Hafizh Renanto Akhmad

13621060
Homework 1
AE4035 Finite Element Method

1) Failure Theories
Theories of failure are important to determine the upper limit on the state of stress of the material, which defines the material failure. Ductile material
fails at the initiation of yielding, while brittle material’s failure is indicated by fracture.

Theory Type of Explanation of Occurence Mathematical Relation of Boundary(Plane Assumption

Material Stress)
Tresca yield Ductile The failure is caused by shear stress, which causes |𝜎𝜎1 | • Homogenous
, 𝜎𝜎1 , 𝜎𝜎2 same sign
criterion. slipping that occurs between the contact planes of 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌 = �|𝜎𝜎2 | material
or |𝜎𝜎1 − 𝜎𝜎2 |, 𝜎𝜎1 , 𝜎𝜎2 opposite sign
randomly ordered crystals that make up the material,
Maximum indicated by Lüder’s lines.
shear stress
theory. For a specimen subjected to only tensile load, the Lüder’s
lines illustration is as follow:

We may draw the state of stress as:

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and the Mohr’s circle as:

From the Mohr’s circle, the maximum shear stress before

yielding occur is:
𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌
𝜏𝜏max =
2
Imagine Mohr’s circle of a general plane stress. For a
plane stress with its principal stresses (𝜎𝜎1 and 𝜎𝜎2 ) having
the same sign,
|𝜎𝜎1 |
𝜏𝜏abs,max =
2
For a plane stress with its principal stresses having
opposite sign,
|𝜎𝜎1 − 𝜎𝜎2 |
𝜏𝜏abs,max =
2

When 𝜏𝜏abs,max > 𝜏𝜏max , failure occurs.

von Mises Ductile When a material is deformed due to an external load, it 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2 = 𝜎𝜎12 − 𝜎𝜎1 𝜎𝜎2 + 𝜎𝜎22 • Homogenous
criterion. stores energy internally throughout its volume, which material
or could be quantified as the strain-energy density. For
material subjected to triaxial stress,
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Maximum
distortion
energy
theory

the total strain-energy density is:

3
1
𝑢𝑢 = � 𝜎𝜎𝑖𝑖 𝜀𝜀𝑖𝑖
2
𝑖𝑖=1
Using Hooke’s law,
1 2
𝑢𝑢 = [𝜎𝜎 + 𝜎𝜎22 + 𝜎𝜎32 − 2𝜈𝜈(𝜎𝜎1 𝜎𝜎2 + 𝜎𝜎1 𝜎𝜎3 + 𝜎𝜎3 𝜎𝜎2 )]
2𝐸𝐸 1
This strain-energy density consists of two parts: energy to
cause a volume change and energy to distort the element.

The volume change is caused by 𝜎𝜎avg .

3
1
𝜎𝜎avg = � 𝜎𝜎𝑖𝑖
3
𝑖𝑖=1
and the remaining are used for energy of distortion. The
strain-energy density for distortion can be written as:
1 + 𝜈𝜈
𝑢𝑢𝑑𝑑 = [(𝜎𝜎1 − 𝜎𝜎2 )2 + (𝜎𝜎2 − 𝜎𝜎3 )2 + (𝜎𝜎1 − 𝜎𝜎3 )2 ]
6𝐸𝐸
For plane stress, 𝜎𝜎3 = 0. Thus,
1 + 𝜈𝜈 2
𝑢𝑢𝑑𝑑 = (𝜎𝜎1 − 𝜎𝜎1 𝜎𝜎2 + 𝜎𝜎22 )
3𝐸𝐸
and for uniaxial tension test, when yielding occurs,
1 + 𝜈𝜈
(𝑢𝑢𝑑𝑑 )𝑌𝑌 = + 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2
3𝐸𝐸
Rankine Brittle In a tension test, fracture occurs when the normal stress |𝜎𝜎1 | = 𝜎𝜎ult • Homogenous
failure reaches ultimate stress 𝜎𝜎ult . |𝜎𝜎2 | = 𝜎𝜎ult material
criterion
or
Hafizh Renanto Akhmad
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Maximum
normal
stress
theory

In torsion test, fracture occurs at a plane 45° to the shear

direction.

Mohr’s Brittle In some brittle materials, the tension and compression • Homogenous
failure properties are different. This can be done by conducting material
criterion three tests: uniaxial tensile test, uniaxial compressive test,
and torsion test, each to determine the ultimate tensile
stress (𝜎𝜎ult,t ), ultimate compressive stress (𝜎𝜎ult,c), and
ultimate shear stress (𝜏𝜏ult ), respectively.

Mohr’s circle of each test can be plotted as below:

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When a plane-stress condition at a point is represented by

a Mohr’s circle that is tangent to the failure envelope or
extends beyond the envelope’s boundary, failure occurs.

Additional comment:

• von Mises criterion is more accurate than Tresca criterion. The comparison between both:

When the material is subjected to pure shear (e.g., by performing torsion test), von Mises criterion gives more accurate result than Tresca criterion.
• When a pair of principal stresses (𝜎𝜎1 , 𝜎𝜎2 ) of a plane stress falls at or outside the boundary for a criterion, the material is said to be fail at those
condition.
Hafizh Renanto Akhmad
13621060
Source:

R. C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of materials in SI units. 2017

Hafizh Renanto Akhmad
13621060
2) One-Dimensional Load
Load Illustratuon Stress Equation Deformation Stress Distribution Assumption
Equation
Axial 𝑃𝑃 𝛿𝛿 • The material
𝜎𝜎 = 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)
𝐴𝐴 behaves elastic
=� 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥
𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥)𝐸𝐸(𝑥𝑥) linear.
• St-Venant’s
For homogenous
principle
material and
applied: the
various constant
cross section is
cross-section,
observed at a
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝛿𝛿 = � point in a body
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
far from from
external load
application. For
a bar, the
distance should
be at least equal
to the width of
the bar.
Torsion 𝑇𝑇𝜌𝜌 𝜙𝜙 • Material is a
𝜏𝜏 = 𝑇𝑇(𝑥𝑥)
𝐽𝐽 cylindrical shaft
=� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐽𝐽(𝑥𝑥)𝐺𝐺(𝑥𝑥) or circular
shaped.
• The material
For homogenous
behaves elastic
material and
linear.
various constant
• The shear stress
cross-sections,
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 doesn’t exceed
𝜙𝜙 = � the yield
𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽
strength.
Hafizh Renanto Akhmad
13621060
• The cross-
sectional area of
the shaft
remains constant
and flat (no
warp).
Bending 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑑𝑑2 𝑣𝑣 • The material
𝜎𝜎 = − 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝑀𝑀
𝐼𝐼 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2 behaves elastic
linear.
• The material is
homogenous.
• Cross-sectional
area is
perpendicular to
the bending
axis,
Transverse 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑑𝑑3 𝑣𝑣 • The material
𝜏𝜏 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝑉𝑉
Shear 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 3 behaves elastic
linear.
• The material is
homogenous.
• The shear stress
is uniformly
distributed
across the width
of the cross-
sectional area.
Hafizh Renanto Akhmad
13621060
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝜈𝜈
Pressure 𝜎𝜎1 = 𝜀𝜀1 = �1 − � • The material
Vessel 𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 2
behaves elastic
[Hoop]
linear.
• The ratio of
inner-radius to
the wall-
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑟 thickness is not
𝜎𝜎2 = 𝜀𝜀2 = (1 − 2𝜈𝜈)
2𝑡𝑡 2𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 less than 10.
[Longitudinal] (𝑟𝑟⁄𝑡𝑡 ≥ 10)
• The gas pressure
in the vessel is
the gage
pressure.

Curved 𝑀𝑀(𝑅𝑅 − 𝑟𝑟) Δ • The material is

𝜎𝜎 = 𝐿𝐿
Beams 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝑟𝑟̅ − 𝑅𝑅) 𝑀𝑀 𝜕𝜕𝑀𝑀 homogenous.
=� � � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
or 0 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝜕𝜕𝑃𝑃 • The material
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝜎𝜎 = behaves elastic
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝑅𝑅 − 𝑦𝑦)
where: linear.
𝐴𝐴 • The cross-
𝑅𝑅 =
𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴 section has an
∫𝐴𝐴 𝑟𝑟
axis of
symmetry.
• Radial stress is
negligible.
• Ratio between
radius of
curvature and
depth is more
than 5.
Hafizh Renanto Akhmad
13621060
Source:

R. C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of materials in SI units. 2017

D. Roylance, Pressure Vessels, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001.
https://web.mit.edu/course/3/3.11/www/modules/pv.pdf
Hafizh Renanto Akhmad
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3) Two-Dimensional Load
Load Illustration Theory Assumptions Validity
Membran Plane Stress The normal The thickness
e stress and the of the plane
shear stresses close zero (thin
directed panels).
perpendicular to
the plane are
zero.
𝜎𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
=0

Plane Strain The normal Valid for long

strains and bodies with
shear strains constant cross-
normal to the 𝑥𝑥- section.
𝑦𝑦 plane is zero.
𝜀𝜀𝑧𝑧 = 𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝛾𝛾𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
=0

Plate Kirchoff-Love • A mid- • The

Bending surface thickness
plane can be of the
used to plate is
represent a close to
three- zero.
dimensional
plate in a
two-
dimensional
room.
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• The straight
lines normal
to the mid-
surface
remain
straight
after
deformation.
• The
thickness of
the plate
doesn’t
change
during
deformation.
• The straight
lines normal
to the mid-
surface
remain
normal to
the mid-
surface after
deformation.
Reissner-Mindlin • There is a • The
linear thickness
variation of of the
displacemen plate is of
t across the the order
plate of one
thickness. tenth of
the planar
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• Plate dimensions
thickness .
doesn’t
change
during
deformation.
• Normal
stress
through the
thickness is
negligible.

Shell Shell structure is a combination • The Assumptions

between membrane and plate component conditions are
bending. of normal met.
stress is
It’s a 3D (or 2.5D) dimensional distributed
whose thickness is very small. uniformly.
• Stress
Its purpose is to minimize the doesn’t
used material while maximizing exceed the
the volume it can contain. An material
example of shell structure usage yield
is the dome structure, strength.

Source:
Hafizh Renanto Akhmad
13621060
D. L. Logan, A first course in the Finite Element Method, Enhanced Edition, SI version. Cengage Learning, 2022

R. C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of materials in SI units. 2017

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff%E2%80%93Love_plate_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uflyand-Mindlin_plate_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(structure)