Prepared by:

Ahmed Tahseen

Sahand Saad hydrometer test

Hedi Shaxawan

Supervised by:

Mr. Awara Ghafoor

Mrs. bafreen

2023-2024
Introduction:

the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance; equivalently, it is
the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of a reference substance for the same given
volume.

pecific Gravity - SG - is a dimensionless unit defined for liquids as "the ratio of the density of the
substance to the density of water at a specified temperature". For gases the Specific Gravity is
related to air

The specific gravity (Gs)of a material is the ratio of the mass of a unit volume of soil solids at a
specific temperature to the mass of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at the same
temperature. The specific gravity of soil is usually reported at 20°C.

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 Tools:

Hydrometer, device for measuring some characteristics of a liquid, such as its density (weight
per unit volume) or specific gravity (weight per unit volume compared with water). The device
consists essentially of a weighted, sealed, long-necked glass bulb that is immersed in the liquid
being measured; the depth of flotation gives an indication of liquid density, and the neck can be
calibrated to read density, specific gravity, or some other related characteristic.

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A graduated cylinder, also known as a measuring cylinder or mixing cylinder, is a common piece
of laboratory equipment used to measure the volume of a liquid. It has a narrow cylindrical
shape. Each marked line on the graduated cylinder represents the amount of liquid that has been
measured.

The mercury thermometer is still the standard device to measure temperature in many manual
petroleum tests such as flash point, distillation, viscosity and cold property tests but there are a
number of reasons for changing to a digital probe; safety, more reliable and repeatable results
and better workflow or data tracking support.
Mercury is toxic to humans and because of environmental and safety regulations, shipping these
thermometers has become increasingly complicated in many countries. Digital probes are safe
and easy to handle

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Discussion

To determine a liquid's density, we must first understand the significance of density and (sp.gr).
A liquid's density is defined as its mass per unit of volume, for example (a) at a specific
temperature. On the other hand, the weight of the liquid (Sp.gr) indicates the freshwater density
of a moderately saturated substance. Furthermore, relative density is a number that provides us
with sp.gr, whereas density provides the mass density of matter. Our objectives are to investigate
the significance of hydrocarbons in both liquid and solid forms in the lab and to examine the
chemistry of oil field cities, taking into account the production of hydrocarbons. The carbon.
Because of our work in the lab, we now know how to weigh and lighten hydrocarbons in
accordance with

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Calculasion

First we must find API Gravity to see the quality of the crude oil

As we see the API Gravity more than 31 it mean it’s a light crude oil

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References

1. https://www.britannica.com/science/liquid-state-of-matter

2. https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/amp/specific-gravity-liquid-fluids-
d_294.html

3. https://www.impactanalytical.com/specific-gravity-determination/
#:~:text=Specific%20gravity%20is%20the%20ratio,for%20the%20same
%20given%20volume

4. https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!
&&p=f6cfa2c79a076689JmltdHM9MTcwODczMjgwMCZpZ3VpZD0zOD
A2OTJiMy04OWI1LTY1NWMtMTYxZi04MTRjODg4ZTY0NDQmaW5z
aWQ9NTIyNA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=380692b3-89b5-655c-161f-
814c888e6444&psq=thermometer&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFub
mljYS5jb20vdGVjaG5vbG9neS90aGVybW9tZXRlcg&ntb=1