1. What was the Protestant Reformation?

2. Who was Martin Luther and what did his 95 Theses

hoped to achieve?
3. What was the importance of the Printing press
during the Protestant Reformation?
4. Why did the Protestants advocate for the Bible to
translated into different languages?
5. What was Henry viii’s “Great Matter” and how did it
change England?
6. What was the Industrial Revolution and how did it
impact urbanization?
7. Was the Industrial Revolution a blessing or curse?
Discuss.
8. Discuss child labour during the Industrial Revolution
9. Discuss the factors that motivated Europeans to
embark on empire building.
10. Examine the positive and negative impacts of
colonial rule on Africa.

Answers
1. The Protestant Reformation was a religious reform movement that swept through
Europe in the 1500s. It resulted in the creation of a branch of Christianity called
Protestantism, a name used collectively to refer to the many religious groups that
separated from the Roman Catholic Church due to differences in doctrine.
2. , Martin Luther published his 95 Theses in an attempt to get the Roman
Catholic Church to stop selling indulgences, or 'get out of hell free' cards .
German theologian and religious reformer who was the catalyst of the 16th-century
Protestant Reformation.

3. Both the Protestant and Catholic propagandists made use of the printing
press as a means of influencing the public.
4. The Protestants advocated for the Bible to be translated into different
languages so that more people could access and understand the Word of
God. They believed that everyone should have the opportunity to read and
understand the Bible in their own language, rather than relying on
translations from Latin or Greek. This would allow people to form their own
interpretations of scripture, rather than relying on interpretations from
religious authorities.
5. Henry VIII's "Great Matter" was his desire to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon
and marry Anne Boleyn. This was a major issue for Henry because the Pope refused to
grant him an annulment. In response, Hen ry broke away from the Catholic Church and
declared himself head of the Church of England, thus beginning the English Reformation.
This had a huge impact on England, as it changed the religious landscape of the country
and led to a series of religious reforms that would shape England for centuries to come.
6. The Industrial Revolution was a period of time in the 18th and 19th centuries when
major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation had a profound effect
on the social, economic, and cultural conditions of the times.

It began in Britain and spread to other parts of Europe, North America, and eventually
the world. During this period, new technologies such as steam power and machine tools
were developed which allowed for mass production of goods. This led to an increase in
population growth as people moved from rural areas to cities in search of work.

Urbanization increased dramatically during this period as cities grew larger and more
complex with improved infrastructure such as roads, canals, railways, and factories. The
Industrial Revolution also had a major impact on social structures as it created new
classes of workers who were no longer tied to the land or traditional crafts.
7. The Industrial Revolution was both a blessing and a curse. On one hand, it
brought about unprecedented economic growth and technological
advancement, which improved the quality of life for many people. It also
 created new jobs and industries, which provided more opportunities for
people to make a living. On the other hand, it caused environmental
degradation, increased inequality between classes, and led to dangerous
working conditions in factories. It also caused displacement of rural
populations as people moved to cities in search of work. Ultimately, the
effects of the Industrial Revolution were complex and varied depending on
who was affected by it.
8. Child labor during the Industrial Revolution was a common practice in many parts of the world.
Children were often employed in factories and mines, working long hours in dangerous and
unhealthy conditions. They were also used as domestic servants, working in households for little
or no pay. The use of child labor was seen as a way to reduce costs and increase profits for
businesses.

The Industrial Revolution saw a dramatic increase in the number of children employed in
factories and mines. This was due to the fact that children were cheaper to employ than adults,
and could be more easily controlled. In addition, children were seen as more malleable and
easier to train than adults.

The conditions that children worked under during the Industrial Revolution were often appalling.
They worked long hours with little or no breaks, and were exposed to hazardous materials such
as coal dust and asbestos. Many children suffered from physical ailments such as respiratory
diseases due to their work environment. In addition, they often faced verbal abuse from their
employers, who saw them as expendable commodities rather than human beings.

Despite the terrible conditions that child laborers faced during the Industrial Revolution, there
have been some positive changes over time. Laws have been passed in many countries that limit
the amount of hours that children can work, as well as setting minimum wages for them. In
addition, organizations such as UNICEF have been working to raise awareness about child labor
and its effects on society.

9. 1. Economic Gain: Europeans were motivated to embark on empire building in order to gain
access to new markets, resources, and labor. This allowed them to increase their wealth and
power.

2. Religion: Religion was a major factor in motivating Europeans to embark on empire building. Many
European countries sought to spread their religion and convert people in other parts of the world.

3. Nationalism: Nationalism was another factor that motivated Europeans to embark on empire
building. Nations wanted to expand their territories and gain more power and influence in the world.
 4. Competition: The competition between European nations was also a major factor in motivating
them to embark on empire building. Nations wanted to outdo each other by gaining more territory
and resources than their rivals.

5. Prestige: Finally, prestige was another factor that motivated Europeans to embark on empire
building. Nations wanted to be seen as powerful and influential in the world, which could be
achieved through imperial expansion.

10Positive Impacts:
1. Colonial rule brought about the introduction of modern infrastructure such as roads, railways,
and ports which allowed for increased trade and communication between African countries.

2. Colonial rule also brought about the introduction of modern education systems which allowed
for increased literacy rates and access to knowledge.

3. Colonial rule also brought about the introduction of modern healthcare systems which
improved public health in Africa.

4. Colonial rule also brought about the introduction of a unified legal system which provided a
more consistent form of justice throughout Africa.

5. Colonial rule also brought about economic development in Africa by introducing new
industries and markets to the continent.

Negative Impacts:
1. Colonial rule led to the exploitation of African resources and labor for the benefit of European
powers, leading to economic inequality between African countries and their colonizers.`

2. Colonial rule led to the displacement of many African people from their traditional lands,
leading to social disruption and cultural loss in many areas across Africa.

3. Colonial rule led to a weakening of traditional African political systems, leading to a lack of
autonomy for many African countries after independence was achieved.

4. Colonial rule led to an increase in racial discrimination against Africans by Europeans, leading
to further social divisions within African societies that still exist today.

5. Colonial rule led to an increase in religious conversion efforts by Europeans, leading to further
cultural disruption within African societies that still exist today.