ARTB01

ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS

RESEARCH NO. 14
Paints and Coatings

In partial fulfilment for the requirement in the degree of Bachelor of Science

In Architecture

Submitted to:

Ar. REYMAR G. BURLUNGAN

Submitted by:

Saylon, Efraine Andrea D.

BSA-1C
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Paint is a mixture consisting of vehicles or binders, with or without coloring
pigments, adjusted and diluted with correct amounts and types of additives and
Paint thinners, which when applied on a surface, forms an adherent continuous film which
provides protection, decoration, sanitation, identification and other functional
properties.
Varnishes constitute a group of more-or-less transparent liquids which are used to
provide a protective surface coating, at the same time they allow the original surface
Varnishes to show but add a lustrous and glossy finish to it. All varnishes have basically the
same components as paints, body, vehicle, thinner, and drier. However, varnishes
may be divided into three groups.
Enamels are made when pigment is added to a varnish, the result is an enamel.
Any of the varnish types can be used, and the durability of the enamel depends to
Enamels a large extent on the quality of the pigment. Since varnishes do not contain the
opaque body material which paints do, enamels do not have high covering power
for best results, they require an opaque undercoat.
Shellac is the only liquid protective coating containing a resin of animal origin. The
Shellacs resin is an exudation· of the lac insect of India and Southeast Asia, deposited on
the branches of trees.
A new product made from synthetic materials to take the place of varnish for clear
finishes. Most modern lacquer is based on nitrocellulose used in combination with
Lacquers natural or synthetic resins and plasticizers. There ingredients are dissolved in a
mixture of volatile solvents which evaporate, leaving a film to form the protective
coating.
Stains are materials used to apply color to wood surfaces. They are intended to
Stains impart color without concealing or obscuring the grain and not to provide a
protective coating.
Fillers are finishing materials which are used on wood surfaces, particularly those
with open grain, to fill the pores and provide a perfectly smooth, uniform surface for
Fillers
varnish or lacquer. Filler is also used to impart color to the wood pores and so
emphasize the grain.
The primary purpose of a sealer is to seal the surface of the wood and prevent the
Sealers absorption of succeeding finish coats. It· may be Applied to bare wood that has
been sanded smooth or applied over the stain or filler.
 To be used on all non-painted concrete, synthetic finishes, rubble, brick, and wash-
Silicone Water
out finishes as a protection form absorption of water and prevent moss, alkali, fungi
Repellant
to destroy the surface.
Styrenated Oils are also used to produce paints that possess fast drying and
Styrenated Oils
excellent adhesion characteristics.

TYPES OF PAINT
A type of slow-
drying paint that consists of
particles of pigment
suspended in a drying oil,
commonly linseed oil. The
viscosity of the paint may be
Oil Paint
modified by the addition of a
solvent such as turpentine or
white spirit, and varnish may
be added to increase the
glossiness of the dried oil
paint film.
COMPONENTS OF OIL PAINT
The solid, finely ground material which gives a paint the power to hide, as
Body well as color a surface. In white paints the body is also the pigment. The
products most widely used for paint body are white lead, zinc oxide,
Lithopone, and Titanium white.
A nonvolatile fluid in which the solid body material is suspended. The
Vehicle vehicle should consist of from 85 to 90 percent drying oil and the
remainder thinner and drier. The drying oils include linseed oil, soya-bean
oil, fish oil, dehydrated castor oil, tung oil, perilla oil, and oiticica oil.
Thinners are volatile solvents, materials which have a natural affinity for
Thinners the vehicle in the paint. They cause the paint to flow better; They
evaporate when the paint is applied. The most common thinner is
Turpentine, made from distilling gum from a number of pine trees.
Driers are organic salts of various metals such as iron, zinc, cobalt, lead
Driers manganese,
and calcium, which are added to the paint to accelerate the oxidation and
hardening of the vehicle.
 Pigments are materials which give the paint its color. In the case of white
Pigment paint, the body is the pigment. Color pigments are classified into two basic
groups.

TWO BASIC GROUPS OF PIGMENT

This is obtained from animal, vegetable and mineral. sources, such as
Natural Group iron oxides, chrome oxide, cobalt oxide, siennas, ochres, umbers and
also carbon black.
Pigments Color Product
red lead, vermillion red
ochres
burnt ochre, burnt sienna,
These are phtalo-cyanines burnt umber
Synthetic Pigment Group (coaltar derivatives) similar to chromium oxide, zinc
those used to make dyes. oxide, calcium oxide
cobalt blue, Prussian
blue, ultramarine blue
chrome green, viridian,
emerald green
TYPES OF PAINTS

This is called such because

of the synthetic resin-alkyd
resin, used in the paint
Alkyd Paints
formulation. Alkyd resin is
obtained by the combining of
an alcohol and an acid.

Resin-emulsion Paints Paint which is the vehicle is a

(latex) synthetic resin
 TYPES OF LATEX PAINTS

This is a common
thermoplastic used to make
light, rigid, molded products
Butadiene-styrene such as pipe, automotive
body parts, wheel covers,
enclosures, and protective
head gear
.

PVA produces a much

tougher skin than the
Polyvinyl Acetate butadiene-styrene types and
so can be used as exterior as
well as interior paint.

Epoxy Resin paints require

no oxidation to form a film
and remain flexible after
drying. They exhibit great
resistance to weathering and
Epoxy Resin
no tendency to lose their
adhesive qualities or color
with age. They contain no
protein and therefore are not
subject to deterioration.
 TYPES OF PAINTS
This consist of a metallic
pigment and a vehicle. The
pigment is very fine flakes of
aluminum, copper, bronze,
zinc, or tin. They are
suspended in a vehicle which
Metallic Paint
may be a natural or synthetic
varnish, a quick drying
lacquer, special bronzing
lacquer, or bituminous-based
vehicles, depending on
where the paint is to be used.
Made by adding fluorescent
and phosphorescent
pigments to any one of a
number of drier free vehicles.
including alkyd marine
varnish, spirit varnish, or
Luminescent Paint
quick-drying lacquers. Color
also may be incorporated into
luminous paints.
Luminescent paints may be
used in residential buildings
to produce special effects.
These are paints which
retard the passage of fire to
the surfaces beneath them.
When a surface coated with
Intumescent Paint an intumescent (fire-
retardant) paint is exposed to
heat or fire, it puffs up and
forms a thick, insulating
crust.
 A heavy-bodied paint used
on concrete and masonry
walls and has a higher
percentage of solids than
normal. The coating system
Polyester-Epoxy Coatings consists of high - solids vinyl
filler material to be applied
directly over a concrete block
or other masonry surfaces,
and high-solids, pigmented
polyester epoxy topcoat.

TYPES OF VARNISHES
Type Description Image

This group of varnishes is

made with a natural resin
which has been altered by
chemical action. Common
Modified Natural-Resin Resin is heat treated with
Varnishes glycerin to form an ester gum,
and this gum is used as the
body for the varnish. This
varnish is less expensive than
oleoresinuous varnishes.
 These are varnishes
produced by the plastics
industry, including phenolics,
nitro cellulose, amino resins,
Synthetic-Resin Varnishes alkyd resins, vinyl resins,
polyethylene, polysterene,
silicone,
acrylic resins, and epoxy
resins.

Made from natural resins, or

exudations from living trees,
Natural Resin Varnishes while others are fossil resins.
Some of these must others
are naturally soluble in be oil.

TYPES OF NATURAL RESIN VARNISHES

This varnish is classified as
long-oil since it contains from
40 to 100 gal. of oil per 100 lb.
of resin. The result Is a
Marine and Spar varnish which will produce as
tougher, more durable and
elastic film.' but which takes
longer to dry and produces
only moderate gloss.
These are classified as
medium-oil varnislles. It
contains 12 to 40 gat of oil per
too lb. of resin. They dry faster
Floor Varnishes and have a harder film than
long oil varnishes but are not
as impervious to water.
 This belongs to the short-
varnishes. It contain from 5 to
12 gal. of oil per 100 lb. of
Rubbing and Polishing
resin. They dry quite rapidly
Varnishes
and form a hard, brittle film
that will not stand much rough
usage.

TYPES OF LACQUERS
Type Description
A clear lacquer that dries to a glossy finish in one to four hours. It
Clear Gloss Lacquer
may be rubbed and polished with oil.
Clear Flat Lacquer This dries without gloss. 9ften used to produce satin effects.
A concentrated colored lacquer mixed with clear lacquer to produce
Tinting Lacquer
lacquer enamel.
Brushing Lacquer A slow-drying lacquer formulated specially for brush application.
A clear lacquer into which are mixed metallic pigments to produce
Bronzing Lacquer
metallic effects.
A slightly colored lacquer used to produce wood color tone effects
Shading Lacquer
on furniture.
This is an exceptionally clear lacquer that produces a protective
Water-white Lacquer
coating of greatest transparency over pale finishes.
This is designed for application by the dip-tank method and is
Dipping Lacquer
available both clear and in colors.
 TYPES OF WOOD STAIN
Type Description Image
These are synthetic dyes,
many of which are coal tar
derivatives manufactured in
powder form and in various
Water-soluble stains strengths. They are dissolved
in hot water at a specified rate
in ounces per gallon,
depending on the depth of color
required.

These are made from dyes

which are soluble in alcohol
Spirit Stains and are manufactured both in
powder form and in ready
mixed liquid form.

These are made by dissolving

oil-soluble dyes in coal tar
solvents such as tolnol, benzol,
or xylol and further thinning the
Penetrating Oil Stains
vehicle with common petroleum
solvents. Oil stains are usually
produced as a ready mixed
liquid.
This type of stain is made using
light-fast dyes which are
soluble in such substances as
glycols, alcohols, and ketones.
Non-grain Raising Stains
They are designed to produce
all the advantages of the stains
previously mentioned with none
of their disadvantages.
 This type is made from
translucent mineral pigments
ground into a drying oil. They
are applied by brushing or
Pigment Wiping Stains
swabbing the surface with a
cotton cloth and are allowed to
set for various lengths of time
after application.

GENERAL TYPES OF FILLERS

Types Description Image
Used on open-grained woods.
This consist of a base or body,
pigment, nonvolatile vehicle and
thinner. The body is generally a
Paste Filler translucent, inert material (Such
as silica, some silicates, and
carbonates of calcium and
magnesium) which will fill the
pores withoufstaining the wood.
used on closed-grained woods.
Usually a varnish with a small
amount of body material added.
Liquid Filler It is used on medium, close-
grained woods in essentially the
same way as paste filler but has
much less filling capacity.
 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED IN PAINTING AND COATING
TOOLS & EQUIPMENT USES IMAGE

Brush is used to apply paint or

sometimes ink. A paintbrush is
usually made by clamping the
Brush
bristles to a handle with a ferrule.
They are available in various
sizes, shapes, and materials.

is where paint resting on the

surface of water is then
Dip
transferred onto an object
through dipping.

Hand Roller is a paint application

tool used for painting large flat
surfaces rapidly and efficiently.
The paint roller typically consists
of two parts: a "roller frame," and
Hand Roller
a "roller cover." The roller cover
absorbs the paint and transfers it
to the painted surface, the roller
frame attaches to the roller
cover.

Used to create a negative

application by rolling through any
wet material, plaster, paint,
Decorative Roller glaze, stain, etc. Great for wall
treatments - furniture decoration
- cabinetry finishes - ceiling
applications and even fabric.
 These are equipment that can
spray paint or varnish using air
Cup Gun Spray
pressure in order to apply it or
spread it on a surface.

Used with higher volume or

Pressure Fed Spray heavier bodied coating
application needs.

The most efficient way to apply

paint. An airless sprayer uses an
electrically run hydraulic pump to
Airless Spray move paint from a bucket or
container, through a tube, into a
high-pressure hose, to a spray
gun, and, finally, to the surface.

Technology is a new way to

apply cleaners, sanitizers, and
disinfectants to help facilities
Electrostatic Spray
treat surfaces, often in less time
and with better coverage than
traditional cleaning methods.

Used for coating flat targets

(substrates) through a
Flow Coating Roller combination of multiple different
rollers to obtain the desired
coated surface.

Powder Dip Coating
Mainly used for coating metals in
order to create a harder, tougher
finish than conventional paint.
Some of the most common
metals that undergo the powder
coating process include
household appliances, aluminum
extrusions, drum hardware,
automotive and bicycle parts.

PAINTING OF CONCRETE WALLS METHOD

Clean the Concrete

STEP 1 Cleaning concrete is a vital first step because the porous surface tends to trap dirt,
grease, and oil.
Strip Old Paint

STEP 2 Strip peeling or blistering paint indoors with a wire brush, a paint scraper, and lots of
elbow grease.
Seal Interior Concrete
Water moves easily through porous concrete, so sealing interior walls is necessary
STEP 3
to prevent moisture from seeping in, promoting mold growth and that cold, damp
basement feel. Use a masonry sealer, such as ThoroSeal, that also patches cracks.
Prime the Concrete
Concrete primer, called block primer, fills pores and evens out the surface. For
STEP 4 exterior foundations and walls, use exterior-grade block filler, such as Behr’s
Concrete and Masonry Bonding Primer, which also is good for interior concrete .
Primer dries in two hours; wait at least eight hours, but no more than 30 days, to paint.
Paint the Concrete
Masonry paint (also called elastomeric paint or elastomeric wall coating) is a good
choice for concrete painting because it contains binders that contract and expand
STEP 5
with the concrete. Exterior house paint can crack and peel on concrete.
No matter how you apply paint, let it dry for a day between coats. You’ll probably
need two to three coats, so check the long-range weather forecast before you begin.
 UNIT PRIES AND SIZES OF PAINT AND COATINGS AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET
Product Name Quantity Price (pesos
Boysen Clear Gloss Lacquer B-
1 Liter ₱180.00
1250
Boysen Clear Dead Flat
1 Liter ₱630.00
Lacquer B-1253
Boysen Water- White Gloss
1 Liter ₱620.00
Lacquer B-1253
1 Gallon ₱1260.00
Fulatite Plastic Wood Natural 1 Liter ₱320.00
Shade ½ Liter ₱210.00
¼ Liter ₱145.00
BOYSEN GLOSS LATEX 1 Gallon ₱580.00
PAINT B-710 WHITE 1 Liter ₱185.00
 BRANDS OF PAINT AND COATINGS AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET
Brand Name Image

Davies

Fuller

Dutch Boy

Sinclair

Boysen
Sherwin Williams

Finch
 ARTB01
ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS

RESEARCH NO. 15
Hardware and Fasteners

In partial fulfilment for the requirement in the degree of Bachelor of Science

In Architecture

Submitted to:

Ar. REYMAR G. BURLUNGAN

Submitted by:

Saylon, Efraine Andrea D.

BSA-1C
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
A tool, machinery or other durable equipment used in construction. Mostly, these
Hardware are materials made of metal tools that are specifically used to fasten construction
materials.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF HARDWARE
Classification Description
Hardware made in attractive shapes and finishes that could be visible on the
Finishing
completed structure. Especially used in doors, windows and cabinets. Finishing
Hardware
hardware is also used as an ornamental treatment for a room or building.
These are hardware that are meant to be concealed or hidden in building or in
Rough Hardware
pieces of furniture.

TYPES OF FINISH HARDWARE

DOOR HARDWARE
Function Types
Hanging the Door hinges, pivots, and combination pivots and closers
Operating the Door handles, latches, push, plates and pull bars
Closing the Door door closers and combination pivots and closers
Locking the Door locksets, deadbolts, flush bolts, electric locks and other special devices
Sealing the Door weather stripping, sound seals, smoke seals
Protecting the Door kick plates, corner protection and similar materials

Hinges are movable joints used to attach, support and turn a door about a
Hinges pivot. It consists of two plates joined together by a pin which support the door
and connect it to its frame, enabling it to swing open or closed
TYPES OF HINGES
Type Description Image

A paumelle hinge with knuckles forming an

Olive-knuckle Hinge
oval shape.
 A hinge constructed that has no parts
Invisible Hinge
exposed when the door is closed.

A hinge containing one or more springs,

when a door is opened, the hinge returns
Spring Hinge to its closed position automatically, it may
act in one direction only, or in both
directions.

Its parts are referred to as butts because

Butt Hinge they are usually attached to the butt edge
of a door.

TYPES OF BUTT HINGES

It is the most common type and has both leaves fully mortised into the frame
Full Mortise Hinge
and edge of the door.
It has one leaf mounted on the face of the door and the other leaf mortised into
Half-Surface Hinge
the frame.
It has leaves that are surface-applied to the frame and mortised into the edge
Half-Mortise Hinge
of the door.
Full-surface Hinge It is applied to the face of both the door and frame.
Fast pin Hinge A hinge in which the pin is fastened permanently in place.
Loose pin Hinge A hinge having a removable pin which permits its two parts to be separated.
A hinge having two knuckles. One of which has a vertical pin that fits into a
Loose joint Hinge
corresponding hole in the other by lifting the door up off the vertical pin.
 Latches and
These are devices that hold a door in a closed position and lock it.
Locksets
It only holds a door in a place with no provision for locking. It has a beveled
Latches latch extending from the face of the door edge and automatically engages the
strike mounted in the frame when the door is closed.
It has a special mechanism that makes the door be locked with the use a key
Lockset
or a thumb turn.
TYPES OF LOCKS AND LATCHES
Type Description Image

It is installed in a rectangular area cut out

Mortise Lock or Latch
of the door.

This is also called as a unit lock. It is a

Preassembled Lock complete unit slid into a notch made in the
and Latch edge of the door and required a very little
adjustment.

This is also called as a cylindrical lock. It is

installed by boring holes through the face
Bored Lock and Latch
of the door and from the edge of the door
to the other bored opening.
 It has a cylindrical lock and a dead bolt.
The two locks are interconnected so that a
Interconnected Lock
single action of turning knob or lever
handle on the inside releases both bolts.

An intricately designed lockset. It is

operated inside with a key and a thumb
Entrance Lockset
turn or a universal button which when
pushed stays put and locks the door.

Same as the entrance lockset but has a

Bedroom Lockset
simpler design.

A simply designed lockset which is locked

Toilet Lockset from the inside by pushing, without a key,
and a universal button.

OTHER ITEMS RELATED TO LOCKS AND LATCHES

A handle, more or less spherical, usually

Knob
for operating a lock.
 A round disk or plate fastened to the face
of a door around the hole in the door
Knob Rose
through which the doorknob spindle
passes.

A protective plate surrounding the keyhole

Escutcheon
of a door, a light switch, etc.

This is the projection from the side of a

strike plate which the bolt of a lock strikes
Lip Strike first, when a door is closed; projects out
from the side of the strike plate to protect
the frame.

Closers are devices that automatically

return the door to its closed position after it
is opened. They also control the distance a
door can be opened and thereby protect
Closers
the door and surrounding construction
from damage. Closers can be surface
mounted on the door or head frame or
concealed in the frame or door.
 Pivots provide an alternative way to hang
doors where the visual appearance of
hinges is objectionable or where a
Pivots frameless door design may make it
impossible to use hinges. Pivots may be
center hung or offset and are mounted in
the floor and head of the door.
This type of operating hardware is used
where required by the building code for
safe egress during a panic situation. Push
Panic Hardware bars extending across the width of the door
operate vertical rods that disengage
latches at the top and bottom. The vertical
rods can be surface mounted or concealed

These are used to operate a door that does

Push Plates and Pull not require automatic latching. They are
bars also used on doors to commercial
kitchens.

These are small metal fabrications with

Doors stops and rubber bumpers attached and are used to
bumpers keep a door from damaging adjacent
construction.

These are vertical members used between

double doors to seal the opening, act as a
Astragals
door stop, or provide extra security when
the doors are closed.
 TYPES OF ROUGH HARDWARE
Type Description Image
Screws Screws are externally threaded fasteners.
TYPES OF SCREWS

A helically threaded metal fastener having

a pointed end; forms its own mating
Wood Screw
thread when driven into wood or other
resilient material.

Metal Screw This is fastened by screwing into metal.

Lag Screw, Lag Bolt A bolt having a square head and a thin,
and Coach Screw coarse-pitched thread.

An anchor having a metal shell with a

screw along its central axis. When the
shell is placed in a hole and the screw is
Screw Anchors
driven in, the shell expands, tightly
securing the anchor in the hole. Locally
called a tux screw with a plastic shell.
 A screw used to fasten metal roofing
Tekscrew
sheets to the purlins.

Bolts are metallic pins or rods having a head on one end and an external thread
Bolts on the other for screwing up a nut. It is used for holding members or parts of
members together.
TYPES OF BOLTS

A threaded bolt having a straight shank

and a conventional head such as a
Machine Bolt
square, hexagonal, button, or
countersunk type.

A threaded bolt having a circular head, an

Carriage Bolt oval or flat bearing surface, and a means
of preventing rotation of the bolt.

A bolt having a nut with pivoted flanged

wings that close against a spring when it
is pushed through a hole, and open after
Toggle Bolt
emerging from the hole; used to fasten
objects to a hollow wall or to a wall which
is accessible only from one side.
 It is the same as expansion shields. An
anchoring device having an expandable
Expansion Bolts socket that swells as a bolt is tightened
into it; used in masonry walls for attaching
timber, etc.

It is a small object made of metal or other materials which is used as a fastener,

Nails
as a peg to hang something or sometimes as a decoration.
TYPES OF NAILS

A cut or wire low-carbon steel nail, having

a slender plain shank and a medium
Common Nail
diamond point; used in work where finish
is unimportant, as in framing.

A slender nail made from finer wire than

the common nail. It has a brad type head
Finishing Nail which permits it to be set below the
surface of the wood, leaving only a small
hole which can be puttied easily.

A small finishing nail, usually of the same

thickness throughout, with a head that is
Brad Nail
almost flush with the sides or a head that
projects slightly to one side.
 It is similar to a common nail but thinner;
Box Nail has a long shank which may be smooth or
barbed.

–A slender nail with a small, slightly flared

Casing Nail
head used for finishing work.

A nail having a number of ring-like

Ring-shank Nail grooves around the shank to increase its
holding power.

It is any nail designed for clinching, after

driving. Clinching is securing a nail,
Clinch or Clench Nail
staple, screw or bolt, by hammering the
protruding point so that it is bent over.

a short nail having a barbed or ring shank

Roofing Nail
and a comparatively large flat head
 A nail designed for securing a metal lath.
A metal lath is a base for plaster
fabricated: (a) by slitting metal and then
stretching it to form a diamond-shaped
Metal Lath Nail
mesh or (b) by punching and forming
sheet metal. Usually classified as rib lath,
diamond mesh lath, sheet lath, or wire
lath.

A U-shaped piece of metal or heavy wire,

Electrician’s Staple
with pointed ends, driven into a surface to
Nail
secure a sheet material, hold a hasp, etc.

A hardened steel nail having a flat

Concrete Nail countersunk head and a diamond point;
used for nailing to concrete or masonry.

A hardened steel nail with a knurled or

Masonry Nail fluted shank; esp. used for fastening to
masonry.
 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED IN INSTALLING DOOR HARDWARE
Tool Image

Hammer

1/2” Chisel

Utility Knife

Cordless Screw Gun

One-Inch Screws
 NAIL CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
Method Description Image

Method of nailing in which the nails are

Face-nailing driven perpendicular to the face of the
material.

This method is also called concealed or

secret nailing. Nailing in such a way that
Blind-nailing the nail heads are not visible on the face
of the work. In finished roofing, the use of
nails that are not exposed to the weather.

This method is also called skew or tusk

Toe-nailing nailing. Nailing obliquely to the surfaces
being joined.
 DOOR KNOB INSTALLATION METHOD

STEP 1 Install a new latch plate

Insert the latch through the edge of the

STEP 2
door

STEP 3 Tap the latch into place

STEP 4 Screw in the latch

 Insert one half of the doorknob in
STEP 5
through the latch

Insert the other half of the doorknob in

STEP 6
through the other side of the latch

STEP 7 Press both halves together

STEP 8 Affix both doorknob ends with screws

STEP 9 Secure loose screws

STEP 10 Attach the new strike plate

STEP 11 Test the doorknob

STEP 12 Repaint the area around the knob

 SIZES AND PRICES OF NAILS AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET
Type of Nail Size (in) Price (pesos) per kg
¾ 181.80
1 150.56
1½ 144.37
2 137.89
2½ 137.89
3 131.70
Common Nail 4 128.89
1 172.23
1½ 171.1
2 169.96
2½ 168.85
3 167.72
4 166.60
¾ 221.76
1 158.44
1½ 151.68
Finishing Nail
2 145.49
2½ 145.49
3 139.02

PRICES OF DOOR KNOBS/LOCKS AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET

Product Name Price (pesos)
Corona Entrance Keyed Tubular Lever Lock 779.00
Yale Bathroom Lever lock Set 490.00
GUTE Stainless Steel double lock 1,080.00
Amerilock Double lock Deadbolt 340.00
Yale Rim Lock Night Latch Door Lock 690.00
Corona Single Deadbolt 439.00
Raider Double Handle Door Lock Security Set 2,795.00
Ace Hardware Stainless Steel Keyed One Side
679.75
Deadbolt
 BRANDS OF HARDWARE AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET
Brand Image

Sargent

Stanley

Yale

Corbin

Schlage
Kwikset

Universal

Eagle
 ARTB01
ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS

RESEARCH NO. 16
Plumbing Materials

In partial fulfilment for the requirement in the degree of Bachelor of Science

In Architecture

Submitted to:

Ar. REYMAR G. BURLUNGAN

Submitted by:

Saylon, Efraine Andrea D.

BSA-1C
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The system of pipes, valves, fixtures and other apparatus of a water supply or
Plumbing
sewage system.
The supply of purified water to a community, usually including the facilities for
Water Supply
storing and distributing this water, as reservoirs and pipelines.
Water System A system of pipes, valves and fixtures for distributing and using water in a building.

TYPES OF PLUMBING MATERIALS

Type Description Use Image
Cast Iron is a large-
diameter heavy metal
pipe, dull black with a
rough, mottled
mainly used for
surface. This is also
main soil track
Cast Iron considered as a high-
waste lines and
quality sanitary waster
vent pipes
drain pipe that
deadens the sound of
flowing wastewater
very well.
PVC pipes are white
mainly used for
rigid plastic pipes that
sanitary waste
PVC is considered to be the
lines, vent pipes
standard in-home
and drain traps
waste line material.
Chromes brass is a
bright shiny chrome-
finished pipe of a
mainly used for
Chromed larger diameter. This
exposed drains and
Brass is often used instead
traps
of PVC pipes for
exposed waste line
application.
 mainly used for
Chromed copper pipe exposed water
Chromed is a bright, shiny supply lines, such
Copper chrome finished pipe as supply tubing for
of a smaller diameter. toilets or pedestal
sinks

Galvanized Iron is a
dull silver-gray rigid
metal pipe. It was often used for water
Galvanized once a popular supply lines and
Iron method of plumbing drain lines in older
water supply lines but homes
it slowly fails due to
corrosion and rust.
Rigid copper pipes
are mainly used for
Copper pipes are longer runs of water
characterized as dull supply, and in some
and copper-colored cases as waste
metal. It comes with lines. Flexible
Copper
two types; the rigid copper is used for
type that comes in short runs, for water
several wall supply and for the
thickness. water supply tubing
for refrigerators and
dishwashers.
CPVC is a dull white
or cream-colored
plastic pipe that is mainly used for hot
Chlorinated
inexpensive and is and cold water
PVC (CPVC)
designed to withstand supply piping
high pressure and
temperature.
 PEX has colors that
are specified for its
use. Red for hot
water, Blue for cold mainly used for
Cross-linked
water and White as a water supply and as
Polyethylene
flexible plastic pipe. radiant heating
(PEX)
PEX is made of cross- pipes
linked HDPE or High-
density polyethylene
polymer.

mainly used for

natural gas or
Black Iron pipes are
propane supply
characterized as Dull
pipes and for
Black Iron black and rigid and is
feeding gas supply
usually one inch or
to the furnace,
less in diameter.
boiler or water
heater

CAST IRON PIPES AND FITTINGS

Type Image

Bends
 Bend Sizes

Wye Sizes
Wye

Tee
Traps

Pipes

OTHER SPECIAL CAST IRON FITTINGS

 PLASTIC PIPE COLOR CODING
Specification Color
Potable Water
Electrical Conduit
Industrial System
Communication Cable
Sewage System

PLASTIC PIPE FITTINGS

Type Image

Socket

Bend

Wye
 Tee

Trap

Reducer

Clean Out

Polythylene

PVC
Polybutylene

GALVANIZED PIPE FITTINGS

Type Image

Elbow

Tee
 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED IN INSTALLING PVC
For Cleaning and Prepping
Name Image

Steel Wool

Sandpaper

Acetone

Sanding Block
 Colorfast
rags/paper towels

For Measuring, Marking, Square and Clamp

Name Image

Dry-erase Markers

Measuring Tape

Calipers
 4” bar clamps

For Cutting
Name Image

Miter Box

Ratcheting Pipe
Cutter

Hacksaw
 Rotary tool

Spade Bits

Deburring Tool

Drill/driver
For Gluing
Name Image

PVC Primer

PVC Clear Cement

For Shaping and Connecting

Name Image

Dead-blow
Hammer

Heat Gun
 EXTERNAL PVC PIPE INSTALLATION METHOD
Mark the drainage pipe route with lime powder for excavation of trench as per the
STEP 1
approved drawings.
Check the trench bottom level with a leveling instrument to match the invert level of the
STEP 2
pipe line as per the approved drawings.
STEP 3 Provide concrete base with required gradient for a firm base for pipe installation.
STEP 4 Install the pipe between the manholes as per the specification and approved drawings.
STEP 5 Provide head vent in the first or starting Manhole.
Make sure that the maximum distance between manholes should be only 25 to 30
STEP 6
meters.
STEP 7 Check the invert level of the pipes after installation.
STEP 8 Make proper supports after the installation and checking level.
STEP 9 After the checking the level of the installed pipes arrange it for testing
Fix two numbers of 90° degree bends on both the ends of the pipe line and fix about
STEP 10
three-meter height vertical pipe.
STEP 11 Fill the pipe line with water up to the height of three meters.
STEP 12 Check the pipe joints for any leakage
STEP 13 If any leakage is found, repair it.
STEP 14 Make an inspection request consultant or client approval.

INTERNAL PVC PIPE INSTALLATION METHOD

STEP 1 Obtain clearance from the civil contractor for the installation of pipes
STEP 2 Remove the sleeve box provided in the slab or wall for opening.
STEP 3 Mark the pipe route as per the approved drawings.
Fix the brackets/supports/clamps as per the specification with proper intervals with
STEP 4
required gradient for a proper slope.
STEP 5 Fix a quality floor trap for waste drainage systems with pipes & required fittings.
STEP 6 Fix a 90° bend for soil drainage system with pipes and fittings.
STEP 7 Fix the waste lines from wash basin, bath tub and bidet and connect to the floor trap.
STEP 8 Provide cleanouts at every 20 meter and every turning point.
STEP 9 Provide vent pipe for each system.
STEP 10 Fix flexible connectors on the building expansion joints.
STEP 11 Fill it with water for leakage tests.
STEP 12 Check the pipe joints for any leakage
STEP 13 If any leakage is found, repair it.
 PRICES AND SIZES OF PVC PRODUCTS
Item Size (mm) Unit Price (pesos)
12.7 76.22
19 110.21
25.4 143.17
38 245.14
PVC Pipes 50 per pc 234.84
63 281.19
76 469.68
89 443.93
101 589.16
12.7 6.18
19 7.21
25.4 11.33
38 14.42
PVC Coupling 50 per pc 17.51
63 27.81
76 33.99
89 48.41
101 48.41
12.7 8.15
19 9.96
PVC Tee 25.4 per pc 12.36
38 24.53
50 36.05
19 x 12.7 6.70
25.4 x 19 9.50
25.4 x 12.7 15.24
PVC Reducer per pc
38 x 25.4 22.97
38 x 19 18.54
50 x 25.4 45.32
 BRANDS OF PLUMBING MATERIALS AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET
Brand Name Image

Moldex

Apex Plastic Piping

Supply & Services

Emerald

Alasco

Crown Asia uPVC

 ARTB01
ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS

RESEARCH NO. 17
Electrical Materials

In partial fulfilment for the requirement in the degree of Bachelor of Science

In Architecture

Submitted to:

Ar. REYMAR G. BURLUNGAN

Submitted by:

Saylon, Efraine Andrea D.

BSA-1C
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The science dealing with the physical phenomena arising from the existence and
Electricity
interaction of electric charges.
The intrinsic property of matter giving rise to all electric phenomena, occurring in
Electric Charge two forms arbitrarily given positive and negative algebraic signs and measured in
coulombs. Opposite charges attract while like charges repel each other.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL MATERIALS

Classification Description Image

These are materials having a very high

conductivity. The number of free
Conductors electrons are very high in a conductor
at room temperature, the basic reason
of high conductivity of conductors.

These are materials that have the

conductivity between conductors and
Semiconductors
insulators. These are materials that
have covalent bond.

The conductivity of insulating materials

is very low. These materials are having
a very high resistivity which makes
Insulators
them very suitable to insulate the
current carrying parts from earthed
metallic structure.

These materials play an important role in the existence of various materials

Magnetic Materials having high permeability. These are used for building the core to from the low
reluctance path for magnetic flux.
 CATEGORIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS
These materials are having very small and positive susceptibility to the external
Ferromagnetic
magnetic field. They are having a strong attraction to external magnetic field
Materials
and are able to retain magnetism even after removal of external magnetic field.
Paramagnetic These materials are having very small and positive susceptibility to external
Materials magnetic field.
Diamagnetic These materials are having a very weak and negative magnetic susceptibility to
Materials external magnetic field.
These materials are having a very small and positive susceptibility to the
Anti-ferromagnetic
external magnetic field. In the presence of external magnetic field these
Materials
materials get slightly magnetized in the direction of the external magnetic field.
These materials are having very large and positive magnetic susceptibility like
Ferrites ferromagnetic materials. These materials are generally compounds which has
more complex crystal structures than a pure metal.

TYPES OF ELECTRICAL MATERIALS

These are receptacles in a wall or in a baseboard for connection to lamps or

Convenience Outlets
other electrical appliances.
 These are devices for making and breaking the connection in an electric
Switches
circuit.

Juction boxes serve as the communal meeting spot for electrical wires, where
they connect before moving on. These boxes protect hoy (black), white
Junction Boxes
(neutral) and grounding (green or copper) electrical wires and may contain
some other wire colors for secondary functions and lighting.

Porcelain Insulators are made of clay, quartz, alumina and feldspar, and are
covered with a smooth glaze to shed water. Insulators made from porcelain
Porcelain Insulators
rich in alumina are used in high mechanical strength is a criterion. Porcelain
has a dielectric strength of 4-10 Kv/mm.
 Lamp sockets are devices which mechanically supports and provides
Lamp Sockets electrica connections for a compatible electric lamp. Sockets allow lamps to
be safely and conveniently placed.

Fuses are electrical safety devices that operate to provide overcurrent

protection of an electrical circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or
Fuses
strip that melts when too much current flows through it, there by stopping or
interrupting the current.

Electrical Conduits are metal, plastic, fiber pipes designed to protect electrical
Conduit Fittings
cables and wires.
 A wire is a single usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are
Electric Wires
used to bear mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunication signals.

This is the central hub of the house’s electrical system where the incoming
voltage is separated into various circuits. The panel or the box is designed to
Switch Box
cut off electricity to to one of the circuits in case of overload on the circuit
indicating an electric short.
 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED IN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
Tool/Equipment Use Image
The multimeter measures multiple
electrical properties, including voltage,
current, resistance and DC voltage
and current. Multimeters are available
Multimeter as analog or digital devices and the
newer ones feature some
sophisticated bells and whistles such
as Bluetooth and thermal imaging
cameras.
Used for a quick safety check to
ensure there is no voltage in an
electrical wire or device, voltage
Voltage Tester testers are an absolute must. If you
can, grab a non-contact voltage tester.
These can detect electricity without
touching the wire or outlet.
Wire strippers are used to cut and strip
insulation from electrical wire. The
handle should always be comfortable
Wire Strippers to hold and easy to grip. Some
strippers will even include cutting teeth
so you can trim the wire ends at the
same time.

Circuit Finders are used to detect

Circuit Finder where the circuit’s matching
directory is.
 Screwdrivers and nut drivers

 Side-cutting and diagonal cutting –

used to cut wires to specific lengths.
 Needle-nose or long nose – with thin,
grasping ends, these pliers make it
Pliers
easier to reach small spaces.
 Tongue and groove – used to remove
knockouts from metal electrical boxes
and tighten clamps.

Used to pull and push stranded or

solid wire through conduit, fish tape
will always be useful. It can be
Fish Tape
retracted and deployed as needed as
it comes on a reel which always
means it’s easy to grip.

Tape Measure
 Claw hammers can be used to
Hammer
remove nails and wood pieces.

Used to make sure your work is level

Level and plumb before handing it over to
the customer.

It can be very dark in places where

Torch electrical work is most needed. It’s
convenient as well as safe.

Utility Knife

.
 ELECTRICAL WIRING METHODS
Method Description Image
In cleat wiring, PVC insulated cables are
used. They are fastened to the wall using
porcelain, wood or plastic cleats which are
installed at intervals that are 0.6 km apart.
Cleat Wiring
This type of wiring is relatively inexpensive
but is also best for temporary applications
and is not suitable for home electrical
wiring. It is rarely used in modern times.
The cable runs through a wood casing that
has parallel grooves that appear at regular
intervals along it. The casing is fixed to
Casing and Capping ceilings or walls with screws. It is then
Wiring covered with a cap so that the wires are
protected. This system is also relatively
inexpensive but there is a high risk of short
circuits that can result in fire hazards.
Batten wiring is one of the basic wiring
methods that is used today. In batten
wiring, insulated wires are run through the
straight teak wooden battens. These are
fixed on ceilings or walls with plugs or
Batten Wiring
screws. The cables are fitted onto the
battens with tinned brass link clips that are
fastened on with rust resistant nails. This
is a simple and efficient form of wiring that
is mainly used for indoor installations.
Conduit wiring uses PVC cables that are
threaded through PVC or steel conduit
pipes. If the pipes run on the surface of the
Conduit Wiring walls and ceilings, it’s called surface
conduit wiring. If it runs inside the surface
of the walls and covered with plastering,
it’s called concealed conduit wiring.
 UNIT PRICES AND SIZES OF ELECTRICAL MATERIALS AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET
Product Name Quantity Price (pesos)
PIPES AND FITTINGS
20mmdia UPVC pipe 84.00
20mmdia RSC conduit 212.00
20mmdia RSC coupling 20.50
20mmdia UPVC coupling per pc 4.50
20mmdia UPVC Adaptor 7.00
20mmdia Locknut & bushing 7.80
20mmdia RSC Locknut & bushing 14.00
BOXES AND GUTTER
Junction box depth type, metal gauge
22.60
16 w/cover
Utility box depth type, metal gauge 16
per pc 25.00
w/cover
4 x 4 square box depth type, metal
48.00
gauge 16 w/cover
MISCELLANEOUS AND CONSUMABLES
Electric tape big 38.00
Rubber tape big per pc 82.00
Solvent cement 100cc 230.00
GI Wire no.12 63.00
Concrete Nail no.3 per kilo 115.00
CWN no.3 67.00
Entrance Cap per pc 34.00
Terminal Lugs per lot 610.00
Red Led Paint per gallon 469.00
Cable Tie 1.00
per pc
Secondary rack 540.00
Black Paint per gallon 616.00
WIRES
8.0mm2 THHN 41.00
2
5.5 mm THHN 36.00
per meter
3.5 mm2 THHN 24.00
2
2.0 mm THHN 22.00
WIRING DEVICES
1-gang Switch 10A, 240V 105.00
2-gang Switch 10A, 240V 134.00
2-gang, 3-way Switch 10A, 240V 234.00
per set
1-gang Convenience Outlet 10A, 240V 239.00
2-gang Convenience Outlet, 3 prong
341.00
10A, 240V
LIGHTING FIXTURES
24 Watts light bulb 280.00
1-18 Watts Compact fluorescent lighting per set
676.00
fixture
KEYLESS TYPE, PORCELAIN, RECEPTACLE
2-36 Watts, 220 V, fluorescent (box
1,220.00
type)
1 x18, 230 V, Compact Fluorescent per set
(Keyless Type Porcelain Receptacle 678.00
Outlet)
POWER LOAD CENTER SWITCH GEAR AND PANEL BOARD
Main :40AT/50AF,1PCB,240V,18KAIC,
per set 12,500.00
BOLT-ON
BRANCHES
2-
15AT/50AF,1PCB,240V,10KAIC,,BOLT- 315.00
ON
per pc
3-
20AT/50AF,1PCB,240V,10KAIC,,BOLT- 315.00
ON
 BRANDS OF ELECTRIC MATERIALS AVAILABLE IN THE PHILIPPINES
Brand Name Image

Milwaukee

AGP

Dewalt

Makita

Bosch

Hitachi
Kress