Date: 27.01.

2023

Engineering Drawing

Projection Theory

Presented By
Durjoy Kumar Paul
Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
 Date: 27.01.2023

Projection Theory
 Engineering and technical graphics
are dependent on projection
methods
 2 methods primarily used

❑ Parallel: object positioned at

infinity & viewed from multiple Parallel
points on an imaginary line
parallel to the object

❑ Perspective: object position at

finite distance & viewed from a
single point
Perspective

Durjoy Kumar Paul

 Date: 27.01.2023

Projection Theory
 Projection theory comprises of the
principles used to graphically represent 3D
objects on 2D media

Based on 2 variables:
Line of Sight (LOS): an imaginary
ray of light between the observer’s
eye and an object. Parallel – all LOS
are parallel; perspective – all LOS
start at a point
Plane of projection: an imaginary
flat plane where the image created by
LOS is projected.

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Projection Theory
 Orthographic projection: a parallel proj. technique where the proj.
plane is placed between observer and object and is perpendicular to the
parallel lines of sight

Changing view point

Durjoy Kumar Paul
 Date: 27.01.2023

Projection Theory
Projections

Perspective Projections Parallel Projections

Linear Aerial Oblique Orthographic

Perspective Perspective Projections Projections

Axonometric Multiview
Projections Projections

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Projection Theory: Multi-view

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Orthographic Projection

Orthographic Projection Introduction

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Introduction
 Orthographic projection = 2-D representation
of a 3-D object.

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 Date: 23.01.2023

Introduction
 An orthographic projection represents different
sides of an object.

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 Date: 27.01.2023

The Six Principal Views

 The 6 principal views
are created by looking
at the object, straight
on, in the directions
indicated.

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Glass Box Method

 The object is placed
in a glass box.

 The sides of the

box represent the 6
principal planes.

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Glass Box Method

 The image of the
object is projected
on the sides of the
box.

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Glass Box Method

 Things to notice!
 The projection
planes.
 The projectors.
 How surfaces A and
B are projected.

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Glass Box Method

 The box is unfolded
creating the 6 principal
views.

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 Name each
view.

Top

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 Name each
view.

Top

Right Side

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 Name each
view.

Top

Right Side Rear

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 Name each
view.

Top

Left Side Right Side Rear

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 Name each
view.

Top

Left Side Right Side Rear

Bottom

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 Date: 27.01.2023

What are the differences between the

Right Side and Left Side views?

Top

Left Side Right Side Rear

They are mirror images

with one different line
type.
Bottom

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 Date: 27.01.2023

What are the differences between the Top

and Bottom, and Front and Rear views?

Top

Left Side Right Side Rear

They are mirror images with

different line types.
Bottom

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Which view(s) have the least amount of

hidden or dashed lines?

Front and top views.

Top

Left Side Right Side Rear

Bottom

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Orthographic Projection

◆ Creating an Orthographic Projection

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Creating an Orthographic Projection

 Choose a front view.
 Which view shows the most about the object?

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Creating an Orthographic Projection

 Decide how many views are needed.
 How many and which views?

2
Front
Top

For procedural reasons, we will

continue this example by
drawing all 3 standard views.

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Creating an Orthographic Projection

 Draw the visible
features of the
front view.

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Creating an Orthographic Projection

 Draw projectors
off of the front
view.

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Creating an Orthographic Projection

 Draw the top
view.

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Creating an Orthographic Projection

 Project back to
the front view.

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Creating an Orthographic Projection

 Draw a 45
projector off the
front view.

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Creating an Orthographic Projection

 Draw projectors
over to the 45
line and down.

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Creating an Orthographic Projection

 Draw the right
side view.

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Creating an Orthographic Projection

 Project back if
needed.

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Creating an Orthographic Projection

 Draw centerlines
where necessary.

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Creating an Orthographic Projection

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Completed Drawing

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Exercise

Line use in an orthographic projection

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Exercise 1-3
 Fill the following dotted orthographic projection with the
appropriate line types.

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Fill in the visible lines in

to top view.

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 Date: 23.01.2023

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Fill in the visible lines in

to front view.

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Durjoy Kumar Paul

 Date: 27.01.2023

Fill in the visible lines in

to right side view.

Durjoy Kumar Paul

 Date: 23.01.2023

Date: 27.01.2023

Durjoy Kumar Paul

 Date: 27.01.2023

Fill in the hidden lines in

to front, top and right
side views.

Durjoy Kumar Paul

 Date: 27.01.2023

Durjoy Kumar Paul

 Date: 27.01.2023

Draw the center lines in

all the views.

Durjoy Kumar Paul

 Date: 27.01.2023

NOTICE!
The small dashes cross in the middle.

NOTICE!
The center line connects between
features in the same view.

Durjoy Kumar Paul

 Date: 27.01.2023

Exercise

Missing lines 1

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Exercise 1
 Fill in the missing lines in
the front, right side, and
top views.

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 Date: 27.01.2023

1 missing visible line in

the front view.

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 Date: 27.01.2023

The right side view has 1

missing visible line and 2
missing hidden lines.

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 Date: 27.01.2023

The top view has 5 missing

visible lines and 2 missing
hidden lines.

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 Date: 27.01.2023

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Exercise

Missing lines 2

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Exercise 2
 Fill in the missing lines in
the top, front, and right
side views.

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Exercise 1-9

Drawing an orthographic projection 2

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 Date: 27.01.2023

Exercise 1-9
 Identify the best choice for
the front view.
 Estimating the distances,
draw the front, top, and
right side views.

Front view = A

Durjoy Kumar Paul

 Engineering Drawing

Thank You All

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