠AOP, cos ∠AOP, tan ∠AOP, cot ∠AOP, cosec ∠AOP, and cosine functions:
sec ∠AOP, vers ∠AOP, and covers ∠AOP respectively 1
cosec x = , x ≠ nπ , where n is any integer.
sin x
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS FOR AN ANGLE 1 π
sec x = , x ≠ (2n + 1) . , where n is any integer.
cos x 2
We will now extend the definition of trigonometric ratios to any
sin x π
angle in terms of radian measure and study them as trigonometric tan x = , x ≠ (2n + 1) . , where n is any integer.
cos x 2
functions. (also called circular functions)
cos x
Y cot x = , x ≠ n π, where n is any integer.
(0,1) B sin x
(a,b)
P
1 x BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
(–1,0) C xb
X O M A(1,0)
X 1. sin2θ + cos2θ = 1 ; where θ ∈ R.
2. 1 + tan2θ = sec2θ or sec2θ – tan2θ = 1
D (0,–1) 3. 1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ or cosec2θ – cot2θ = 1

Y 4. sin4θ + cos4θ = 1 – 2 sin2θ·cos2θ

Consider a unit circle (radius 1 unit) with centre at origin of 5. sin6θ + cos6θ = 1 – 3 sin2θ·cos2θ
the coordinate axes. Let P(a, b) be any point on the circle with Note: (i) (sec θ – tan θ) is reciprocal of (sec θ + tan θ) and
vice-versa.
angle ∠AOP = x radian, i.e., length of arcAP = x
(ii) (cosec θ – cot θ) is reciprocal of (cosec θ + cot θ) and
We define cos x = a and sin x = b Since ∆OMP is a right vice-versa.
triangle, we have OM2 + MP2 = OP2 or a2 + b2 =1 Thus, for every Using above identities hundreds of other identities
point on the unit circle we have a2 + b2 = 1 or cos2x + sin2 x = 1 can be proved. While proving identities you can use
rationalization, factorization and many other similar
Since one complete revolution subtends an angle of 2π
mathematical operations.
π
radian at the centre of the circle, ∠AOB = . , ∠AOC = π and
3π 2 π
∠AOD = . All angles which are integral multiples of . are
2 2
called quadrantal angles. The coordinates of the points A, B, C and
D are, respectively, (1, 0), (0, 1), (–1, 0) and (0, –1). Therefore, for
quadrantal angles, we have 1
Example 3: If cosecθ – cotθ = then find the value of
cos 0 = 1 sin 0 = 0, sin θ (θ lies in Ist quadrant). 5
π π
cos . = 0 sin . = 1 1
2 2 Sol. Given cosec θ – cotθ =  ...(i)
cos π = –1 sin π = 0 5
3π 3π 1
cos = 0 sin =–1 ⇒ cosec
= θ + cot θ = 5 ...(ii)
2 2 cosecθ − cot θ
cos 2π = 1 sin 2π = 0

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50 W JEE (XI) Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 Adding (i) and (ii), we get Sol. Given expression can be written as
1 26 sin A sin A cos A cos A
2 cosec θ = 5 + = × + ×
5 5 cos A sin A − cos A sin A cos A − sin A
13 5  sin A cos A 
⇒ cosec=
θ ⇒ sin=
θ   tan A =
= and cot A 
5 13  cos A sin A 
cos 4 A sin 4 A 1  sin 3 A − cos3 A 
Example 4: If + 1 , prove that
= =  
cos 2 B sin 2 B sin A − cos A  cos A sin A 
cos2A sin2B = sin2A cos2B a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)

cos 4 A sin 4 A sin 2 A + sin A cos A + cos 2 A

Sol. Given, + cos 2 A + sin 2 A
1=
= =
cos 2 B sin 2 B sin A cos A
cos 4 A sin 4 A = 1 + sec A cosec A
or, 2
− cos 2 A = sin 2 A − 2
cos B sin B
cos 2 A ( cos 2 A − cos 2 B )
or,
cos 2 B
Concept Application
sin 2 A ( sin 2 B − sin 2 A )
=
sin 2 B 4. If sin x + sin2x = 1, then find the value of
cos A 2 cos8x + 2 cos6x + cos4x.
or,
cos 2 B
( cos2 A − cos2 B ) 5. If sec q + tan q = 4 then find cot q
2
sin A
= (1 − cos 2 B ) − (1 − cos 2 A ) 
sin 2 B  

 cos 2 A sin 2 A  SIGN CONVENTION OF THE

( cos
A − cos 2 B ) 
2
− 2 = 0
2
 cos B sin B  TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
When cos2 A – cos2 B = 0, cos2 A = cos2 B
cos 2 A sin 2 A
when − 0
=
cos 2 B sin 2 B sin and cosec are All t-ratios are
cos2A sin2B = sin2A cos2B +ve and rest are +ve
–ve
Example 5: If sin θ + cosecθ = 2, the value of
sin10 θ + cosec10 θ is
(a) 10 (b) 210 (c) 29 (d) 2 tan and cot are cos and sec are
Sol. We have, +ve and rest are +ve and rest are
sin θ + cosec θ = 2 ⇒ sin2 θ + 1 = 2 sin θ
–ve –ve
⇒ sin2 θ – 2 sinθ + 1 = 0
⇒ (sinθ – 1)2 = 0 ⇒ sin θ = 1
T.Ratio π π π π
Required value of sin10θ + cosec10 θ Angle
0
6 4 3 2
1
= (1)10 + 2.
= sin
0 1 1
= 0= =
2 1
=
3 3 4
= 1
(1)10 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4
tan A cot A
Example 6: The expression + can be 3 1 1
1 − cot A 1 − tan A cos 1 0
2 2 2
written as: 1
tan 0 1 3 N .D.
(a) sin A cos A + 1 3
(b) sec A cosec A + 1
(c) tan A + cot A N.D. implies not defined
(d) sec A + cosec A Note: 1. The values of cosec x, sec x and cot x are the reciprocal
of the values of sin x, cos x and tan x, respectively.

Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 51

2. Any trigonometric ratio of n × 360° + A (n ∈ I) is equal to the 3. An angle can lie in any of four quadrants according to the
same trigonometric ratio of A e.g. 420°, –300° are coterminal with position of revolving ray for the angle.
60° and any trigonometric ratio of these angles will equal to the Y Y
same ratio of q (as shown in following diagrams also). P

Y Y 120° 240°
X X
O O

θ θ + 2π
X X
0 0 P
Y Y

Y Y
X X
O O
θ + 4π θ + 6π 300° −80°
X X
0 0
P
P

DOMAIN, RANGE & GRAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

(i) y = sin x Domain : x ∈ R; Range : y ∈ [–1, 1]
y

0 x
–2 
3 – 
   3 
2 2 2 2
–1

(ii) y = cos x Domain : x ∈ R; Range : y ∈ [ – 1, 1]

y
1
0 x
–2 
3 – 
   3 
2 2 2 2
–1

 π
(iii) y = tan x Domain : x ∈ R – (2n + 1)  , n ∈ Ι; Range : y ∈ R
 2
y

 
-
– 2 0 2 
x
3 3
-
2 2

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52 W JEE (XI) Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 (iv) y = cot x Domain : x ∈ R –{nπ}, n ∈ Ι; Range : y ∈ R
y

x
–  0   3 

2 2 2

(v) y = cosec x Domain : x ∈ R – {nπ}, n ∈ Ι; Range : y ∈ (− ∞, − 1] ∪ [1, ∞)

y

– 3 –    3  5 
x
  0
2 2 2 2 2
–1

 π
(vi) y = sec x Domain : x ∈ R – (2n + 1)  , n ∈ Ι ; Range: y ∈ (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)
 2
y

–  0   3 
x

2 2 2
–1

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF ALLIED ANGLES (x , y)

P
π 3π
If θ is any angle, then − θ, ± θ, π ± θ, ± θ, 2π ± θ etc. are r
y
called allied angles. 2 2 x
O M
θ)
Trigonometric Ratios of (–θ
Let θ be an angle in the standard position in the Ι quadrant. Let its P
terminal side cuts the circle with centre ‘O’ and radius r in P(x, y). (x, y)
Let P′(x′, y′) be the point of intersection of the terminal side
of the angle – θ in the standard position with the circle.  POM = 
 MOP = –
Now ∠MOP = ∠MOP′ (numerically) and P and P′ have the
same projection M in the x-axis x′ x
cos(– θ) = = = cos θ.
∴ ∆OMP ≅ ∆OMP′ ⇒ x = x′ and y = – y′ r r
y′ –y y′ y
∴ sin (– θ) = = = – sin θ.; tan(– θ) = =– = – tan θ;
r r x′ x

Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 53

 x′ x π  π 
cot(– θ) = = = – cot θ. cosec  + θ  = sec θ, cos  + θ  = – sin θ,
y′ –y 2  2 
r r π  π 
sec(– θ) = = = sec θ; cot  + θ  = –tan θ, sec  + θ  = – cosec θ
x′ x  2   2 
r r p + q)
Trigonometric Ratios of (p
cosec(– θ) = = = – cosec θ.
y′ –y Similarly we can easily prove the following results.
Similarly if θ is in the other quadrants then the above results sin (π + θ) = – sin θ, tan (π + θ) = tan θ, cosec (π + θ)
can also be proved.
 = – cosec θ,
p – q)
Trigonometric Ratios of (p cos (π + θ) = – cos θ, cot (π + θ) = cot θ,
Let θ be an angle in the standard position in the Ι quadrant. Let its sec (π + θ) = – sec θ
terminal side cuts the circle with centre ‘O’ and radius r at P(x, y).
Let P′(x′, y′) be the point of intersection of the terminal side of the   3π
Trigonometric Ratios of  – θ 
angle π – θ with the circle. Let M and M′ be the projections of P  2 
and P′ respectively in the x-axis. Similarly we can easily prove the following results.
Since ∆OM′P′ ≅ ∆OMP, x′ = – x, y′ = y
 3π   3π 
y′ y sin  – θ  = –cos θ, tan  – θ  = cot θ,
∴ sin (π – θ) = = = sin θ.;  2   2 
r r
x′ x  3π   3π 
cos (π – θ) = =– = –cos θ. cosec  – θ  = –sec θ, cos  – θ  = –sin θ,
r r  2   2 
y′ y  3π   3π 
tan (π – θ) = = = –tan θ; cot  – θ  = tan θ, sec  – θ  = – cosec θ,
x′ −x  2   2 
x′ x
cot (π – θ) = =– = –cot θ. 3π
y′ y Trigonometric Ratios of  + θ 
r r  2 
sec (π – θ) = = = –sec θ. ; Similarly we can easily prove the following results.
x′ –x
r r  3π   3π 
cosec (π – θ) = = = cosec θ. sin  + θ  = –cos θ, cos  + θ  = sin θ,
y′ y  2   2 
y
 3π   3π 
tan  + θ  = –cot θ, cot  + θ  = – tan θ,
(x, y)P r P(x, y)  2   2 
r
 3π   3π 
sec  + θ  = cosec θ, cosec  + θ  = – sec θ
M O M  2   2 
 MOP =  There is an easy way to remember these formulae. First of all
 MOP =  – think of θ as an acute angle. Angles like 180° ± θ, 360° ± θ, −θ
can be considered as angles associated with the horizontal line,
π  angles like 90° − θ, 90° + θ, 270°  θ can be considered as angles
Trigonometric Ratios of  – θ 
2  associated with vertical line. When associated with the horizontal
Similarly we can easily prove the following results. line, the function does not change, whereas when associated
π  π  with the vertical line the function changes to the corresponding
sin  – θ  = cos θ, tan  – θ  = cot θ, complementary value (sin ↔ cos, tan ↔ cot, sec ↔ cosec). For
2  2 
example sin(180° + θ) will be only sin θ (in magnitude) plus or
π  π  minus and cos(90° − θ) will be sin θ only in magnitude.
cosec  – θ  = sec θ, cos  – θ  = sin θ,
2  2  To decide upon the sign, consider the quadrant in which the
π  π  angle falls and decide the sign by the quadrant rule.
cot  – θ  = tan θ, sec  – θ  = cosec θ
2  2  For example, sin(180° + θ) is sinθ (in magnitude) (180° + θ) lies
in third quadrant and hence sin(180° + θ) is negative.
π  ∴ sin(180° + θ) = −sinθ
Trigonometric Ratios of  + θ 
2  Again consider tan (90° + θ) : This should be cotθ and must have
Similarly we can easily prove the following results. a negative sign since (90° + θ) is in II quadrant and hence tan
π  π  (90° + θ) is negative.
sin  + θ  = cos θ, tan  + θ  = – cot θ,
2  2  ∴ tan(90° + θ) = −cotθ

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54 W JEE (XI) Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 Example 14: Find the value of cos(1º).cos(2º).cos(3º).....
cos(189º).

Example 7: Find cos (315°). Sol. We have,

Sol. cos (315°) = cos (360° − 45°) = cos (−45°) cos(1º).cos(2º).cos(3º).......cos(189º)
1 = cos(1º).cos(2º).cos(3º).......cos(89º)
= cos (45°) =
2 cos(90º) cos(91º)......cos(189º)
Example 8: Find tan (330°). = cos(1º).cos(2º).cos(3º)....cos(89º) × 0 × cos(91º) ....
Sol. tan (330°) = tan (360° − 30°) = tan (−30°) cos(189º) = 0
−1
= –tan 30° =
3
Example 9: Prove that sin420° cos390° + cos(–300°)
sin(–330°) = 1. Concept Application
Sol. s in (360º+ 60º) cos (360º + 30º) + cos (–360º + 60º)
sin (–360º + 30º) = sin 60º cos 30º + cos 60º sin 30º 6. If 5cos2a – 2sina – 2 = 0, (5p/4 < a < 7p/4), then find the
3 3 1 1 value of cot a/2.
= × + × = 1
2 2 2 2  −2π   −17 π 
7. Let a tan
= =   , b sin   , c = cot (– 300°)
Example 10: Prove that sin 240° sin 510° – sin330°  3   4 
cos 390° = 0 d = cos (– 315°), then
Sol. sin (270º – 30º) sin (540º – 30º) – sin (360°– 30°) (a) a < b < c < d
 cos (360º + 30º) (b) a < c < b < d
= – cos 30º sin30º + sin30º cos30º = 0 (c) b < c < d < a
(d) b < c < a < d
Example 11: Prove that cos A + sin(270° + A) – sin(270° – A)
+ cos(180° + A) = 0 8. Find the value of

Sol. cos A + sin (270° + A) – sin(270° – A) + cos(180° + A) π 3π 5π 7π

cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2
16 16 16 16
= cos A – cos A – (–cos A) + (– cos A) = 0
9. Match the columns:
Example 12: Find the value of tan 35º.tan 40º.tan 45º.
tan 50º.tan 55º. Column-I Column-II
Sol. We have,
A. sin (1050°) p. −1/ 3
tan 35º.tan 40º.tan 45º.tan 50º.tan 55º
B. sin (120°) q. 3/4
= {tan 35º × tan 55º}{tan 40º × tan 50º} × tan 45º
= {tan 35º × cot 35º}.{tan 40º × cot 40º} × tan 45º = 1 C. cos2 (120°) r. − 3/2
Example 13: Find the value of tan(1º).tan(2º).tan(3º)......... D. tan (120°) s. 1/2
tan(89º).
E. sin (135°) t. 1/ 2
Sol. We have,
tan(1º).tan(2º).tan(3º)......tan(89º) F. sin2 9π/4 u. − 3
= tan(1º).tan(2º).tan(3º)........tan(44º)
G. sin 11π/3 v. 1/4
tan(45º) tan(46º).....tan(87º) tan(88º) tan(89º)
H. cos2 31π/6 w. 3/2
= {tan(1º) × tan(89º)}.{ tan(2º) × tan(88º)}.....
{tan(44º) × tan(46º)}. tan(45º) = 1 I. tan 41π/6 x. −1/2

Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 55

 Evaluation Table
π π π π 2π 3π 5π 7π 5π 4π 3π 5π 7π 11π
Radians 0 π 2π
6 4 3 2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2 3 4 6

Degree 0 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180° 210° 225° 240° 270° 300° 315° 330° 360°

1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1
sin 0 1 0 − − − −1 − − − 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 3
cos 1 0 − − − −1 − − − 0 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
tan 0 1 3 ND − 3 −1 − 0 1 3 ND − 3 −1 − 0
3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
cot ND 3 1 0 − −1 − 3 ND 3 1 0 − −1 − 3 ND
3 3 3 3
ND = Not defined

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SUM Example 16: If A + B = 45º, then find the value of (1 + tan A)
OR DIFFERENCE OF AN ANGLES (1 + tanB)
Sol. We have,
(a) sin (A ± B) = sinA cosB ± cosA sinB A + B = 45º ⇒ tan(A + B) = tan(45º) ⇒ tan(A + B) = 1
(b) cos (A ± B) = cosA cosB sinA sinB
tan A + tan B
(c) sin2A − sin2B = cos2B − cos2A = sin (A + B). sin(A − B) ⇒ =1
(d) cos2A − sin2B = cos2B − sin2A = cos(A + B). cos(A − B) 1 − tan A.tan B
tan A ± tan B ⇒ tanA + tanB = 1 – tanA . tanB
(e) tan (A ± B) =
1  tan A tan B ⇒ tanA + tanB + tanA . tanB = 1
cot A cot B  1 ⇒ 1 + tanA + tanB + tanA . tanB = 1 + 1 = 2
(f) cot (A ± B) =
cot B ± cot A ⇒ (1 + tanA) + tanB(1 + tanA) = 2
ADVANCED LEARNING ⇒ (1 + tanA) (1 + tanB) = 2
(g) sin (A + B + C) = sin A cos B cos C + sin B cos A cos C Example 17: Find the value of (1 + tan 20º) (1 + tan 24º)
+ sin C cos A cos B – sin A sin B sin C (1 + tan 25º) (1 + tan 21º)
(h) cos (A + B + C) = cos A cos B cos C – cos A sin B sin C Sol. We have,
– sin A cos B sin C – sin A sin B cos C (1 + tan 20º) (1 + tan 24º) (1 + tan 25º) (1 + tan 21º)
(i) tan (A + B + C) = {(1 + tan 20º) (1 + tan 25º)} × {(1 + tan 24º) (1 + tan 21º)}
= 2 × 2= 4
tan A + tan B + tan C − tan A tan B tan C
= . Example 18: If 2 tan α = 3 tanβ, then show that,
1 − tan A tan B − tan B tan C − tan C tan A
2sin β cos β
S1 − S3 + S5 − ... tan ( α − β ) =
(j) tan (θ1 + θ2 + θ3 + ....... + θn) = 4 + 2sin 2 β
1 − S2 + S4 − ...
tan α − tan β
Sol. We have, tan ( α − β ) =
1 + tan α.tan β
3
tan β − tan β
2 tan β
= =
3 2 + 3 tan 2 β
1 + tan β tan β
Example 15: Prove that cos(9º) + sin(9º) = 2 sin ( 54º ) 2
Sol. We have, cos(9º) + sin(9º) sin β
 1 1  cos β sin β cos β
= 2 cos ( 9º ) + sin ( 9º )  = =
sin β 2 cos 2 β + 3sin 2 β
2
 2 2  2+3
cos 2 β
= 2 ( sin ( 45º ) cos ( 9º ) + cos ( 45º ) sin ( 9º ) )
sin β cos β 2sin β cos β
= =
= 2 ( sin ( 45º=
+9º ) ) 2 sin ( 54º ) 2 + sin 2 β 4 + 2sin 2 β

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56 W JEE (XI) Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 Concept Application

10. Prove that tan(70°) = 2 tan(50°) + tan(20°) Example 19: Show that sin12° sin 48° . sin 54° = 1/8
11. Show that cos2q+ cos2(a + q) – 2 cos a cosq cos (a + q) 1
is independent of q. Sol. L.H.S. = [cos36°– cos60°]sin 54°
2
1 2 1 1 
12. If sin ( A − B ) = , cos ( A + B ) = find the value  cos 36° sin 54° − sin 54°
10 29 2 2 
of tan 2A where A and R lie between 0 and p/4. 1
=[2cos36°sin54°– sin54°]
4
1
=[sin 90° + sin l8°– sin54°]
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF 4
1
MULTIPLE AND SUB-MULTIPLE ANGLES =[1 – (sin 54° – sin 18°)1
4
1
(a) sin 2A = 2 sinA cosA = [1 – 2 sin 18°cos36°]
4
θ θ 1  2sin18° 
Note: sin θ = 2 sin cos = 1 − cos18° cos 36°
2 2 4 cos18° 
(b) cos 2A = cos²A − sin²A = 2cos²A − 1 = 1 − 2 sin²A 1  sin 36° cos 36° 
= 1−
θ θ 4  cos18° 

Note: 2 cos²
= 1 + cos θ, 2 sin² = 1 − cos θ.
2 2 1  2sin 36° cos 36° 
= 1−
4  2 cos18° 

2 tan A
(c) tan 2A = 1 sin 72°  1
1 − tan 2 A = 1− = = R.H.S.
4  2sin 72°  8
θ
2 tan Example 20: Prove that
Note: tan θ = 2
θ sin 2 A
1 − tan 2 (i) = tan A
2 1 + cos 2 A
(ii) tan A + cot A = 2 cosec 2 A
2 tan A 1 − tan 2 A
(d) sin 2A = 2
, cos 2A = 1 − cos A + cos B − cos( A + B) A B
1 + tan A 1 + tan 2 A (iii) = tan cot
1 + cos A − cos B − cos( A + B) 2 2
(e) sin 3A = 3 sinA − 4 sin3A
tan 5θ + tan 3θ
(f) cos 3A = 4 cos3A − 3 cosA (iv) = 4 cos 2θ cos 4θ
tan 5θ − tan 3θ
3 tan A − tan 3 A Sol.
(g) tan 3A = sin 2 A 2sin A cos A
1 − 3 tan 2 A (i) L.H.S.
= = tan A
1 + cos 2 A 2 cos 2 A
1
(h) sin 2=
A (1 − cos 2 A) (ii) L.H.S. tan A + cot A =
1 + tan 2 A
2
tan A
1
(i) cos 2=
A (1 + cos 2 A)  1 + tan 2 A  2
2 = 2 = = 2 cosec 2 A
 2 tan A  sin 2 A
1
(j)=
sin 3 A (3sin A − sin 3 A) 1 − cos A + cos B − cos( A + B)
4
(iii) L.H.S.
1 1 + cos A − cos B − cos( A + B)
(k) sinA sin (60 – A).sin(60 + A) = sin 3 A
4 A A A 
2sin 2
+ 2sin sin  + B
1 2 2  2 
(l) cosA.cos(60 – A).cos(60 + A) = cos 3 A =
4 A A A 
2 cos 2 − 2 cos cos  + B
(m) tan A . tan(60 – A) . tan(60 + A) = tan 3A 2 2  2 

(n) cotθ – tanθ = 2cot(2θ)

Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 57

  A A  1   4π   4π  
 sin + sin  + B  = −  2sin   cos   
A 2 2  π  7   7 
= tan   23 sin   
2 A A  7
 cos 2 − cos  2 + B 
 8π   π π
sin   sin  π +  sin  
 A+ B  B  =
−
7
  = − 
7  == 7 1
2sin cos   
A 2  2 A B π
23 sin  
π π 8
23 sin   8sin  
tan
=   tan cot
2 A + B B
  2 2 7 7 7
 2sin 2 sin  2  

tan 5θ + tan 3θ sin 5θ cos 3θ + sin 3θ cos 5θ
(iv) =
tan 5θ − tan 3θ sin 5θ cos 3θ − sin 3θ cos 5θ
sin 8θ Concept Application
= = 4 cos 2θ cos 4θ
sin 2θ
π   2π  2 4π 
tan  + A
4  2 cos A + sin A + sin 3 A 13. If f (=
θ ) sin 2 θ + sin 2  θ +  + sin  θ +  , then
Example 21: Prove that: =  3   3 
π  2 cos A − sin A − sin 3 A
tan  − A π
4  f   is equal to
1 + tan A  15 
– tan A (1 +=tan A) 2 1 + tan 2 A + 2 tan A 2 3 1 1
L.H.S. 1=
Sol.= (a) (b) (c) (d)
1 – tan A (1 – tan A) 2 1 + tan 2 A – 2 tan A 3 2 3 2
1 + tan A
3
14. Prove that sin(20º) sin (40º) sin(80º) =
2 tan A 8
1+
= = 1 + tan 2 A 1 + sin 2 A
2 tan A 1 – sin 2 A
1–
1 + tan 2 A
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
2 cos A + 2sin 2 A.cos A
R.H.S. =
2 cos A – 2sin 2 A cos A
OF STANDARD ANGLES
2 cos A(1 + sin 2 A) 1 + sin 2 A (a) sin n π = 0 ; cos n π = (−1)n ; tan n π = 0, where n ∈ Ι
= =
2 cos A(1 – sin 2 A) 1 – sin 2 A
π 3 −1 5π
Both sides reduce to the same result. (b) sin 15° or sin = = cos 75° or cos ;
12 2 2 12

 2π   4π   8π  1 π 3 +1 5π
Example 22: Prove that cos   cos   cos   = cos 15° or cos = = sin 75° or sin ;
 7   7   7  8 12 2 2 12
 2π   4π   8π  3 −1
Sol. We have cos   cos   cos   tan 15° = = 2 − 3 = cot 75°;
 7  7  7  3 +1
 2π   4π   π
cos   cos   cos  π +  3 +1
 7   7   7
tan 75° = = 2 + 3 = cot 15°
3 −1
π  2π   4π 
= − cos   cos   cos   To find the trigonometrical functions of an angle of 18°: Let θ
7
   7  7  stand for 18°, so that 2θ is 36° and 3θ is 54°.
1  π  π   2π   4π  Hence 2θ = 90° – 3θ and therefore sin 2θ = sin (90° – 3θ) = cos 3θ
= −  2sin   cos    cos   cos  
π 7  7   7   7  ∴ 2 sin θ cos θ = 4 cos3θ – 3 cos θ
2sin   
7
  Hence, either cos θ = 0, which gives θ = 90°, or
2 sin θ = 4 cos2 θ – 3 = 1 – 4 sin2θ
1   2π   2π    4π 
= −
π  2sin   cos    cos   ∴ 4 sin2 θ + 2 sin θ = 1
   7   7   7 
22 sin    
By solving this quadratic equation, we have (In our case sin θ is
7
necessarily a positive quantity. Hence we take the upper sign, and
have)

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58 W JEE (XI) Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 Since cos 2θ = 1 – 2 sin2θ,
5 −1
sin
= θ = sin18°
4 5 +1
∴ cos36° = 1 – 2 sin2 18° =
4
6−2 5 10 + 2 5
Hence cos 18° = 1 − sin 2 18°= 1− = The remaining trigonometrical functions of 36° may now be
16 16
found. Also, since 54° may be found.
The remaining trigonometrical ratio of 18° may be now found. Note: We must be careful while determining the square root of
Since 72° is the complement of 18°, the value of the ratios for 72° trigonometrical function e.g.
may be obtained.
A A
To find the trigonometrical functions of an angle of 36° 1 + sin A = sin + cos
2 2

Values of standard angles :

Concept Application

15. If a = 112° 30', find the value of sin a and cos a.

Example 23: Prove that : 4(sin(24º)+ cos(6º)) = (1 + 5 )
Sol. We have, 4 (sin(24º) + cos(6º)) 16. Find the value of cos 12° + cos 84° + cos 156°
= 4 (sin(24º) + sin (84º)) + cos 132°.

  24º +84º   24º −84º  

= 4  2sin   cos  
  2   2 
= 8 (sin (54º) cos(30º)) = 8 (cos(36º) cos(30º)) TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
 5 +1 1 
= 8  ×  = ( 5 + 1) (i) sin(A + B) + sin(A − B) = 2 sinA cosB
 4 2 C+D C−D
• sinC + sinD = 2 sin cos
π 2π 3π 4π 5 2 2
Example 24: Prove that sin sin sin sin =
5 5 5 5 16 (ii) sin(A + B) − sin(A − B) = 2 cosA sinB
Sol. L.H.S. = sin 36° sin72° sin 180° sin 144°
= sin 36° sin 72° sin (180° – 72°) sin (180° – 36°) C+D C−D
• sinC − sinD = 2 cos sin
= sin 36° sin 72° sin 72° sin 36° = sin2 36° sin2 72° 2 2
5 − 5 5 + 5 25 − 5 20 5 (iii) cos(A + B) + cos(A − B) = 2 cosA cosB
= × = ==
8 8 64 64 16 C+D C−D
• cosC + cosD = 2 cos cos
2 2

Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 59

 (iv) cos(A − B) − cos(A + B) = 2 sinA sinB
C+D C−D
• cosC − cosD = –2 sin sin
2 2

Example 26: If A + B + C = 180°, prove that,

sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 2 + 2cosA cosB cosC.
Sol. Let S = sin2A + sin2B + sin2C

sin 8θ cos θ − sin 6θ cos 3θ so that

Example 25: Prove that = tan 2θ
cos 2θ cos θ − sin 3θ sin 4θ 2S = 2sin2A + 1 – cos2B +1 – cos2C
2sin 8θ cos θ − 2sin 6θ cos 3θ = 2 sin2A + 2 – 2cos(B + C) cos(B – C)
Sol.
2 cos 2θ cos θ − 2sin 3θ sin 4θ = 2 – 2 cos2A + 2 – 2cos(B + C) cos(B – C)
sin 9θ + sin 7θ − sin 9θ − sin 3θ ∴ S = 2 + cosA [cos(B – C) + cos(B + C)]
=
cos 3θ + cos θ − cos θ + cos 7θ
since cosA = – cos(B + C)
2sin 2θ cos 5θ
= = tan 2θ ∴ S = 2 + 2 cos A cos B cos C
2 cos 5θ cos 2θ
Example 27: If A + B + C = 180° prove that cos A + cos B
A B C
+ cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
Concept Application Sol. (cos A + cos B) + cos C – 1

= 2 cos
A + B cos A − B + cos C – 1
1 2 2
1
17. If sin A − sin B = and cos A − cos B = then find π C A− B
2 3 = 2 cos  −  cos + cos C – 1
 A+ B  . 2 2 2
tan  
 2  C A− B C
= 2sin cos + 1 – 2sin2 – 1
18. The product cot 123°. cot 133° . cot 137° . cot 147°, when 2 2 2
simplified is equal to
C A− B C
(a) –1 (b) tan 37° (c) cot 33° (d) 1 = 2 sin cos – 2sin2
2 2 2
C A− B  π A + B 
= 2sin  cos − sin  − 
2 2 2 2  
CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES C A B A B C
= 2 sin 2 sin sin = 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
If A + B + C = π then :
Example 28: If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle, show
(i) sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4 sinA sinB sinC that tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
A B C Sol. We have
(ii) sinA + sinB + sinC = 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2 tan A + tan B + tan C − tan A tan B tan C
tan (A + B + C) =
(iii) cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = − 1 − 4 cos A cos B cos C 1 − (tan B tan C + tan C tan A + tan A tan B)
A B C But tan (A + B + C) = tan 180° = 0
(iv) cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2 Hence 0 = tan A + tan B + tan C – tan A tan B tan C
(v) tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC i.e, tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
A B B C C A This may also be proved independently. For
(vi) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan =1
2 2 2 2 2 2 tan (A + B) = tan (180° – C) = – tanC.

A B C A B C tan A + tan B
(vii) cot + cot + cot = cot .cot .cot ∴ − tan C
=
2 2 2 2 1 − tan A tan B
2 2
(viii) cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1 tan A + tan B = –tan C + tan A tan B tan C

π tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C

(ix) A + B + C = then tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1
2

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60 W JEE (XI) Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 Concept Application

19. In triangle ABC, prove that sin (B + C – A) + Example 29: Find the maximum and minimum values of
sin (C + A – B) + sin (A + B – C) = 4 sin A sin B sin C.
f(θ) = sin6θ + cos6θ
20. Prove that in triangle ABC, cos2A + cos2B – cos2
Sol. We have, f(θ) = sin6θ + cos6θ = (sin2q)3 + (cos2q)3
C = 1 – 2 sin A sin B cos C.
= ( sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ )2 − 3sin 2 θ cos 2 θ ( sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ )
3
θ 1 – ( 4sin 2 θ cos 2 θ )
= 1 – 3sin 2 θ cos 2=
APPLICATION OF TRIGONOMETRY 4
IN OPTIMISATION (MAXIMISING 3 3
= 1 – (sin 2 2θ) = 1 + ( − sin 2 2θ )
AND MINIMISING) 4 4
As we know that, –1 ≤ (–sin2 2θ) ≤ 0
Type-I
3 3 ( − sin 2θ )
2

Maximising and minimising by using the property of boundedness ⇒ − ≤ ≤0

4 4
of trigonometric functions.
3 3(− sin 2 2θ) 1
(a) Sine and cosine have bounded values between –1 and 1. ⇒ 1− ≤ 1+ ≤ 1 ⇒ ≤ f ( θ) ≤ 1
4 4 4
(b) Tangent and cotangent are unbounded functions. Hence, the maximum value = 1
(c) cosec and sec have values greater than or equal to 1 and less 1
and the minimum value =
than or equal to –1. 4
(d) 0 ≤ sin2x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ cos2x ≤ 1, tan2x ≥ 0, sec2x ≥ 1. Example 30: Find minimum and maximum value of
Note: If maximum value of a function is ‘b’, and minimum 7 cos θ + 24 sin θ.
value ‘a’ then range is [a, b]. Sol. y = 7 cos θ + 24 sin θ.

− a 2 + b 2 ≤ a cos θ + b sin θ ≤ a 2 + b 2
Special Cases
When angle of sine and cosine are same ∴ − 7 2 + 242 ≤ 7 cos θ + 24sin θ ≤ 7 2 + 242
E = a sin θ + b cos θ
–25 ≤ 7 cos θ + 24 sin θ ≤ 25.
2  2a b 
E
⇒= a +b  sin θ + cos θ  Hence, ymin = –25
 a + b 
2 2 2 2
a +b
  
ymax = 25
b a Example 31: y = cos 2x + 3 sin x. Find range of y.
Let = sin α & = cos α
2 2 2 2
a +b a +b Sol. y = 1 – 2sin2x + 3sinx
b  3 9 9
2 2
⇒ E = a + b sin (θ + α), where tan α = ⇒ 1 − 2 sin 2 x − sin x + −
a  2 16 16 
2
Hence for any real value of θ,  3 9
⇒ 1 − 2 sin x −  + ;
 4 8
− a 2 + b2 ≤ E ≤ a 2 + b2
2
17  3
y =− 2 sin x −
Type-II 8  4 
If argument of sine and cosine are different or a quadratic in 17 3
sine/cos is given then we make a perfect square in sine/cosine and ymax = at sin x =
8 4
interpret. ymin = – 4 at sin x = – 1
Type-III  17  17
y ∈  −4,  ; ymax = ; ymin = – 4
 8 8
Making use of reciprocal relationship between tan and cot,
sin/cosec and cos/sec.

Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 61

 β
Example 32: If y = a2tan2x + b2cot2x (a, b ≥ 0). Find 2 sin (α + n − 1 β) sin
2
minimum value of y.  β  β
= cos α + (2n − 3)  − cos α + (2n − 1) 
b2  2   2
Sol. y = a2tan2x + – 2ab + 2ab 
tan 2 x Adding, we get R.H.S. of equation (i)
2
 b   β  β
⇒  a tan x −  + 2ab ≥ 2ab = cos  α −  − cos α + (2n − 1)  ;
 tan x   2  2
ymin. = 2ab nβ
sin
hence, S
= 2 sin α + (n − 1) β 
β  2 
sin 
2
Concept Application (2) cos α + cos (α + β) + cos (α + 2β) + ... + cos(α + n − 1 β)
nβ
sin
= 2 × cos α + (n − 1) β 
1 
21. Find the range of the function sin
β  2 
3sin x + 4 cos x + 2 2

22. Find the maximum and minimum value of cos2θ – 6
sin θ cos θ + 3sin2θ + 2. Type-II
For n sided regular polygon
23. If A = sin2θ + cos4θ, then for all real values of θ
Sum of all exterior angles = 2π
3
(a) 1 ≤ A ≤ 2 (b) ≤ A ≤1 2π
4 (i) The value of one exterior angle =
n
13 3 13
(c) ≤ A ≤1 (d) ≤ A≤  2π  (n – 2)
16 4 16 (ii) The value of one interior angle =
π – =π
 n  n

SUMMATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC SERIES

Type-I
2
Sum of the sin and cosine series when the angles are in A.P.
n
(1) sin α + sin (α + β) + sin (α + 2β) + .... + sin (α + ( n − 1 )β)
(iii) Sum of interior angles = π(n – 2)
nβ
sin
2 × sin α + (n − 1) β  Type-III
= 
sin
β  2  Splitting the sum series as difference of 2 terms.
2 Here each term of trigonometric series is splitted into difference
Proof : Let S = sin α + sin (α + β) + sin (α + 2β) + .... + sin of two so that most of the terms while adding them gets cancelled.
(α + n − 1 β) Type-IV Continued Product of Cosine Series
Here angle are in A.P. and common difference of 1
angles = β cos A cos 2A cos 4A cos 8A .... cos2n–1 A = n sin (2n A)
2 sin A
β Proof : Multiplying above and below by 2n sin A
∴ multiplying both sides by 2 sin , we get
2 2n −1
β β β ∴ LHS = n [2 sin A cos A cos 2A cos 4A ... cos 2n – 1 A]
2S sin = 2 sin α sin + 2 sin (α + β) sin + ..... + 2 sin 2 sin A
2 2 2
2n − 2
β = n
[2 sin 2A cos 2A cos 4A .... cos 2n – 1 A]
(α + n − 1 β) sin  ... (i) 2 sin A
2
2n − 3
β  β  β = [2 sin 4A cos 4A .... cos 2n – 1 A]
Now, 2 sin α sin = cos  α −  − cos  α +  2n sin A
2  2  2
1
β  β  3β  = n [2 sin 2n – 1 A cos 2n – 1 A]
2 sin (α + β) sin = cos  α +  − cos  α +  2 sin A
2  2  2 
… … … … … … … … … … 1 sin(2n A)
= n sin (2 · 2n–1 A) = n
… … … … … … … … … … 2 sin A 2 sin A

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62 W JEE (XI) Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 2π
(A1A3)2 = 4R2 · sin2
n
Example 33: Find the summation of the following series 3π
(A1A4)2 = 4R2 · sin2 ...
2π 4π 6π n
(i) cos + cos + cos
7 7 7 (n − 1)π
(A1An)2 = 4R2 · sin2
π 2π 3π 4π 5π n
(ii) cos + cos + cos + cos + cos
7 7 7 7 7 ∴ (A1A2)2 + (A1A3)2 + .... + (A1An)2
6π
+ cos  π 2π 3π (n − 1)π 
7 4 R 2 sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 + ... sin 2
 n n n n 
Sol.
1 2
 2π 6π  4R
 +  2
 7 7  3π
2π 4π 6π cos sin  2π 4π 6π 2(n − 1)π 
2 7
(i) cos + cos + cos = 1 − cos n + 1 − cos n + 1 − cos n + ...1 − cos n 
7 7 7 π  
sin
7  (n − 1)π  2π 2(n − 1)π  
4π 3π 3π 3π 6π  sin  + 
cos sin − cos sin sin n · cos  n n
7 7 7 7 7 = 1 2R2 (n – 1) – 2R2  

= = =
− −  sin  π   2  
π π π 2      
sin sin 2sin  n
 
7 7 7
⇒ 2R2(n – 1) – 2R2 (–1) ⇒ 2R2n – 2R2 + 2R2 ⇒ 2nR2
π 2π 3π 4π 5π 6π
(ii) cos + cos + cos + cos + cos + cos Example 35: S = cosec x + cosec 2x + cosec 4x + ..... +
7 7 7 7 7 7
x
 π 6π  cosec 2n x = cot – cot 2n x.
2
 +  6π
cos  7 7  sin
 2  14 π 6π x  x
cos sin sin   sin  x − 
=  = = 0 2 14 Sol. Let
= cosec x = 2  2

π π x  x
sin sin sin · sin x sin   · sin x
14 14 2 2
Example 34: In a regular polygon of n-sides with A1, A2, ... x x
sin x · cos − cos x · sin
An vertices prove that 2 2 x
= = cot − cot x
x 2
(A1A2)2 + (A1A3)2 + (A1A4)2 + ..... + (A1An)2 = 2nR2 sin · sin x
2
where R is the radius of circumcircle circumscribing it.
 x 
Sol. (A1A2)2 + (A1A3)2 + .... (A1An)2 = 2nR2 S =  cot − cot x  + (cot x – cot 2x) + (cot 2x – cot 22 x)
 2 
2π + ... (cot 2n – 1 x – cot 2n x)
θ=
n  x 
S  cot − cot 2n · x 
⇒=
 2 
π 2π 3π 4π
Example 36: Prove that cos cos cos cos
15 15 15 15

5π 6π 7π 1
cos cos cos =
15 15 15 128
5π π 1
Sol. cos = cos = ,
By trigonometry 15 3 2

π 7π 8π
(A1A2)2 = 4R2 · sin2 cos = – cos
n 15 15

Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 63

  π 2π 4π  8π   25. The product
=L.H.S. cos cos cos  − cos  
 15 15 15  15    x  x  x  x 
 cos  ⋅  cos  ⋅  cos  …… cos  is equal
π  3π   2  4  8  256 
sin 24   sin  22 
 3π 6π  1 1  15   15  to:
 cos cos  · = − · ·
3π
 15 15  2 2 24 sin π 22 sin sinx 1
15 15 (a) x (b) x
1 128sin 256sin
= , as sin (π + θ) = – sin θ 256 256
128
sin x sin x
(c) x (d)
128sin x
512sin
Concept Application 128 512

26. Find the summation of the following series

π 3π 5π
24. sin + sin + sin +… up to n terms is equal to
n n n π 3π 5π 7π 9π
cos + cos + cos + cos + cos
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0 11 11 11 11 11

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64 W JEE (XI) Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 AARAMBH (SOLVED EXAMPLES)
sin 4 α cos 4 α 1 sin 8 α cos8 α  π
1. If + =then, + =
= 2 cos  θ + 
a b a+b a3 b3  4
1 1 X Y 2sin(θ + π / 4) 2 cos(θ + π / 4)
(a) 3 (b) =
Now − −
( a + b) ( a − b)3 Y X 2 cos(θ + π / 4) 2sin(θ + π / 4)
(c) (a + b)3 (d) (a – b)3  −2 cos(2θ + π / 2) 

=  =  2 tan 2θ
sin α cos α
Sol.
4 4
1  sin(2θ + π / 2) 
+ =
a b a+b Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.
(a + b)
sin 4 α +
(a + b) 4 π 3π 5π 7π
cos α =1 3. Evaluate: cos
6
+ cos 6 + cos 6 + cos 6
a b 16 16 16 16
b a

⇒ sin 4 α + sin 4 α + cos 4 α + cos 4 α =1
a b (a) 5/8 (b) 5/4 (c) 7/16 (d) 5/32
b a  π π  3π 3π 

⇒ 1 − 2sin 2 α cos 2 α + sin 4 α + cos 4 α =1 Sol.  cos 6 + sin 6  +  cos 6 + sin 6
a b 
 16 16   16 16 
2
  3π 2 3π
⇒  b sin 2 α − a cos 2 α  = 0
=
π π
2 − 3cos 2 sin 2 − 3cos 2 sin
 a b  16 16 16 16
 
3 2 π 3π 
= 2 − sin + sin 2 
a+b 4 8 8
a 3 π π 5
= 2 − sin 2 + cos 2  =
4 8 8 4
a
Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.
b x y z
a =
4. If = , then x + y + z is

⇒ tan 2 α = cos θ 2 π 2π 
b   
cos  θ + cos θ −
sin 8 α cos8 α  3  
 3 

⇒ Now, + equal to:
a3 b3
a4 1 b4 1 1 (a) −1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2

= + =
(a + b)
4
a 3
(a + b)
4
b 3
(a + b)
3
x y z
Sol. Given = = = λ (say)
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. cos θ  2π   2π 
cos  θ + cos θ −
 3  
 3 
 7π   π  3π    2π   2π  
X sin  θ +
2. If =  + sin  θ −  + sin  θ +  , ⇒ x + y + z = λ cos θ + cos  θ + + cos  θ − 
 12   12   12  3  3  
  
 7π   π  3π   2π 
Y cos  θ +
=  + cos  θ −  + cos  θ +  , then = λ cos θ + 2 cos θ cos  = 0
 12   12   12   3 
X Y Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.
− =
Y X 5. If a + b + g + d = 2p. Prove that cos a + cos b + cos g + cos
(a) 2tan2q (b) 2tan2q
 α+β α+γ α+δ
(c) 2cot2q (d) None of these d + 4 cos   cos   cos  
 2   2   2 
 7π   π  3π 
Sol. =
X sin  θ +  + sin  θ −  + sin  θ +  (a) 3/2 (b) 5/4 (c) 3 (d) 0
 12   12   12 
Sol. Given a + b + g + d = 2p
θ+π π  π
= 2sin   cos   + sin  θ +  Tanking L.H.S. we have
 4  3  4
cos a + cos b + cos g + cos d + 
 π 

= 2sin  θ +   α+β α+γ α+δ
 4  4 cos   cos   cos  
 2   2   2 
 7π   π  3π 
Y cos  θ +  + cos  θ −  + cos  θ + 
=
 12   12   12  ⇒ 2 cos α + β cos α − β + 2 cos γ + δ cos γ − δ +

2 2 2 2
 π 1  π

= 2 cos  θ +  ⋅ + cos  θ +   α + β  α+γ α+δ
4 2 4 4 cos   cos   cos  
   2   2   2 

Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 65


g + d = 2p – (a + b) h x tan 36° tan 36° 1 − tan 2 36°
Hence,
= = =
γ+δ  α+β  α+β k x tan 72° 2 tan 36° 2

so cos = cos  π −  = − cos  
2  2   2  1 − tan 2 36°
 α +β   α −β   γ − δ  Then ordered triple (a, b, c) is (1, 1, 2).

2 cos   cos   − cos  
 2   2   2  Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

 α+β α+γ α+δ  α+β 7. Which of the following is/are correct?


+ 4 cos   cos   cos  =2 cos  
 2   2   2   2  (a) (tan x)ln (sin x ) > (cot x)ln (sin x ) , ∀x ∈ ( 0, π / 4 )

< (1/ 3)ln ( cos x ) , ∀x ∈ ( 0, π / 2 )

ln ( cos x )

 α + γ − (β + δ)  ( γ + β) − (α + δ)  (b) (1/ 2)
 2 cos  4
 sin
4 
    (c) 4ln cos ecx < 5ln cos ecx , ∀x ∈ ( 0, π / 2 )
 α+β α+γ α+δ
> 2ln (sin x ) , ∀x ∈ ( 0, π / 2 )
ln ( tan x )
 + 4 cos   cos   cos   (d) 2
 2   2   2 
 π
Sol. (a)
For x ∈  0,  , tan x < cot x

 b + d + 2p – (a + g) and g + b = 2p – (a + d)  4
α + γ − (β + δ) Also ln (sin x) < 0 ⇒ (tan x) ln (sin x) > (cot x) ln (sin x)

so, sin
4  π
x ∈  0,  ⇒ cos x ∈ ( 0,1)
(b)
2( α + γ ) − 2π π α+γ  2
= sin = − sin  − 
4 2 2  ⇒ ln (cos x) < 0
α+γ γ + β − ( α + δ) ln ( cos x ) ln ( cos x )
= − cos and sin 1 1 1 1
2 4 Also > ⇒  < 
2 3 2 3
 2π − 2(α + δ)   α+δ  α+β
= sin
=   cos   ⇒ 2 cos  2   π
 4   2    (c) x ∈  0,  , cosec x ≥ 1 ⇒ ln ( cosec x ) ≥ 0
 2
Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.
⇒ 4 ln(cosec x) < 5ln(cosec x)
6. In a kite ABCD, AB = AD and CB = CD. If ∠A = 108° and
 π
∠C = 36° then the ratio of the area of DABD to the area of (d)
x ∈  0, 
 2
a − b tan 2 36° Since sin x < tan x, we get ln (sin x) < ln (tan x) |
DCBD can be written in the form where a, b
c ⇒ 2 ln sin x < 2ln tan x
and c are relatively prime positive integers. Determine the Therefore, option (a,b,c,d) is the correct answers.
ordered triple (a, b, c). 8. If the equation cot4x – 2cosec2x + a2 = 0 has at least one
solution then possible integral values of a can be:
(a) (1, 2, 1) (b) (2, 1, 1) (c) (4, 3, 2) (d) (1, 1, 2)
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
Sol. Since the triangles ABD and CBD have a common base, Sol. ⇒ cot4 x – 2 (1+ cot2x) + a2 = 0
hence the ratio of their areas equals the ratio of their heights.
⇒ cot4x – 2cot2x + a2 – 2 = 0

A
⇒ (cot2x – l)2 = 3 – a2
to have atleast one solution
54°
h ⇒ 3 – a2 ≥ 0

36° x ⇒ a2 – 3 ≤ 0
B D
x 72° ∴ a ∈  − 3, 3 
Therefore, option (a,b,c) is the correct answers.
k
9. (a + 2) sin α + (2a – 1) cos α = (2a + 1) if tan α =
3 4 2a 2a
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 2
4 3 a +1 a −1
Sol.
C α
Let tan =t
h 2
Since tan
= 36° , then
= h x tan 36° (a + 2) 2t + (2a – 1) (1 – t2) = (2a + 1) (t2 + 1)
x
k ⇒ 2a t + 4t + 2a – 2a t2 – 1 + t2 = 2a + 1 + 2a t2 + t2


⇒ tan
= 72° , then
= k x tan 72°
x ⇒ 4a t2 – 2t (2 + a) + 2 = 0 ⇒ 2a t2 – 2t – a t + 1 = 0

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66 W JEE (XI) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

⇒ 2t(at – 1) – 1 (at – 1) = 0 ⇒ t = 1/2, t = 1/a sin c
2 tan α / 2 =

⇒ tanα = c  α −β 
1 – tan 2 α / 2 cos 2 − sin 2  
2  2 
2 × 1/ 2 This is minimum when denominator is maximum i.e. when
⇒ tan α = = 4/3
1 –1/ 4  α −β 
sin 2   is zero.
2/a 2a  2 
or tan α = =
1 –1/ a 2 a 2 − 1 c c
2sin cos
Therefore, option (b,d) is the correct answers. 2 2 c
= 2 tan
2 c 2
cos
10. If 3 sin β=sin (2α+β), then tan (α+β) – 2 tan α is 2
(a) Independent of α Therefore, option (a,b) is the correct answers.
(b) Independent of β 12.
(c) Dependent of both α and β Column–Ι Column–ΙΙ
(d) Independent of α but dependent of β A. If for some real x, the equation x p. 2
Sol. 3 sin β = sin (2α + β) 1
+ = 2 cos θ holds, then cos θ is
x
sin(2α + β) 3
⇒
= equal to
sin β 1
B. If sin θ + cosec θ = 2, then sin2023 q. 1
Applying componendo & dividendo θ + cosec2023θ is equal to
sin(2α + β) + sin β 3 + 1 2 C. Maximum value of sin4θ + cos4θ r. 0

⇒ = =
sin(2α + β) − sin β 3 − 1 1 is
2sin(α + β).cos α D. Least value of 2 sin2θ + 3 cos2θ is s. –1
⇒
2
=
2 cos (α + β) sin α (a)
A → q, s; B → p; C → q; D → p

⇒ tan(α + β) = 2 tan α (b)
A → p; B → q, s; C → q; D → p
⇒ tan (α + β) – 2tan α = 0 (c)
A → s; B → p; C → q, s; D → p
Hence, independent of α & β both. (d)
A → s; B → p; C → q; D → q, s
Therefore, option (a,b) is the correct answers. 1
Sol. (a) x + = 2 cos θ ≥ 2 or ≤ – 2
11. If a + b = c where a, b > 0 each lying between 0 and p/2 x
⇒ cos θ = 1 or –1
and c is a constant, then
(b) sin θ + cosec θ = 2
c
(a) The maximum value of sin a + sin b = 2sin 1
2  sin θ + ≥ 2 or ≤ – 2
sin θ
c 1
(b) The minimum value of tan a + tan b = 2 tan but given that sin θ + cosec θ = 2 ⇒ sin θ + =2
2 sin θ
c which is possible only when sin θ = 1
(c) The maximum value of sin a + sin b = 4sin 1
2 ∴ sin2023 θ + cosec2023 θ = sin2023 +
sin 2023
c
(d) The minimum value of tan a + tan b = 4 tan = 1 + 1 = 2
2
(c) sin4θ + cos4θ = (sin2θ + cos2θ)2 – 2 sin2 θ cos2 θ
 α+β  α −β  1
Sol. sin a + sin b = 2sin   cos   = 1– sin2 2θ
 2   2  2
c  α −β   0 ≤ sin2 2θ ≤ 1
= 2sin cos  
2  2  1 1
∴ ≤ 1– sin2 2θ ≤ 1
c 2 2
Its max. value is 2sin ∴ maximum value = 1
2
(d) 2 sin2θ + 3 cos2θ = 2 sin2θ + 3 – 3 sin2 θ = 3 – sin2 θ
sin ( α + β )
tan a + tanb =  0 ≤ sin2 θ ≤ 1
cos α cos β
∴ 2 ≤ 3 – sin2 θ ≤ 3
2sin c
= ∴ least value = 2
cos ( α + β ) + cos ( α − β ) Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 67

Comprehension Question (13 - 14) 11π  3π  3π
Sol. :=x cot = cot  π + =  cot = 2 − 1
Let a is a root of the equation (2sinx – cos x) (1+ cos x) 8  8  8
= sin2x, b is a root of the equation 3cos2x – 10 cos x + 3 (x+1)2 = 2
= 0 and g is a root of the equation 1 – sin 2x = cos x – sin x. x2 + 2 x – l = 0
0 ≤ a,b,g ≤ π , then f (x) = x4 + 4x3 +2 x2 – 4x+7
2
= x2(x2 + 2x – l) + 2 x3 + 3x2 – 4x + 7
13. cos a + cos b + cos g can be equal to
= 2x (x2 + 2x – 1) – x2 – 2x + 7 = – x2 – 2x + 7
3 6 +2 2 +6 3 3 +8 = – (x2+2x– 1) + 6 = 0 + 6 = 6
(a) (b)
6 2 6 Therefore, 6 is the correct answer.
3 3+2 16. If cos (θ – φ), cosθ, cos(θ + φ), are in H. P, then the value of
(c) (d) None of these
6 φ π
2 cosθ.sec is ( 0 < θ, φ < )
Sol. Now, (2sin x – cos x) (1 + cos x) = sin2x 2 2
⇒ (1 + cos x)[2sinx – cosx – 1 + cosx] = 0 2 cos(θ − φ).cos(θ + φ) 2(cos 2 θ − sin 2 φ)
= Sol. cos θ =
⇒ (1 + cos x) (2sinx – 1) = 0 cos(θ − φ) + cos(θ + φ) 2 cos θ .cos φ
1 2 2
⇒ cos θ . cos φ = cos θ – sin φ 2
⇒ cos x = – 1 or sin x =
2 ⇒ sin2 φ . cos2 θ (1 – cos φ)
1  π φ φ φ
So, sin α =   as 0 ≤ α ≤  ⇒ 4 sin2 . cos2 = 2 cos2 θ . sin2
2  2 2 2 2
3 φ
∴ cos α = ⇒ cos θ sec = 2
2 2
3 cos2 x – 10 cos x + 3 = 0 Therefore, 2 is the correct answer.
1  π
=cos x , cos x ≠ 3 17. The maximum value of 5 cosθ + 3cos  θ +  + 3 is
3  3
 π
1 2 2 Sol. 5 cosθ + 3cos θ+  + 3
cos
= β ,sin
= β  3
3 3
π π
and 1 – sin2x = cos x – sin x = 5 cosθ + 3 (cosθ cos –sinθ sin ) + 3
3 3
⇒ sin2 x + cos2 x – 2 sin x cos x = cos x – sin x
3 3 3
⇒ (cos x – sin x) (cos x – sin x – 1) = 0 = 5 cosθ + cosθ – sinθ + 3
2 2
1
⇒ sin
= x cos = x 13 3 3
2 = cos θ − sin θ + 3
2 2
or cos x – sin x = 1 2 2
 13   3 3 
⇒ cos x = l,sinx = 0 \ maximum value = 3 +   +  − 
⇒ cos g = 1, sin g = 0  2   2 
3 1 3 3 +8 196
cos a + cos b+cos g= + + 1= =3+ = 3 + 7 = 10
2 3 6 4
Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer. Therefore, 10 is the correct answer.
14. sin(a – b) is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 0 18. If x2 + y2 = 4 and a2 + b2 = 8. Find sum of minimum and
maximum value of (ax + by).
1− 2 6 3−2 2
(c) (d)
6 6 Sol. Let x = r1 cos θ, y = r1 sinθ and a = r2 cos φ; b = r2 sin φ
Sol. sin(a – b) = sin a cos b – cos a sin b ∴ r1 = 2, r2 = 2 2
1 1 3 2 2 1− 2 6
Then (ax + by) = r 1 r 2 cos (θ – φ), –r 1 r 2 ≤ (ax + by)
= × − × = ≤ r1r2
2 3 2 3 6
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer. – 4 2 ≤ (ax + by) ≤ 4 2

11π ymax = 4 2 and ymin = – 4 2

15. The value of f(x) = x4 + 4x3 + 2x2 – 4x + 7, when x = cot
8
is Therefore, 0 is the correct answer.

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68 W JEE (XI) Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 SCHOOL LEVEL PROBLEMS
SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
−4 10. Find the value of 3cosec20 − sec20
1. If tanθ = , then sinθ is
3

−4 4 −4 4
(a) but not (b) or sin ( x + y ) a+b tan x a
=
5 5 5 5 11. If = , then show that
sin ( x − y ) a −b tan y b
4 4
(c) but not − (d) None of these
5 5 12. If q lies in the second quadrant, then show that
2. The value of sin20° sin40° sin 60° sin80° is
1 − sinθ 1 + sinθ
+ −2secθ
=
−3 5 1 + sinθ 1 − sinθ
(a) (b)
16 16
3 1 13. If cotθ +=
tanθ 2cosecθ , then find the general value of q.
(c) (d)
16 16
14. If tanθ + sinθ =m and tanθ − sinθ =n , then prove that
3. If sinθ + cosθ =1 , then the value of sin2θ is equal to
m 2 − n 2 = 4sinθ tanθ
1
(a) 1 (b)
2 4 5
15. If cos ( α + β ) = and sin ( α − β ) = , where a lie between
(c) 0 (d) –1 5 13
π
4. The value of sin ( 45 + θ ) − cos ( 45 − θ ) is 0 and , find the value of tan2α.
4
(a) 2cosθ (b) 2sinθ
tanA + secA − 1 1 + sinA
16. Prove that =
(c) 1 (d) 0 tanA − secA + 1 cosA
π  π 
5. The value of cot  + θ  cot  − θ  is
 4   4  LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) Not defined 17. Find the value of
1 1
6. If=
tan A = , tan B , then tan ( 2 A + B ) is equal to  π  3π  5π  7π 
2 3 1 + cos 1 + cos 1 + cos 1 + cos 

8  8  8  8 
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
2
1 − tan 15  18. Show that
7. The value of is
1 + tan 2 15 2sin 2β + 4cos ( α + β ) sinαsinβ + cos2 ( α +=
β ) cos2α

(a) 1 (b) 3
19. Find the value of the expression
3
(c) (d) 2
2 π 3π 5π 7π
cos 4 + cos 4 + cos 4 + cos 4
8. Which of the following is correct? 8 8 8 8
(a) sin1° > sin1 (b) sin1° < sin1
π 20. If sin ( θ + α ) =a and sin ( θ + β ) =b , then prove that
(d) sin1 = sin1

(c) sin1° = sin1
18 cos2 ( α − β ) − 4abcos ( α − β ) = 1 − 2a 2 − 2b 2
9. The value of tan75° – cot75° is equal to

(a) 2 3 (b) 2 + 3 21. If acos2θ + bsin2θ = c has a and b as its roots, then prove
2b
(c) 2 − 3 (d) 1 that tanα + tanβ = .
a+c

Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 69

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS 23. Find the value of tan(A + B)

Case Study-I 36 56
(a) (b)
Rajiv constructs two right angled triangles in the fourth quadrant 33 65
4
in such a way that the measure of triangle gives cos A = and 56 56
5 (c) − (d)
12 33 33
cosB = , where 3π < A and B < 2p.
13 2
Case Study-II
Y
12 In a class test of class XI, a teacher asked to students to consider
π
4 A + B = , where A and B are acute angles.
4
A B
X Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

24. Find the value of (1 + tan A) (1 + tan B)?

13 (a) –1 (b) 0

(c) 1 (d) 2

Based on the above information, answer the following questions. 25. Find the value of sin (A + B) – cos (A + B) + tan (A + B).
22. Find the value of cos(A + B)
(a) –1 (b) 0
13 13 33 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) 1 (d) 2
16 65 65 16

PRARAMBH (TOPICWISE)
ANGLE AND ITS MEASUREMENT 5. If sin A tan A = cos2 A then cos3A + cos2A is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 2
1. An equilateral triangle has side length 8. The area of the
region containing all points outside the triangle but not more (c) 4 (d) None of these
than 3 units from a point on the triangle is 11
6. If cosec A + cot A = , then tan A is
(a) 9 (8 + p) (b) 8 (9 + p) 2
21 15
 π π (a) (b)
(c) 9  8 +  (d) 8  9 +  22 16
 2  2
44 117
2. The perimeter of a certain sector of a circle is equal to half (c) (d)
117 43
that of the circle of which it is a sector. The circular measure
of one angle of the sector is 7. Which of the following statement is incorrect?
π
(a) (π – 2) radian (b) (π + 2) radian (a) Tangent of odd integral multiple of is not defined.
2
(c) π radian (d) (π – 3) radian
(b) Cotangent of integral multiple of p is not defined.
(c) Tangent of odd integral multiple of p is 0.
BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
π
3. Number of values of q for which cos θ = 0.707 (q ∈ (0, 2p)) (d) Cotangent of integral multiple of is not defined.
2
(a) 1 (b) 3
sin 3 θ − cos3 θ cos θ
(c) 4 (d) 2 8. − – 2 tan θ cot θ = –1 if
sin θ − cos θ 1 + cot 2 θ
2 sin α 1 + sin α − cos α
4. If = λ then is equal to
 π π
1 + sin α + cos α 1 + sin α (a) θ ∈  0,  (b) θ ∈  , π 
 2 2 
1
(a) (b) λ
λ  3π   3π 
(c) θ ∈  π,  (d) θ ∈  , 2π 
(c) 1 – λ (d) 1 + λ  2   2 

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70 W JEE (XI) Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 tan 3 A cot 3 A π 3π 5π 7π
9. If + = p secA cosecA + q sinAcosA, 20. sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 =
1 + tan A 1 + cot 2 A
2
8 8 8 8
then (a) 1 (b) –1
(a) p = 2, q = l (b) p = l, q = 2 (c) 0 (d) 2
(c) p = l, q = –2 (d) p = 2, q = –1
21. If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, then the value of
cos A – cos B + cos C – cos D =
SIGN OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO AND
(a) 0 (b) 1
ALLIED ANGLE AND REDUCTON FORMULAE
(c) 2(cos B – cos D) (d) 2(cos A – cos C)
  3π   22. The value of sin 1·cos 2·tan 3·cot 4·sec 5.cosec 6 is
10. The expression 3 sin 4  − α  + sin 4 (3π + α)  −
  2   (a) Positive
 π  
2 sin 6  + α  + sin 6 (5π + α)  is equal to (b) Negative
 2  
(c) Zero
(a) 0 (b) 1 (d) May be positive and Negative
(c) 3 (d) sin 4α + sin 6α
11. cos (540º – θ) – sin (630º – θ) is equal to 1
23. The value of expression ∑8θ=0 equal is to
1 + tan 3 (10θ)
(a) 0 (b) 2 cos θ
(c) 2 sin θ (d) sinθ – cosθ 21 14 9
(a) 5 (b) (c) (d)
12. The value of sin (p + q) sin (p – q) cosec2q is equal to 4 3 2
(a) –1 (b) 0 24. If a = cos (2012 p), b = sec(2013 p) and c = tan(2014 p),
(c) sin θ (d) None of these then
π 2π 3π 4π 5π 6π (a) a < b < c (b) b < c < a
13. cos 0 + cos + cos + cos + cos + cos + cos =
7 7 7 7 7 7
(c) c < b < a (d) a = b < c
(a) 1/2 (b) –1/2
(c) 0 (d) 1
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
14. The value of cos 10° – sin 10° is
(a) Positive (b) Negative
(SUM TO PRODUCT AND PRODUCT TO SUM)
(c) 0 (d) 1 sin 24° cos 6° − sin 6° sin 66°
25. The value of is is
sin 21° cos 39° − cos 51° sin 69°
15. Angle in 3rd quadrant whose sine and cosine are equal
(a) 3π/2 (b) 5π/4 (c) 2π (d) π/2 (a) −1 (b) 1

24 (c) 2 (d) None of these

16. If sin θ = and θ lies in the second quadrant, then
25 α+β
tan
sec θ + tan θ = 2 is equal to
26. If 3 sinα = 5 sinβ, then
(a) – 3 (b) – 5 α −β
tan
(c) – 7 (d) – 9 2
17. If A lies in the second quadrant and 3tan A + 4 = 0, the value (a) 1 (b) 2
of 2 cot A – 5 cos A + sin A is equal to (c) 3 (d) 4
−53 −7 27. If tan A and tan B are the roots of the quadratic equation
(a) (b)
10 10 x2 – ax + b = 0, then the value of sin2(A + B).
7 23
(c) (d) a2 a2
10 10 (a) (b)
a 2 + (1 − b) 2 a 2 + b2
18. The value of elog10 tan1°+ log10 tan 2°+ log10 tan 3°+...........+ log10 tan 89° is
a2 a2
(a) 0 (b) e (c) (d)
(b + c) 2 b (1 − a ) 2
2
(c) 1/e (d) 1
19. cos A + sin(270° + A) − sin(270° − A) + cos(180° + A) = 28. In a triangle ABC if tan A < 0 then:
(a) –1 (b) 0 (a) tan B. tan C > 1 (b) tan B. tan C < 1
(c) 1 (d) 2 (c) tan B. tan C = 1 (d) None of these

Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 71

 29. If tan A – tan B = x and cot B – cot A = y, then cot (A – B) is π 13π
equal to 39. The value of sin sin
10 10
1 1 1 1 1 −1
(a) − (b) − (a) (b)
y x x y 2 2
1 1 −1
(c) + (d) None of these (c) (d) 1
x y 4
tan155° − tan115° α β
30. If tan 25° = x, then is equal to 40. If tan and tan are the roots of the equation
1 + tan155° tan115° 2 2
2
8x – 26x + 15 = 0 then cos(α + β) is equal to
2 2
(a) 1 − x (b) 1 + x 627 627
2x 2x (a) − (b)
725 725
1 + x2 1 − x2
(c) (d) 725
1 − x2 1 + x2 (c) − (d) –1
627
31. If sinα sinβ – cosα cosβ + 1 = 0, then the value of 41. The value of the expression
1 + cot α tan β is
2 ( sin1 + sin 2 + sin 3 +  + sin 89 )
(a) 1 (b) –1
equals
(c) 2 (d) None of these 2 ( cos1 + cos 2 +  + cos 44 ) + 1
32. If tan2 θ = 2tan2 φ + 1, then the value of cos 2θ + sin2φ is (a) (b) 1/ 2 (c) 1/2 (d) 1
2
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) – 1 (d) Independent of φ 42. Given that (1 + )
1 + x tan y =1 + 1 − x . Then sin4y is
π 3π  equal to
33. The value of the expression 1 + cos  1 + cos 
 10   10  (a) 4x (b) 2x
 7π   9π  (c) x (d) None of these
1 + cos  1 + cos  is
 10   10 
1 1 1
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO OF MULTIPLE ANGLES
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
8 16 4 43. If cos A = 3/4, then the value of 16cos2 (A/2) – 32 sin (A/2)
sin (5A/2) is
cos 6 x + 6 cos 4 x + 15cos 2 x + 10
34. The expression is equal to (a) – 4 (b) – 3 (c) 3 (d) 4
cos 5 x + 5cos 3 x + 10 cos x
44. If A = tan 6° tan 42° and B = cot 66° cot 78°, then
(a) cos 2x (b) 2 cos x
1
(c) cos2 x (d) 1 + cos x (a) A = 2B (b) A = B
3
35. If cos (A – B) = 3/5 and tan A tan B = 2, then
(c) A = B (d) 3A = 2B
1 2
(a) cos A cos B = − (b) sin A sin B = − π 2π 4π 8π 16π
5 5 45. The value of cos cos cos cos cos is:
10 10 10 10 10
1 4
(c) cos ( A + B ) =
− (d) sin A cos B = 10 + 2 5 cos ( π / 10 )
5 5 (a) (b)
64 8
(sin 2 A − sin 2 B)
36. = cos ( π / 10 )
(sin A cos A − sin B cos B) 10 + 2 5
(c) (d) –
16 64
(a) tan(A – B) (b) tan(A + B)
(c) cot(A – B) (d) cot(A + B) 21
46. Let α, β be such that π < α − β < 3π. If sin α + sin β = –
37. tan 3A – tan 2A – tan A = 65
27 α −β
(a) tan 3A tan 2A tan A and cos α + cos β = − , then the value of cos is
65 2
(b) –tan 3A tan 2A tan A
3 3
(c) tan A tan 2A – tan 2A tan 3A – tan 3A tan A (a) − (b)
130 130
(d) 0
38. If sin θ1 + sin θ2 + sin q3 = 3, then cos θ1 + cos θ2 + cos q3 = 6 6
(c) (d) −
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0 65 65

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72 W JEE (XI) Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 π   2π  GREATEST AND LEAST VALUE
47. If tan x + tan  + x  + tan  + x = 3, then
3   3  56. If f(θ) = sin4 θ + cos2 θ, then range of f (θ) is
(a) tan x = 1 (b) tan 2x = 1 1  1 3
(a)  , 1 (b)  , 
(c) tan 3x = 1 (d) tan x = 2 2  2 4

48. 2 + 2 + 2 cos 4θ = [where θ ∈ ( 0, π 4 ) ] 3 

(c)  , 1 (d) None of these
(a) cos q (b) sin q 4 
(c) 2 cos q (d) 2 sin q 57. Maximum value of f(x) = sin x + cos x is
1
1 1 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) (d) 2
49. If x + = 2 cos θ, then x 3 + 3= 2
x x
58. The number of integral value of k for which the equation
(a) cos 3θ (b) 2 cos 3θ
7 cos x + 5 sin x = 2k +1 has a solution is
(c) cos 3θ (d) cos 3θ
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 12
50. If tan θ = n where n∈N ≥ 2, then sec 2θ is always 59. If a ≤ 3 cos x + 5 sin (x – p/6) ≤ b for all x, then (a, b) is
(a) a rational number (b) an irrational number
(c) a positive integer (d) a negative integer
(a) (− 19, 19 ) (b) (– 17, 17)

51. If sin 2θ = cos 3θ and θ is an acute angle, then sin θ equals (c) (− 21, 21 ) (d) None of these
5 −1  5 −1 
(a) (b) −   MISCELLANEOUS
4  4 
5 +1 − 5 −1 60. If α + β + γ = π then : tan (β + γ − α) + tan (γ + α − β)
(c) (d) + tan (α + β − γ) is :
4 4
(a) tan (β − γ − α) ⋅ tan (γ + α − β) ⋅ tan (α + β − γ)
52. In a D ABC, ∠B < ∠C and the values of B and C satisfy the
equation 2 tan x – k (1 + tan2 x) = 0, where (0 < k < 1). Then, (b) cot (β + γ − α) ⋅ cot (α + γ − β) ⋅ cot (α + β − γ)
the measure of ∠A is (c) cot (β + γ − α) ⋅ cot (α + γ − β) ⋅ tan (α + β − γ)
π 2π π 3π (d) tan (β + γ − α) ⋅ tan (γ − α − β) ⋅ tan (α − β − γ)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 2 4 61. If an angle a is divided into two parts A and B such that
A – B = x and tan A : tan B = k : 1, then the value of sin x is
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES IN A ∆
 k +1  k 
53. If α + β + γ = 2π, then (a)   sin α (b)   sin α
 k −1   k +1
α β γ α β γ
(a) tan + tan + tan = tan tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2  k −1   k +1
(c)   sin α (d)   sin α
α β γ γ β α  k +1  k 
(b) tan + tan + tan = tan + tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 62. Suppose x and y are real numbers such that tan x + tan
α β γ α β γ y = 42 and cot x + cot y = 49. Find the value of tan(x + y).
(c) tan + tan + tan =− tan tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 (a) 300 (b) 294 (c) 8 (d) 5
α β β γ γ α 3π 3π
(d) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan =0 63. If the expression cos  x −  + sin  + x  + sin (32p + x)
2 2 2 2 2 2  2   2 
3π – 18 cos (19p – x) + cos (56p + x) – 9 sin (x + 17p) is
54. If A + B + C = , then cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C is equal expressed in the form of a sin x + b cos x find the value of
to 2
a + b.
(a) 1 – 4cosA cosB cosC (a) 5 (b) 27 (c) 10 (d) 50
(b) 4 sinA sinB sinC 64. cos A sin (B − C) + cos B sin (C − A) + cos C sin (A − B) =
(c) 1 + 2 cosA cosB cosC (a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 8 (d) 5
(d) 1 – 4 sinA sinB sinC sin(α + β) p
65. If = then tan a ∙ cot b has the value equal to
55. If A + B + C = π and cos A = cos B · cos C, then sin(α − β) q
tan B · tan C is equal to
1 p+q p−q p+q p−q
(a) 1 (b) (c) 2 (d) 3 (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 p−q p+q q q

Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 73

 PRABAL (JEE MAIN LEVEL)
1 θ
1. The value of tan 7 ° is equal to 8. The value of tan (1 + sec θ) (1 + sec 2θ) (1 + sec 4θ) ...
2 2
(1 + sec2nθ) is
3− 2 3− 2
(a) (b) (a) tan 2n θ (b) tan 2n – 1 θ
2 +1 2 −1
(c) tan 2n + 1 θ (d) tan 2n – 2 θ
3+ 2 3+ 2 9. The minimum value of 27cos3x·81sin3x is
(c) (d)
2 +1 2 −1
1 1 1
2. If a sin x + b cos(c + x) + b cos(c – x) = α, a < α, then the (a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
81 243 27
minimum value of |cos c| is:
10. The value of ‘a’ for which the equation sin x(sinx + cos x) = a
α2 − a2 α2 − a2 has a real solution are
(a) (b)
b2 2b 2
(a) 1 − 2 ≤ a ≤ 1 + 2 (b) 2 − 3 ≤ a ≤ 2 + 3
α2 − a2 α2 − a2
(c) (d) 1− 2 1+ 2
3b 2 4b 2 (c) 0 ≤ a ≤ 2 + 3 (d) ≤a≤
2 2
sin A 3 cos A 5 π π π sin θ + sin 2θ
3. If = and, = 0 < A, B < then 11. For − <θ< , lies in the interval
sin B 2 cos B 2 2 2 2 1 + cos θ + cos 2θ
tan A + tan B is equal to: (a) (–∞, ∞) (b) (–2, 2)
3 5 (c) (0, ∞) (d) (–1, 1)
(a) (b)
5 3 12. If f (α, β) = cos2α + sin2α·cos2b, then which of the following
is incorrect?
3+ 5 3+ 5
(c) (d)  π 2π   2π π 
5 3 (a) f  , ≠ f  , 
5 5   5 5
sin α − sin γ
4. If α + γ = 2β then the expression simplifies  π π π π 
cos γ − cos α (b) f  ,  = f  , 
to:  12 3   3 12 
(a) tan β (b) –tan β π π π π
(c) 3 f  ,  ≠ f  , 
(c) cot β (d) –cot β 5 3 3 5
5. If log3 sin x – log3 cos x– log3(1 – tan x) –
π π π π
log3 (1 + tan x) = –1, then tan 2x is equal to (wherever defined) (d) f  ,  ≠ 3 f  , 
 4 18   18 4 
(a) –2 (b) 3/2
13. Let f(x) = cos 10 x + cos 8x + 3 cos 4x + 3 cos 2x and
(c) 2/3 (d) 6
g(x) = 8 cos x · cos33x, then for all x we have
n −1
rπ (a) f (x) = g(x) (b) 2f(x) = 3g(x)
6. ∑ cos 2

n
is equal to
r =1
(c) f (x) = 2g(x) (d) 2f (x) = g(x)
n n −1 14. The value of cot 70°+ 4 cos 70° is
(a) (b)
2 2
1
n n +1 (a) (b) 3
(c) −1 (d) 3
2 2
1
7. The expression 2 sin 2° + 4 sin 4° + 6 sin 6° + ... (c) 2 3 (d)
2
+ 180 sin 180° equals 15. If cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1, then D ABC is
(a) cot 1° (b) 90 cot 1° (a) Equilateral (b) Isosceles
(c) sin 1° (d) 90 cos 1° (c) Right angled (d) None of these

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74 W JEE (XI) Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 16. Let fk (q) = sink (q) + cosk (q), then find the value of 26. If tana is equal to the integral solution of the inequality
1 1 4x2 – 16 x + 15 < 0 and cos b is equal to the slope of the
f 6 ( θ ) − f 4 ( θ ) bisector of the first quadrant, then sin (a + b) sin (a – b)
6 4
is equal to
(a) –1/12 (b) 0
(c) 1/3 (d) 1 3 2 2 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 5 5
17. If 270°< q < 360°, then 2 + 2 (1 + cos θ ) find
27. sin θ ⋅ sec 3θ + sin 3θ ⋅ sec 32θ + sin 32θ ⋅ sec 33θ + ..... upto
θ θ n terms =
(a) −2sin   (b) 2sin  
4 4 1 1
(a)  tan 3n θ − tan θ  (b)  tan 3n θ + tan θ 
θ θ 2 2
(c) ± 2sin (d) 2 cos
4 4
(c)  tan 3 θ + tan θ  (d)  tan 3 θ − tan θ 
n n

18. If tan a, tan b are the roots of the equation x2 + px + q

= 0, then the value of sin2(a + b) + p sin(a +b) cos(a +b) sin x sin 3 x sin 9 x
28. + + =
+ q cos2(a +b) is cos 3 x cos 9 x cos 27 x
(a) Independent of p but dependent on q 1 1
(a) [tan 27 x − tan x] (b) [tan 27 x + tan x]
(b) Independent of q but dependent on p 2 2
(c) Independent of both p and q (c) [tan 27 x + tan x] (d) [tan 27 x − tan x]
(d) Dependent on both p and q
θ a −b ϕ a cos ϕ + b
19. The value of (cos41° + cos42° + cos43° + ... + cos4179°) 29. If tan = tan , then =
– (sin41° + sin42° + sin43° +... + sin4179°) equals to 2 a+b 2 a + b cos ϕ

(a) 2cos1° (b) –1 (c) 2sin1° (d) 0 (a) cosq (b) 1

20. If in a triangle ABC, cos 3A + cos 3B + cos 3C = 1, then one (c) 0 (d) sin q
angle must be exactly equal to 30. If q ∈ R, the expression a sin2 q + b sin q cos q + c cos2 q
π 2π 4π lies between
(a) (b) (c) π (d)
3 3 3 −1 2 1 2
21. The value of cos 2(θ + φ ) + 4 cos(θ + φ) sin θ sin φ + 2 sin2 φ is (a) b + (a − c) 2 and b + (a − c) 2
2 2
(a) Independent of θ only a+c a−c
(b) Independent of φ only (b) and
2 2
(c) Independent of both θ and φ
a+c 1 2 a+c 1 2
(d) Dependent on θ and φ (c) − b + (a − c) 2 and + b + (a − c) 2
2 2 2 2
22. Which of the following statement is incorrect (d) None of these
(a) The orthocentre of ∆ABC with sides 12, 35, 37 is one
of the vertex 2π 4π 6π
31. cos + cos + cos =
(b) sin 314° > 0 7 7 7
(c) cos 1 − sin 1 < 0 (a) 1 (b) –1/2 (c) 0 (d) 2
(d) sin 4 + sin 6 < 0 32. Find set of all possible values of a in [–p, p] such that
23. The exact value of cosec 10°+ cosec50°– cosec70° is : 1 − sin α
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 8 is equal to (sec a – tan a)
1 + sin α
24. Let t1 = (sin a)cosa,t2 = (sin a)sina, t3 = (cos a)cosa,t4 = (cosa)sin a,
π π
 π (a) 0 < α < (b) −π < α <
where α ∈  0,  then which of the following is correct 3 4
 4
π π
(a) t3 >t1 > t2 (b) t4 >t2 > t1 (c) − <α< (d) –p < a < p
2 2
(c) t4 > t1 > t2 (d) t1 >t3 > t2
33. Find the maximum and minimum value of sin6 x + cos6 x.
25. If x1 and x2 are two distinct roots of the equation acos x + b
x +x 1 3
sin x = c, then tan 1 2 is equal to (a) 1 and (b) 1 and
2 4 4
a b c a 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) 0 and (d) 0 and
b a a c 4 4

Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 75

 34. sin a + sin 2a + sin 4a + sin 5a = INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS
α 3α
(a) 4 cos cos sin 3α (b) 0 41. If sin x + sin2 x = 1, then the value of cos12x + 3 cos10 x +
2 2 3 cos8 x + cos6x – 1 is equal to
α 3α
(c) 1 (d) 2 cos cos sin 3α
2 2 3 +1
42. If tan α = , then the expression
35. cos (36° − A) cos (36° + A) + cos (54° + A) cos (54° − A) = 3 −1
(a) cos 2A (b) 1 cos2a + ( 2 + 3 ) sin2α is
(c) 0 (d) sin2A π  π 
43. The maximum value of 1 + sin  + θ  + 2 cos  − θ  for
36. cosec q + cosec 2q + cosec 22q + ... + cosec 2n–1 q= real values of θ is  4   4 
(a) cot (q/2) – cot 2n–1 q (b) cot (q/2) + cot 2n–1 q 1
44. If cos (α + β) + sin (α – β) = 0 and tan β = ; then
n
tan 2 θ 2009
(c) 0 (d) tan 3α is:
tan θ 45. The value of tan 9° – tan 27° – tan 63° + tan 81 ° is
A B C sin ( 3θ ) sin ( 9θ ) sin ( 27θ )
37. If A + B + C = p, then tan 2
+ tan 2 + tan 2 sin θ
2 2 2 46. If + + +
cos ( 3θ ) cos ( 9θ ) cos ( 27θ ) cos ( 81θ )
(a) ≤1 (b) always 0 sin ( kθ )
= , then k equals to
(c) ≤2 (d) ≥1 2 cos θ cos81θ
38. Let P = cos(A + B + C) + cos(–A + B + C) + cos(A – B + C) 47. cot 16° ⋅ cot 44° + cot 44° ⋅ cot 76° − cot 76° ⋅ cot 16° =
+ cos(A + B – C) and 48. The number of all possible 5-tuples (a1, a2, a3, a4, a5) such
Q = sin(A + B + C) + sin(–A + B + C) – sin(A – B + C) +
that a1 + a2 sin x + a3 cos x + a4 sin 2x + a5 cos 2x = 0 holds
P for all x is
sin(A + B – C) then =
Q 49. If m and n are positive integers satisfying 1 + cos 2q + cos
(a) cos 2B (b) cot B (c) 0 (d) sin B cos mθ ⋅ sin nθ
4q + cos 6q + cos 8q + cos 10q = then m + n
sin θ
39. Distance between orthocentre and circumcentre in a triangle is equal to
with sides 17, 15, 8.
50. log[sec (2022 p) + sec (2023 p) + cos (12345678 p)] =
17
(a) 9 (b) (c) 15/2 (d) 4
2 π
51. If cosine of odd integral multiple of is a, tangent of integral
40. Value of the expression log1/2(sin 6° ∙ sin 42° ∙ sin 45° ∙ 2
sin 66° ∙ sin 78°) multiple of p is b, sine of integral multiple of π is c, cosine of
(a) Lies between 3 and 5 odd integral multiple of p is d and even integral multiple of
(b) Is rational which is not integral  π  π
e and let sin  2nπ + =  f ,sin  2nπ − = g , (n ∈ I ) and
(c) Is irrational which is a simple surd  2  2 

(d) Is irrational which is a mixed surd then a + b + c + d + e + f + g =

PARIKSHIT (JEE ADVANCED LEVEL)

SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS 4

2. It is known that sin β = and 0 < b < p then the value of
5
π 5π π 7π 2
1. If tan , x and tan are in A.P. and tan , y and tan 3 sin(α + β) − cos(α + β)
9 18 9 18 cos(π / 6)
is
are also in A.P., then sin α
(a) Independent of a for all b in (0, p)
(a) 2x = y (b) x > 2
5
(c) x = y (d) None of these (b) for tan β < 0
13

P
76 W JEE (XI) Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 3(7 + 24 cot α)  π  ( 2k − 1) π 
(c) for tan β > 0 9. Let P ( k ) =
1 + cos  1 + cos 
15  4 k  4k 
(d) None of these

1 + cos
( 2k + 1) π   ( 4k − 1) π  . Then
44  1 + cos 
 4k  4k 
3. The sum ∑ (2sin x.sin1)
x=2
(1 + sec (x – 1) sec(x + 1)) can

1 2− 2
4
φ 2 (θ n ) (a) P ( 3) = (b) P ( 4 ) =
be written in the form as ∑ (−1)
n
where f and y are 16 16
n =1 ψ (θ n )
trigonometric functions and q1, q2, q3, q4 are in degree 3− 5 2− 3
(c) P ( 5 ) = (d) P ( 6 ) =
∈ [0, 45], then the value of |q1 + q3 – q2 – q4| is 32 16
(a) 82 (b) 90
2b
(c) 86 (d) 45 10. If tan x = , (a ≠ c) y = a cos2x + 2b sin x cos x + c sin2x,
a−c
4. The value of P =
( 3 + tan10 )( 3 + tan 20 )( 3 + tan 30 ) z = a sin2x – 2b sin x cos x + c cos2x, then
(a) y = z (b) y + z = a + c
......( 3 + tan 280 )( 3 + tan 290 ) is
(c) y – z = a – c (d) y – z = (a – c)2 + 4b2
15
(a) 228 (b) 2 + 2 − 3
n n
 cos A + cos B   sin A + sin B 
11. The value of  + is
(c) 229  sin A − sin B   cos A − cos B 
14
(d) 2 + 2 − 3
5. If tan qi, where i = 1, 2, 3, 4 are the roots of equation x4 – x3
A− B A− B
 4  (a) 2 tann (b) 2 cotn : n is even
sin 2b + x2 cos 2b = x cos b + sin b than tan  ∑ θi  2 2
 i =1 
(c) 0 : n is odd (d) None of these
β 12. In a triangle tan A + tan B + tan C = 6 and tan A tan B = 2, then
(a) –cot b (b) cot  
2 the values of tan A, tan B and tan C are
(c) tan b (d) cot b (a) 1, 2, 3 (b) 2, 1, 3

π  π  π  (c) 1, 2, 0 (d) None

tan  + α  tan  + β  tan  + γ 
= 4  = 4  4 .
6. Let Then
5 3 2 COMPREHENSION BASED QUESTIONS
12 sin2 (a – b) + 15 sin2 (b – g) – 7 sin2 (g – a) is equal to
Comprehension (Q. 13 to 15): If cosα + cosβ = a and sinα
1 1
(a) − (b) nb ( a − b )
2 2 + sinβ = b and 2θ = α + β, then sin 2θ + cos2θ = 1 + 2
a + b2
(c) 1 (d) 0
where n is some integer. Also if a, b, c are 3 non-zeor terms in G.P
then b2 = ac. So answer the following questions:
MULTIPLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS
13. The value of n is
2
7. Let f : ( −1,1) → R be such that f ( cos 4θ ) = .
2 − sec 2 θ (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –2
 π π π
θ ∈  0,  ∪  ,  . Then the values of f  1  is /are 14. If for n obtained in above question, sin n A = x, then
 4 4 2 3 sin A sin 2A sin 3A sin 4A is a polynomial in x, of degree
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8
3 3 2 2
(a) 1 − (b) 1 + (c) 1 − (d) 1 +
2 2 3 3 15. If degree of polynomial obtained in previous questions is
p and (p – 5) + sin x, cos x, tan x are in G.P., then value of
8. Which of the following is/are +ve? (cos9 x + cos6 x + 3 cos5 x – 1) is
(a) logsin 1tan1 (b) logcos1(1 + tan3)
(a) –1 (b) 0
(c) log log10 5 ( cos θ + sec θ ) (d) log tan15° ( 2sin18° ) (c) 1 (d) None of these

Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 77

MATCH THE COLUMN TYPE QUESTIONS 18. Match the columns:

16. Match the column: Column-I Column-II

A. cot 35° + cot 145° + 3 is equal to p. 1
Column-I Column-II
1 1 q. 3
B. + is equal to
A. sin 22° p. 5 sec 120° cosec 2 120°
2

The value of
sin 56° sin 34° cot 68° C. If (sin 2)x + (cos 2)x = 1 then x is r. 0
equals to
π 2π 4π 7π s. 2
B. The value of q. 2 D. tan + tan + tan + tan
11 11 11 11
( cos 65 + )
2

3 sin 5 + sin 85 9π 10π
tan + tan
11 11
= µ cos225°, then value of µ be
E. cos 10° + cos 20° + cos 30° + ....... t. 4
C. If f (θ) = 2sin 2 θ – sin2 θ + 3 cos2 θ, r. 3 + cos 80° + cos 100° + cos 150° +
then number of intergers in the range cos 160° + cos 170° + 4
of f (θ) equals to
(a) A → q; B → p; C → s; D → r; E → t
D. If f (θ) = cos (sin θ) + sin (sin θ), then s. 1
number of integers in the Range of f (b) A → r; B → s; C → p; D → q; E → q
(θ) equals to (c) A → r; B → s; C → p; D → t; E → q
(d) A → r; B → s; C → p; D → q; E → t
(a) A → r; B → s; C → p; D → q
(b) A → q; B → r; C → p; D → q NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS
(c) A → q; B → r; C → q; D → p 19. If cosecθ – sin θ = a3 and sec θ – cos θ = b3, then a2 b2
(a2 + b2) =
(d) A → q; B → r; C → s; D → p
20. If the expression tan(55°)tan(65°)tan(75°) simplifies to
17. If α and β are the roots of the equation, acosθ + bsinθ = c cot(x°) and m is the numerical value of the expression tan
then match the entries of Column-I with the entries of (27°) + tan (18°) + tan (27°) tan (18°), then find the value of
(m + x + 1).
Column-II.
21. Given that for a, b, c, d ∈ R. if a sec (190°) – c tan (190°)
Column-I Column-II = d and b sec( 190°) + d tan (190°) = c, then find the value
 a 2 + b2 + c2 + d 2 
A. sin α + sin β p.
2b of   sin 20° .
 bd − ac 
a+c
22. If P = sec6 q – tan6 q – 3 sec2 q tan2 q, Q = cosec6
c−a q – cot6 q – 3 cosec2 q cot2 q and R = sin6 q + cos6 q + 3 sin2
B. sin α ⋅ sin β q. q cos2 q, then find the value of (P + Q + R)(P+Q+R)
c+a
sin β
23. If the angles a & b satisfy the relation
α β 2bc sin(2α + β)
C. tan + tan r.
2 2 a + b2
2
tan β
a+
=
n
(| m | > | n |) ⇒ tan α= a − tan α tan β , then a =
α β c2 − a2 m m+n m−n
D. tan ⋅ tan = s.
2 2 a 2 + b2 88
cos k
24. Let k = 1°, then and ∑ sec(nk ) sec(n + α)k = sin
n=0
2
k
,

(a) A → r; B → s; C → p; D → q then a =
β+γ−α  γ + α −β 
(b) A → q; B → r; C → p; D → q 25. If a + b + g = p and tan   ⋅ tan  
 4   4 
 α+β− γ 
(c) A → q; B → r; C → q; D → p ⋅ tan  =1, and a + cos a + cos b + cos g = 0,
 4 
(d) A → q; B → r; C → s; D → p then a =

P
78 W JEE (XI) Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 26. If A + B + C = 2S and 29. If x + y + z = xyz, then
sin (S − A) + sin (S − B) + sin (S − C) – sin S
3 x − x 3 3 y − y 3 3 z − z 3 λx − x 3 λy − y 3 λz − z 3
A B C 2 + + = ⋅ ⋅ .
= α sin sin sin , then a = 1 − 3x 1 − 3 y 2 1 − 3z 2 1 − 3x 2 1 − 3 y 2 1 − 3z 2
2 2 2
Find l.
27. If A + B + C = 2S, and
cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C + 2 cos A cos B cos C 30. For DABC
= 1 + a cos S cos (S − A) cos (S − B) cos (S − C), then a = A B C π− A π−B π−C
sin + sin + sin − 1 =λ sin sin sin .
28. If cos(–A + B + C) + cos(A – B + C) + cos(A + B – C) + 2 2 2 4 4 4
cos(A + B + C) = lcos A cos B cos C. Then find l.
Then l =

PYQ'S (PAST YEAR QUESTIONS)

BASED ON TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAE 1
(a) − and IVth quadrant (b) 7 and Ist quadrant
7
1 1 1
1. If tan15 + + 2a , then the value
+ tan195 = (c) –7 and IVth quadrant (d) and Ist quadrant
tan75 tan105 7
 1 7. The value of 2 sin (12°) – sin (72°) is:
of  a +  is: [30 Jan, 2023 (Shift-I)]  [25 June, 2022 (Shift-II)]
 a

(a) 4 (b) 4 − 2 3 (a) (

5 1− 3 ) (b)
1− 5
4 8

(c) 2 (d) 5 −
3
3 (c) (
3 1− 5 ) (d) (
3 1− 5 )
2 2 4
1
π 2π 4π 8π 16π 8. If sin2 (10°) sin (20°) sin (40°) sin (50°) sin (70°) = sin
α−
2. 96 cos cos cos cos cos is equal to 16
33 33 33 33 33 (10°) then 16 + α–1 is equal to..... [26 June, 2022 (Shift-I)]
 [10 April, 2023 (Shift-I)]
9. Let a and b be real numbers such that
(a) 3 (b) 2
π π 1
(c) 4 (d) 1 − < β < 0 < α < . If sin ( α + β ) = and cos (a – b)

4 4 3
3. 16sin(20°) sin(40°) sin(80°) is equal to:
2
 [26 June, 2022 (Shift-II)] = then the greatest integer less than or equal to
3
(a) 3 (b) 2 3 2
 sin α cos β cos α sin β 
(c) 3 (d) 4 3  + + +  is ____. [JEE Adv, 2022]
 cos β sin α sin β cos α 
 2π   4π   6π  10. If 0 < x, y < π and cosx + cos y – cos(x + y) = 3/2, Then,
4. The value of cos   + cos   + cos   is equal to: sin x + cos y is equal to: [25 Feb, 2021 (Shift-II)]
 7  7  7
 [27 June, 2022 (Shift-I)] 1− 3
1+ 3
(a) (b)
1 1 1 2 2
(a) –1 (b) − (c) − (d) −
2 3 4
3 1
π
  3π
  5
 π 7
  π 9
  π (c) (d)
5. 2sin   sin   sin   sin   sin   is equal to 2 2
22 22 22 22 22  π 
 [25 July, 2022 (Shift-II)] 11. The value of cot   is: [25 July, 2021 (Shift-II)]
 24 
3 1 1 9
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) 2 + 3+2− 6
16 16 32 32
(b) 2 + 3+2+ 6
5 3π π
6. If cot a = 1 and sec b = – , where p < a < and <b
3 2 2 (c) 2 − 3−2+ 6
< p, then the value of tan (a + b) and the quadrant in which
a + b lies, respectively are [28 June, 2022 (Shift-II)] (d) 3 2 − 3 − 6

Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 79

 12. All possible values of θ ∈ [0, 2π] for which sin 3 3
2θ + tan 2θ > 0 lie in: [25 Feb, 2021 (Shift-I)] (a) (1 + cos 20º ) (b)
2 4
 π   3π  3 3
(a)  0,  ∪  π,  (c) + cos 20º (d)
 2  2  4 2
 π   π 3π   5π   3π 7 π  20. The equation y = sinx sin(x + 2) – sin2(x + 1) represents a
(b)  0,  ∪  ,  ∪  π,  ∪  , 
 4 2 4   4   2 4  straight line lying in: [12 April, 2019 (Shift-I)]
 π   π 3π   7 π  (a) Second and third quadrants only
(c)  0,  ∪  ,  ∪  π, 
 2 2 4   6  (b) Third and fourth quadrants only
 π   π 3π   3π 11π  (c) First, third and fourth quadrants
(d)  0,  ∪  ,  ∪  , 
 4 2 4   2 6  (d) First, second and fourth quadrants
 π   2π   3π   5π  π π
13. The value of 2sin   sin   sin   sin   21. For any θ ∈  ,  , the expression
8  8   8   8  4 2
6
 π  7 π 
sin   .sin   is: [26 Aug, 2021(Shift-II)] 3(sinq – cosq)4 + 6(sinq + cos q)2 + 4sin6 q equals:
 8   8 
 [9 Jan, 2019 (Shift-I)]
1 1 (a) 13 – 4cos2 q + 6sin2 qcos2q
(a) (b)
8 2 4 2 (b) 13 – 4 cos6q
1 1 (c) 13 – 4cos2q + 6cos4q
(c) (d)
4 8 (d) 13 – 4 cos4q + 2sin2q cos2q
π 2π π π π π π π
14. If L =
sin 2  cos 2   − sin 2   , then
 − sin   and M = 22. The value of cos ⋅ cos 3 ⋅ ... ⋅ cos 10 ⋅ sin 10 is
16 8  16  8 2
    2 2 2 2
 [5 Sep, 2020 (Shift-II)]  [10 Jan, 2019 (Shift-II)]
1 1 π 1 1 π 1 1 1 1
(a) L =
− + cos (b) =
M + cos (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 8 2 2 2 8 512 1024 256 2

11 π 1 1 π 23. For non-negative integers n, let

(c) =
M + cos (d)=L − cos
4 2 4 8 4 2 4 8 n
 k +1  k +2 
∑ sin  n + 2 π  sin  n + 2 π 
f (n) = k =0

15. If 2 sin α 1 and 1 − cos 2β = 1  π n

 k +1 
α, β ∈  0,  ,
=
1 + cos 2α 7 2 10  2 ∑ sin
k =0
2

n+2 
π
then tan (a + 2 b) is equal to  [8 Jan, 2020 (Shift-II)] Assuming cos–1 x takes values in [0, π], which of the
π  3π  π  3π  following options is/are correct? [JEE Adv, 2019]
16. The value of cos3   ⋅ cos   + sin 3   ⋅ sin   is: –1
8
   8   8   8  (a) sin(7cos f(5)) = 0
 [9 Jan, 2020 (Shift-I)] 3
(b) f(4) =
1 1 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 4 2 1
(c) lim f (n) =
3 5 π
x →∞ 2
17. If cos ( α=
+ β) ,sin ( α=
− β) and 0 < α, β < , then
5 13 4 (d) If α = tan(cos–1 f(6)), then α2 + 2α – 1 = 0
tan(2α) is equal to:  [8 April, 2019 (Shift-I)] MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF
21 63 33 63 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 52 52 16
24. The set of all values of l for which the equation
18. The value of sin 10º sin 30º sin 50º sin 70º is
 [9 April, 2019 (Shift-II)] cos22x – 2sin4x – 2cos2x = l [29 Jan, 2023 (Shift-II)]

1 1 1 1  3
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) [–2, –1] (b)  −2, − 2 
36 32 18 16  

19. The value of cos2 10º – cos10º cos50º + cos2 50º is  1  3 
 [9 April, 2019 (Shift-I)] (c)  −1, − 2  (d)  − , −1
   2 

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80 W JEE (XI) Module-1 MATHEMATICS
 25. The number of elements in the set  π
26. The maximum value of 3cosθ + 5sin  θ −  for any real
  x2 + x    6
S=
 x ∈  : 2 cos  =4 x + 4− x 
  6   value of θ is: [12 Jan, 2019 (Shift-I)]
 [29 July, 2022 (Shift-II)]
79
(a) 1 (b) 3 (a) 19 (b)
2
(c) 0 (d) Infinite
(c) 34 (d) 31

PW CHALLENGERS
2π 3 4π 3 8π 3 1
6. The value the expression
1. 3 cos + cos + cos = (a − 3 3 b ) , then find a + b.
7 7 7 2  2π 2 2π 3π   2 π 2 2π 3π 
 tan + tan + tan 2   cot + cot + cot 2 
2. For every positive integer n, 
7 7 7  7 7 7 

π 2π nπ is equal to.
tan .tan ...tan = λn + µ . Find l + m.  3π 2π 
2n + 1 2n + 1 2n + 1 7. The value of  tan + 4sin  , (where [·] represents
 11 11 
a b c
cos θ
3.= = , cos φ = , cos ψ . where q, f, G.I.F) is equal to.
b+c a+c a+c
y ∈ (0, p) and a, b, c are sides of triangle ABC then 8. Sum of integral value(s) in the range of f(x) = cos x
θ φ
tan 2 + tan 2 + tan 2
2 2
ψ
2
is equal to _______. { }
sin x + sin 2 x + sin 2 α {x ∈ R} is equal to

2π 1 9. If x sin a + y sin 2a + z sin 3a = sin 4a

4. If a = and cos a cos 2a cos 3a ... cos 1011a = , then x sin b + y sin 2b + z sin 3b = sin 4b
2023 k
log 2 k x sin c + y sin 2c + z sin 3c = sin 4c
is equal to _____
1011 z  y+2  z−x
then roots of equation t 3 −   t 2 −  t +  
5. For 0 ≤ q < 2p, let 2
   4   8 
= 0, a,b,c ≠ np, are
1 1 1 1
=P cos θ − sin 2θ − cos 3θ + sin 4θ (a) sin a, sin b, sin c (b) cos a, cos b, cos c
2 4 8 16
(c) sin 2a, sin 2b, sin 2c (d) cos 2a, cos 2b, cos 2c
1 1 1
+ cos 5θ − sin 6θ − cos 7θ + ... and π
32 64 128 10. Let x, y, z be real numbers with x ≥ y ≥ z ≥ such that
π 12
1 1 1 1 x+y+z =
Q = 1 − sin θ − cos 2θ − sin 3θ + cos 4θ

2 4 8 16 2
2+ 3
1 1 1 (a) Maximum (cos x ⋅ sin y ⋅ cos z) =
− sin 5θ − cos 6θ + sin 7θ + ... 4
1
32 64 128 (b) Minimum (cos x ⋅ sin y ⋅ cos z) =
8
P 2 2 m 5π π
so that = . Then sin θ = − , where m and n are (c) Minimum value occurs when x = y = and z =
Q 7 n 24 12
m+n 2+ 3
relatively prime positive integer, then   is equal to (d) Maximum (cos x ⋅ sin y ⋅ cos z) =
 9  8

Trigonometric Ratios and Identities 81

 Answer Key

CONCEPT APPLICATION
1. [20p/3] 2. [90,60,30] 3. [1.7] 4. [1] 5. [8/15] 6. [–1] 7. (c) 8. [2]
9. A → x; B → w; C → v; D → u; E → t; F → s; G → r; H → q; I → p 12. [17] 13. (b)
 2+ 2 2– 2   1 1 
15. sin α
= = , cos α –  16. [–1/2] 17. [–2/3] 18. (d) 21.  – ∞, –  ∪  , ∞ 
 2 2   3 7 
22. (4 – 10, 4 + 10 ) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. [1/2]

SCHOOL LEVEL PROBLEMS

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (a) 22. (c)
23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (c)

PRARAMBH (TOPICWISE)
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (d)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (a)
31. (d) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (d) 39. (c) 40. (a)
41. (a) 42. (c) 43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (d) 46. (a) 47. (c) 48. (c) 49. (b) 50. (a)
51. (a) 52. (c) 53. (a) 54. (d) 55. (c) 56. (c) 57. (d) 58. (b) 59. (a) 60. (c)
61. (c) 62. (b) 63. (b) 64. (b) 65. (a)

PRABAL (JEE MAIN LEVEL)

1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (a) 36. (a) 37. (d) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (b)
41. [0] 42. [1] 43. [4] 44. [1] 45. [4] 46. [80] 47. [3] 48. [0] 49. [11] 50. [0]
51. [0]

PARIKSHIT (JEE ADVANCED LEVEL)

1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (a,b) 8. (b,d) 9. (a,b,c,d) 10. (b,c)
11. (b,c) 12. (a,b) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. [1] 20. [7]
21. [2] 22. [27] 23. [1] 24. [1] 25. [1] 26. [4] 27. [4] 28. [4] 29. [3] 30. [4]

PYQ's (PAST YEAR QUESTIONS)

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. [80] 9. [1] 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. [1] 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (a,b,d) 24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (a)

PW CHALLENGERS
1. [12] 2. [3] 3. [1] 4. [1] 5. [4] 6. [105] 7. [3] 8. [0] 9. (d) 10. (b,d)

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82 W JEE (XI) Module-1 MATHEMATICS