STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION

OF DATA
 Expected Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lecture, the students must be able to…

 Understand the summation notation

(concepts, properties and calculations)
 Calculate the different measures of central tendency
(ungrouped and grouped data)
 Calculate the other measures of location
(ungrouped and grouped data)

3
Summation Notation
 Summation Notation

∑
SUMMATION
 Summation Notation

The most common symbol or notation used in

statistics

∑
SUMMATION
 Summation Notation

The most common symbol or notation used in

statistics

∑ 𝑛

𝑖=1
𝑋𝑖

SUMMATION
 Summation Notation

The most common symbol or notation used in

statistics

∑ 𝑛

𝑖=1
𝑋𝑖
“The summation of x sub i, from
i=1 to i=n”

SUMMATION
 Summation Notation

The most common symbol or notation used in

statistics

∑ 𝑛

𝑖=1
𝑋𝑖
“The summation of x sub i, from

Where,
i=1 to i=n”

i = index of summation
1 = lower limit
SUMMATION n = upper limit
 Summation Notation
𝑛

𝐶 = 𝐶 + 𝐶 + ⋯ + 𝐶 = 𝐶𝑛
𝑖=1

𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑖=1
𝐶𝑋𝑖 = 𝐶𝑋1 + 𝐶𝑋2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑋𝑛 = 𝐶
𝑖=1

𝑋𝑖 + 𝑌𝑖 = (𝑋1 +𝑌1 ) + (𝑋2 +𝑌2 ) + ⋯ + (𝑋𝑛 +𝑌𝑛 ) =

𝑋𝑖

𝑖=1
𝑋𝑖 +
𝑛

𝑖=1
𝑌𝑖

SUMMATION
 Summation Notation
𝑛

𝐶 = 𝐶 + 𝐶 + ⋯ + 𝐶 = 𝐶𝑛
𝑖=1

𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑖=1
𝐶𝑋𝑖 = 𝐶𝑋1 + 𝐶𝑋2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑋𝑛 = 𝐶
𝑖=1

𝑋𝑖 + 𝑌𝑖 = (𝑋1 +𝑌1 ) + (𝑋2 +𝑌2 ) + ⋯ + (𝑋𝑛 +𝑌𝑛 ) =

𝑋𝑖

𝑖=1
𝑋𝑖 +
𝑛

𝑖=1
𝑌𝑖

SUMMATION

PROPERTIES OF SUMMATION NOTATION

 PRACTICE!
Write the following in full.

∑
5𝑋𝑖
𝑖=1

(𝑋𝑖 + 2𝑌𝑖 − 5)
𝑖=3
SUMMATION
5

( 3𝑋𝑖 )2
𝑖=2
 PRACTICE!
Write the following in full.

∑
5𝑋𝑖 = 𝟓𝑿𝟏 + 𝟓𝑿𝟐 + 𝟓𝑿𝟑 + 𝟓𝑿𝟒 + 𝟓𝑿𝟓
𝑖=1

6 = 𝑿𝟑 + 𝟐𝒀𝟑 − 𝟓
+𝑿𝟒 + 𝟐𝒀𝟒 − 𝟓
(𝑋𝑖 + 2𝑌𝑖 − 5)
+𝑿𝟓 + 𝟐𝒀𝟓 − 𝟓
𝑖=3
+𝑿𝟔 + 𝟐𝒀𝟔 − 𝟓
SUMMATION
5

( 3𝑋𝑖 )2 = (𝟑𝑿𝟐 + 𝟑𝑿𝟑 + 𝟑𝑿𝟒 + 𝟑𝑿𝟓 )𝟐

𝑖=2
 PRACTICE!
Write in summation notation.

∑ 2𝑋1 + 2𝑋2 + 2𝑋3 + 2𝑋4 + 2𝑋5 + 2𝑋6

(𝑎3 + 5)2 + (𝑎4 + 5)2 +(𝑎5 + 5)2 +(𝑎6 + 5)2

SUMMATION
1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 + ⋯ + 𝑛2
 PRACTICE!
Write in summation notation.

∑ 2𝑋1 + 2𝑋2 + 2𝑋3 + 2𝑋4 + 2𝑋5 + 2𝑋6

= 𝟔
𝒊=𝟏 𝟐𝑿𝒊
(𝑎3 + 5)2 + (𝑎4 + 5)2 +(𝑎5 + 5)2 +(𝑎6 + 5)2

𝟔 𝟐
SUMMATION = 𝒊=𝟑(𝒂𝒊 +𝟓)

1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 + ⋯ + 𝑛2
𝒏 𝟐
= 𝒊=𝟏 𝒊
 PRACTICE!
Evaluate the following.

∑ 𝑖=1
25

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑋1 = 2, 𝑋2 = −1, 𝑋3 = 4, 𝑋4 = 0, 𝑋5 = 3, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑

5

7𝑋𝑖
𝑖=2

SUMMATION
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑋1 = 2, 𝑋2 = −1, 𝑋3 = 4, 𝑋4 = 0, 𝑋5 = 3
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑌1 = −3, 𝑌2 = 4, 𝑌3 = 5, 𝑌4 = −1, 𝑌5 = 2
4

𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 (2𝑋𝑖 + 𝑌𝑖 )
𝑖=1
 PRACTICE!
Evaluate the following.

∑ 𝑖=1
25 = 125

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑋1 = 2, 𝑋2 = −1, 𝑋3 = 4, 𝑋4 = 0, 𝑋5 = 3, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑

5

7𝑋𝑖
𝑖=2

SUMMATION = 42
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑋1 = 2, 𝑋2 = −1, 𝑋3 = 4, 𝑋4 = 0, 𝑋5 = 3
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑌1 = −3, 𝑌2 = 4, 𝑌3 = 5, 𝑌4 = −1, 𝑌5 = 2
4

𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 (2𝑋𝑖 + 𝑌𝑖 )
𝑖=1
= 15
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
It is a score that indicates where the center of distribution tends to be located.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
It is a score that indicates where the center of distribution tends to be located.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
It is a score that indicates where the center of distribution tends to be located.

MEAN MODE
MEDIAN
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
It is a score that indicates where the center of distribution tends to be located.

MEAN MODE
MEDIAN
UNGROUPED GROUPED UNGROUPED GROUPED

UNGROUPED GROUPED
 MOCT (UNGROUPED DATA)

MEAN
 MOCT (UNGROUPED DATA)

MEAN
𝝁 𝑜𝑟 𝑿
 MOCT (UNGROUPED DATA)
It is located at the exact mathematical center
MEAN of a distribution.

𝝁 𝑜𝑟 𝑿
 MOCT (UNGROUPED DATA)
It is located at the exact mathematical center
MEAN of a distribution.

𝝁 𝑜𝑟 𝑿
𝑛
𝑋
𝑖=1 𝑖
𝑛
 MOCT (UNGROUPED DATA)

MEDIAN
 MOCT (UNGROUPED DATA)

MEDIAN
𝑿
 MOCT (UNGROUPED DATA)

MEDIAN When the data are arranged in decreasing or

increasing order, it is the middle value when
the number of observations is odd, or the
arithmetic mean of the two middle values
𝑿 when the number of observations is even.
 MOCT (UNGROUPED DATA)

MEDIAN When the data are arranged in decreasing or

increasing order, it is the middle value when
the number of observations is odd, or the
arithmetic mean of the two middle values
𝑿 when the number of observations is even.

MODE
 MOCT (UNGROUPED DATA)

MEDIAN When the data are arranged in decreasing or

increasing order, it is the middle value when
the number of observations is odd, or the
arithmetic mean of the two middle values
𝑿 when the number of observations is even.

MODE
𝑿
 MOCT (UNGROUPED DATA)

MEDIAN When the data are arranged in decreasing or

increasing order, it is the middle value when
the number of observations is odd, or the
arithmetic mean of the two middle values
𝑿 when the number of observations is even.

MODE It is the value which occurs most often or with

greatest frequency.
𝑿
 BATTLE!!
• The number of incorrect answers on a true-
false competency test for a random sample of
15 students was recorded as follows. Find the
mean, median and mode.

2 1 3 0 1 3 6 0 3 3 5 2 1 4 2
 BATTLE AGAIN!!
• The quantity of building permits issued last
month to 12 construction firms in a certain
municipality were as follows. Find the mean,
median and mode.

4 7 0 7 11 4 1 15 3 5 8 7
MOCT (UNGROUPED DATA)
MEAN
 MOCT (UNGROUPED DATA)
MEAN

WEIGHTED MEAN COMBINED MEAN

𝑾𝒊 𝑿𝒊 𝒏𝑿𝒊
𝑿𝒘 = 𝑿𝑪 =
𝑾𝒊 𝒏𝒊
 PRACTICE AGAIN!!!
• What is the average for a student who received
grades of 85, 76, and 82 on three tests, and a 79 on
the final examination in a certain course if the final
examination counts three times as much as each of
the three tests?
Grade (X) Weight (W)
85 1
76 1
82 1
79 3
 PRACTICE AGAIN AND AGAIN!!!
• Three sections of a statistics class containing 32, 30,
and 38 students averaged 84, 80, and 76,
respectively, on the same final examination. What is
the combined mean for all three sections?

NO. OF STUD GRADE

32 84
30 80
38 76
 MOCT (GROUPED DATA)
MEAN 𝒇 𝒊 𝑿𝒊
𝝁 𝑜𝑟 𝑿 𝑿=
𝒏
 MOCT (GROUPED DATA)
MEAN 𝒇 𝒊 𝑿𝒊
𝝁 𝑜𝑟 𝑿 𝑿=
𝒏
𝒏
MEDIAN − 𝑺𝒃)
𝑿=𝑳+( 𝟐 )𝒊
𝑿 𝒇𝒎
 MOCT (GROUPED DATA)
MEAN 𝒇 𝒊 𝑿𝒊
𝝁 𝑜𝑟 𝑿 𝑿=
𝒏
𝒏
MEDIAN − 𝑺𝒃)
𝑿=𝑳+( 𝟐 )𝒊
𝑿 𝒇𝒎
MODE ∆𝟏
𝑿=𝑳+ 𝒊
𝑿 ∆𝟏 + ∆ 𝟐
 MOCT (GROUPED DATA)
MEAN 𝒇 𝒊 𝑿𝒊
𝝁 𝑜𝑟 𝑿 𝑿=
𝒏
 MOCT (GROUPED DATA)
MEAN 𝒇 𝒊 𝑿𝒊
𝝁 𝑜𝑟 𝑿 𝑿=
𝒏

WHERE:
𝒇𝒊 = FREQUENCY
𝑿𝒊 = CLASS MARK
𝒏 = TOTAL NO. OF OBSERVATIONS
 MOCT (GROUPED DATA)
𝒏
MEDIAN − 𝑺𝒃
𝑿=𝑳+( 𝟐 )𝒊
𝑿 𝒇𝒎
 MOCT (GROUPED DATA)
𝒏
MEDIAN − 𝑺𝒃
𝑿=𝑳+( 𝟐 )𝒊
𝑿 𝒇𝒎

WHERE:
𝑳= LOWER BOUNDARY OF MEDIAN CLASS
𝒏= TOTAL NO. OF OBSERVATIONS
𝑺𝒃 = <CF OF THE CLASS BEFORE MEDIAN
CLASS
𝒇𝒎 = FREQUENCY OF THE MEDIAN CLASS
 MOCT (GROUPED DATA)
MODE ∆𝟏
𝑿=𝑳+ 𝒊
𝑿 ∆𝟏 + ∆ 𝟐
 MOCT (GROUPED DATA)
MODE ∆𝟏
𝑿=𝑳+ 𝒊
𝑿 ∆𝟏 + ∆ 𝟐

WHERE:
𝑳= LOWER BOUNDARY OF MODAL CLASS
∆𝟏 = DIFF BETWEEN THE FREQ OF THE
MODAL CLASS AND THE NEXT LOWER CLASS
∆𝟐 = DIFF BETWEEN THE FREQ OF THE
MODAL CLASS AND THE NEXT HIGHER CLASS
 EXERCISE!
• Consider the following frequency distribution. Solve for
the mean, median and mode.
𝒇𝒊 𝑿𝒊 Test Score No. of Students
𝑿=
𝒏 20-24 2
25-29 6
𝒏 30-34 9
− 𝑺𝒃)
𝑿=𝑳+( 𝟐 )𝒊 35-39 10
𝒇𝒎
40-44 12
45-49 7
∆𝟏 50-54 4
𝑿=𝑳+ 𝒊 N = 50
∆𝟏 + ∆𝟐
 𝒇𝒊 𝑿𝒊
𝑿=
𝒏 EXERCISE!
• Consider the following frequency distribution. Solve for
the mean, median and mode.
Test Score No. of Students X fX
20-24 2
25-29 6
30-34 9
35-39 10
40-44 12
45-49 7
50-54 4
N = 50
 𝒇𝒊 𝑿𝒊
𝑿=
𝒏 EXERCISE!
• Consider the following frequency distribution. Solve for
the mean, median and mode.
Test Score No. of Students X fX
20-24 2 22
25-29 6 27
30-34 9 32
35-39 10 37
40-44 12 42
45-49 7 47
50-54 4 52
N = 50
 𝒇𝒊 𝑿𝒊
𝑿=
𝒏 EXERCISE!
• Consider the following frequency distribution. Solve for
the mean, median and mode.
Test Score No. of Students X fX
20-24 2 22 44
25-29 6 27 162
30-34 9 32 288
35-39 10 37 370
40-44 12 42 504
45-49 7 47 329
50-54 4 52 208
N = 50
 EXERCISE!
• Consider the following frequency distribution. Solve for
the mean, median and mode.
𝒇𝒊 𝑿𝒊 Test Score No. of Students
𝑿=
𝒏 20-24 2
25-29 6
𝒏 30-34 9
− 𝑺𝒃)
𝑿=𝑳+( 𝟐 )𝒊 35-39 10
𝒇𝒎
40-44 12
45-49 7
∆𝟏 50-54 4
𝑿=𝑳+ 𝒊 N = 50
∆𝟏 + ∆𝟐
 𝒏
− 𝑺𝒃)
𝑿=𝑳+( 𝟐
𝒇𝒎
)𝒊 EXERCISE!
• Consider the following frequency distribution. Solve for
the mean, median and mode.
Test Score No. of Students <Cf
20-24 2
25-29 6
30-34 9
35-39 10
40-44 12
45-49 7
50-54 4
N = 50
 𝒏
− 𝑺𝒃)
𝑿=𝑳+( 𝟐
𝒇𝒎
)𝒊 EXERCISE!
• Consider the following frequency distribution. Solve for
the mean, median and mode.
Test Score No. of Students <Cf
20-24 2 2
25-29 6 8
30-34 9 17
35-39 10 27
40-44 12 39
45-49 7 46
50-54 4 50
N = 50
 𝒏
− 𝑺𝒃)
𝑿=𝑳+( 𝟐
𝒇𝒎
)𝒊 EXERCISE!
• Consider the following frequency distribution. Solve for
the mean, median and mode.
Test Score No. of Students <Cf
20-24 2 2
25-29 6 8
30-34 9 17
MEDIAN
35-39 10 27 CLASS
40-44 12 39
45-49 7 46
50-54 4 50
N = 50
 𝒏
− 𝑺𝒃)
𝑿=𝑳+( 𝟐
𝒇𝒎
)𝒊 EXERCISE!
• Consider the following frequency distribution. Solve for
the mean, median and mode.
Test Score No. of Students <Cf
20-24 2 2
25-29 6 8
30-34 9 17 𝑺𝒃
35-39 10 27
40-44 12 39
45-49 7 46
50-54 4 50
N = 50
 𝒏
− 𝑺𝒃)
𝑿=𝑳+( 𝟐
𝒇𝒎
)𝒊 EXERCISE!
• Consider the following frequency distribution. Solve for
the mean, median and mode.
Test Score No. of Students <Cf
20-24 2 2
25-29 6 8
30-34 9 17 𝑺𝒃
35-39 𝒇𝒎 10 27
40-44 12 39
45-49 7 46
50-54 4 50
N = 50
 EXERCISE!
• Consider the following frequency distribution. Solve for
the mean, median and mode.
𝒇𝒊 𝑿𝒊 Test Score No. of Students
𝑿=
𝒏 20-24 2
25-29 6
𝒏 30-34 9
− 𝑺𝒃)
𝑿=𝑳+( 𝟐 )𝒊 35-39 10
𝒇𝒎
40-44 12
45-49 7
∆𝟏 50-54 4
𝑿=𝑳+ 𝒊 N = 50
∆𝟏 + ∆𝟐
 ∆𝟏
𝑿=𝑳+
∆𝟏 + ∆𝟐
𝒊 EXERCISE!
• Consider the following frequency distribution. Solve for
the mean, median and mode.

Test Score No. of Students

20-24 2
25-29 6
30-34 9
35-39 10
MODAL
40-44 12 CLASS
45-49 7
50-54 4
N = 50
 ∆𝟏
𝑿=𝑳+
∆𝟏 + ∆𝟐
𝒊 EXERCISE!
• Consider the following frequency distribution. Solve for
the mean, median and mode.

Test Score No. of Students

20-24 2
25-29 6
30-34 9
35-39 10
40-44 12 ∆𝟏
45-49 7
50-54 4
N = 50
 ∆𝟏
𝑿=𝑳+
∆𝟏 + ∆𝟐
𝒊 EXERCISE!
• Consider the following frequency distribution. Solve for
the mean, median and mode.

Test Score No. of Students

20-24 2
25-29 6
30-34 9
35-39 10
40-44 12
45-49 7
∆𝟐
50-54 4
N = 50
OTHER MEASURES OF LOCATION
OTHER MEASURES OF LOCATION
FRACTILES OR
QUANTILES
OTHER MEASURES OF LOCATION
FRACTILES OR They are values that describe the
position of data below which a
specific fraction or percentage of the
QUANTILES observations in a given set must fall.
OTHER MEASURES OF LOCATION
FRACTILES OR They are values that describe the
position of data below which a
specific fraction or percentage of the
QUANTILES observations in a given set must fall.
 OTHER MEASURES OF LOCATION
FRACTILES OR They are values that describe the
position of data below which a
specific fraction or percentage of the
QUANTILES observations in a given set must fall.

QUARTILES PERCENTILES

DECILES
 OTHER MEASURES OF LOCATION
FRACTILES OR They are values that describe the
position of data below which a
specific fraction or percentage of the
QUANTILES observations in a given set must fall.

QUARTILES PERCENTILES

DECILES
UNGROUPED GROUPED UNGROUPED GROUPED

UNGROUPED GROUPED
 OMOL (UNGROUPED DATA)
QUARTILES

DECILES

PERCENTILES
 OMOL (UNGROUPED DATA)
Are values that divide a set of observations
QUARTILES into 4 equal parts. (Q1, Q2, Q3)

Are values that divide a set of observations

DECILES into 10 equal parts. (D1, D2,… D9)

Are values that divide a set of observations

PERCENTILES into 100 equal parts. (P1, P2,… P99)
 OMOL (UNGROUPED DATA)
Are values that divide a set of observations
QUARTILES into 4 equal parts. (Q1, Q2, Q3)

𝒌
𝑳𝑸𝒌 = (𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝟒
Are values that divide a set of observations
DECILES into 10 equal parts. (D1, D2,… D9)

𝒌
𝑳𝑫𝒌 = (𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝟏𝟎
Are values that divide a set of observations
PERCENTILES into 100 equal parts. (P1, P2,… P99)

𝒌
𝑳𝑷𝒌 = (𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝟏𝟎𝟎
 OMOL (UNGROUPED DATA)
Are values that divide a set of observations
QUARTILES into 4 equal parts. (Q1, Q2, Q3)

𝒌
𝑳𝑸𝒌 = (𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝑸𝒌 = 𝑳𝑺 + 𝒅𝒆𝒄(𝑯𝑺 − 𝑳𝑺)
𝟒
Are values that divide a set of observations
DECILES into 10 equal parts. (D1, D2,… D9)

𝒌 𝑫𝒌 = 𝑳𝑺 + 𝒅𝒆𝒄(𝑯𝑺 − 𝑳𝑺)
𝑳𝑫𝒌 = (𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝟏𝟎
Are values that divide a set of observations
PERCENTILES into 100 equal parts. (P1, P2,… P99)

𝒌 𝑷𝒌 = 𝑳𝑺 + 𝒅𝒆𝒄(𝑯𝑺 − 𝑳𝑺)
𝑳𝑷𝒌 = (𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝟏𝟎𝟎
 PRACTICE (QUARTILES)
• A cigarette vendor records the number of
packs he sold for 12 days and obtains the
following:
43 37 49 35 29 37
33 41 75 53 30 62
 PRACTICE (QUARTILES)
• A cigarette vendor records the number of
packs he sold for 12 days and obtains the
following:
43 37 49 35 29 37
33 41 75 53 30 62

REARRANGE!
 PRACTICE (QUARTILES)
• A cigarette vendor records the number of
packs he sold for 12 days and obtains the
following:
29 30 33 35 37 37
41 43 49 53 62 75
 PRACTICE (QUARTILES)
• A cigarette vendor records the number of
packs he sold for 12 days and obtains the
following:
29 30 33 35 37 37
41 43 49 53 62 75

𝒌
𝑳𝑸𝒌 = (𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝑸𝒌 = 𝑳𝑺 + 𝒅𝒆𝒄(𝑯𝑺 − 𝑳𝑺)
𝟒
 PRACTICE (QUARTILES)
• A cigarette vendor records the number of
packs he sold for 12 days and obtains the
following:
29 30 33 35 37 37
41 43 49 53 62 75

𝟏
𝑳𝑸𝟏 = (𝟏𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝑸𝒌 = 𝑳𝑺 + 𝒅𝒆𝒄(𝑯𝑺 − 𝑳𝑺)
𝟒
 PRACTICE (QUARTILES)
• A cigarette vendor records the number of
packs he sold for 12 days and obtains the
following:
29 30 33 35 37 37
41 43 49 53 62 75

𝑳𝑸𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟓 𝑸𝒌 = 𝑳𝑺 + 𝒅𝒆𝒄(𝑯𝑺 − 𝑳𝑺)

 PRACTICE (QUARTILES)
• A cigarette vendor records the number of
packs he sold for 12 days and obtains the
following:
29 30 33 35 37 37
41 43 49 53 62 75

𝑳𝑸𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟓 𝑸𝟏 = 𝑳𝑺 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓(𝑯𝑺 − 𝑳𝑺)

 PRACTICE (QUARTILES)
• A cigarette vendor records the number of
packs he sold for 12 days and obtains the
following: LS HS
29 30 33 35 37 37
41 43 49 53 62 75

𝑳𝑸𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟓 𝑸𝟏 = 𝑳𝑺 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓(𝑯𝑺 − 𝑳𝑺)

 PRACTICE (QUARTILES)
• A cigarette vendor records the number of
packs he sold for 12 days and obtains the
following: LS HS
29 30 33 35 37 37
41 43 49 53 62 75

𝑳𝑸𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟓 𝑸𝟏 = 𝟑𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓(𝟑𝟓 − 𝟑𝟑)

 PRACTICE (QUARTILES)
• A cigarette vendor records the number of
packs he sold for 12 days and obtains the
following: LS HS
29 30 33 35 37 37
41 43 49 53 62 75

𝑳𝑸𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟓 𝑸𝟏 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟓
 YOUR TURN!
• A cigarette vendor records the number of
packs he sold for 12 days and obtains the
following:
29 30 33 35 37 37
41 43 49 53 62 75

1. Q2 6. P10
2. Q3 7. P80
3. D3 8. D5
4. D6 9. P50
5. D9 10. P25
 YOUR TURN!
• A cigarette vendor records the number of
packs he sold for 12 days and obtains the
following:
29 30 33 35 37 37
41 43 49 53 62 75

1. Q2 = 39 6. P10 = 29.3
2. Q3 = 52 7. P80 = 56.6
3. D3 = 34.8 8. D5 = 39
4. D6 = 42.6 9. P50 = 39
5. D9 = 71.1 10. P25 = 33.5
 OMOL (GROUPED DATA)
Are values that divide a set of observations
QUARTILES into 4 equal parts. (Q1, Q2, Q3)

Are values that divide a set of observations

DECILES into 10 equal parts. (D1, D2,… D9)

Are values that divide a set of observations

PERCENTILES into 100 equal parts. (P1, P2,… P99)
 OMOL (GROUPED DATA)
Are values that divide a set of observations
QUARTILES into 4 equal parts. (Q1, Q2, Q3)

𝒌
𝑳𝑸𝒌 = (𝒏)
𝟒
Are values that divide a set of observations
DECILES into 10 equal parts. (D1, D2,… D9)

𝒌
𝑳𝑫𝒌 = (𝒏)
𝟏𝟎
Are values that divide a set of observations
PERCENTILES into 100 equal parts. (P1, P2,… P99)

𝒌
𝑳𝑷𝒌 = (𝒏)
𝟏𝟎𝟎
 OMOL (GROUPED DATA)
Are values that divide a set of observations
QUARTILES into 4 equal parts. (Q1, Q2, Q3)
𝒌𝒏
𝒌 − 𝑺𝑸𝒌
𝑳𝑸𝒌 = (𝒏) 𝑸𝒌 = 𝑳𝑸𝒌 + 𝟒 𝒊
𝟒 𝒇𝑸𝒌
Are values that divide a set of observations
DECILES into 10 equal parts. (D1, D2,… D9)
𝒌𝒏
𝒌 − 𝑺𝑫𝒌
𝑳𝑫𝒌 = (𝒏) 𝑫𝒌 = 𝑳 𝑫 𝒌 + 𝟏𝟎 𝒊
𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝑫𝒌
Are values that divide a set of observations
PERCENTILES into 100 equal parts. (P1, P2,… P99)
𝒌𝒏
𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝑺𝑷𝒌
𝒌 𝑷𝒌 = 𝑳𝑷𝒌 + 𝒊
𝑳𝑷𝒌 = (𝒏) 𝒇𝑷𝒌
𝟏𝟎𝟎
 OMOL (GROUPED DATA)
𝒌𝒏
− 𝑺𝑸𝒌
QUARTILES 𝑸𝒌 = 𝑳𝑸𝒌 + 𝟒 𝒊
𝒇𝑸𝒌

Where:
𝑳𝑸𝒌 = lower boundary of the quartile class
𝒏 = total number of observations
𝑺𝑸𝒌 = less than cumulative frequency before the quartile class
𝒇𝑸𝒌 = frequency of the quartile class
𝒊 = class width
 OMOL (GROUPED DATA)
𝒌𝒏
− 𝑺𝑫𝒌
DECILES 𝑫𝒌 = 𝑳𝑫𝒌 + 𝟏𝟎 𝒊
𝒇𝑫𝒌

Where:
𝑳𝑫𝒌 = lower boundary of the decile class
𝒏 = total number of observations
𝑺𝑫𝒌 = less than cumulative frequency before the decile class
𝒇𝑫𝒌 = frequency of the decile class
𝒊 = class width
 OMOL (GROUPED DATA)
𝒌𝒏
− 𝑺𝑷𝒌
PERCENTILES 𝑷𝒌 = 𝑳𝑷𝒌 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒊
𝒇𝑷𝒌

Where:
𝑳𝑷𝒌 = lower boundary of the percentile class
𝒏 = total number of observations
𝑺𝑷𝒌 = less than cumulative frequency before the percentile class
𝒇𝑷𝒌 = frequency of the percentile class
𝒊 = class width
 PRACTICE (QUARTILES)
• Consider the following frequency distribution
table. Scores Frequency
70-74 3
75-79 16
80-84 14
85-89 10
90-94 7
𝒌𝒏
𝒌 𝟒
− 𝑺𝑸𝒌
𝑳𝑸𝒌 = (𝒏) 𝑸 𝒌 = 𝑳𝑸 𝒌 + 𝒊
𝟒 𝒇𝑸𝒌
 PRACTICE (QUARTILES)
• Consider the following frequency distribution
table. Scores Frequency
70-74 3
75-79 16
80-84 14
85-89 10
90-94 7
𝒌𝒏
𝟏 𝟒
− 𝑺𝑸𝒌
𝑳𝑸𝟏 = (𝒏) 𝑸 𝒌 = 𝑳𝑸 𝒌 +
𝒇𝑸𝒌
𝒊
𝟒
 PRACTICE (QUARTILES)
• Consider the following frequency distribution
table. Scores Frequency
70-74 3
75-79 16
80-84 14
85-89 10
90-94 7
𝒌𝒏
𝟏 𝟒
− 𝑺𝑸𝒌
𝑳𝑸𝟏 = (𝟓𝟎) 𝑸 𝒌 = 𝑳𝑸 𝒌 +
𝒇𝑸𝒌
𝒊
𝟒
 PRACTICE (QUARTILES)
• Consider the following frequency distribution
table. Scores Frequency
70-74 3
75-79 16
80-84 14
85-89 10
90-94 7
𝒌𝒏
𝑳𝑸𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 − 𝑺𝑸𝒌
𝑸 𝒌 = 𝑳𝑸 𝒌 + 𝟒 𝒊
𝒇𝑸𝒌
 PRACTICE (QUARTILES)
• Consider the following frequency distribution
table. Scores Frequency
70-74 3
75-79 16
80-84 14
85-89 10
90-94 7
𝒌𝒏
𝑳𝑸𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 − 𝑺𝑸𝟏
𝑸 𝟏 = 𝑳𝑸 𝟏 + 𝟒 𝒊
𝒇𝑸𝟏
 PRACTICE (QUARTILES)
• Consider the following frequency distribution
table. Scores Frequency <CF
70-74 3
75-79 16
80-84 14
85-89 10
90-94 7
𝒌𝒏
𝑳𝑸𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 − 𝑺𝑸𝟏
𝑸 𝟏 = 𝑳𝑸 𝟏 + 𝟒 𝒊
𝒇𝑸𝟏
 PRACTICE (QUARTILES)
• Consider the following frequency distribution
table. Scores Frequency <CF
70-74 3 3
75-79 16 19
80-84 14 33
85-89 10 43
90-94 7 50
𝒌𝒏
𝑳𝑸𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 − 𝑺𝑸𝟏
𝑸 𝟏 = 𝑳𝑸 𝟏 + 𝟒 𝒊
𝒇𝑸𝟏
 PRACTICE (QUARTILES)
• Consider the following frequency distribution
table. Scores Frequency <CF
70-74 3 3
75-79 16 19 𝑳𝑸𝟏
80-84 14 33
85-89 10 43
90-94 7 50
𝒌𝒏
𝑳𝑸𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 − 𝑺𝑸𝟏
𝑸 𝟏 = 𝑳𝑸 𝟏 + 𝟒 𝒊
𝒇𝑸𝟏
 PRACTICE (QUARTILES)
• Consider the following frequency distribution
table. Scores Frequency <CF
70-74 3 3 𝑺𝑸𝟏
75-79 𝒇𝑸𝟏 16 19 𝑳𝑸𝟏
80-84 14 33
85-89 10 43
90-94 7 50
𝒌𝒏
𝑳𝑸𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 − 𝑺𝑸𝟏
𝑸 𝟏 = 𝑳𝑸 𝟏 + 𝟒 𝒊
𝒇𝑸𝟏
 PRACTICE (QUARTILES)
• Consider the following frequency distribution
table. Scores Frequency <CF
70-74 3 3 𝑺𝑸𝟏
75-79 𝒇𝑸𝟏 16 19 𝑳𝑸𝟏
80-84 14 33
85-89 10 43
90-94 7 50
𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 − 𝑺𝑸𝟏
𝑳𝑸𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝑸𝟏 = 𝑳 𝑸𝟏 +
𝒇 𝑸𝟏
𝒊
 PRACTICE (QUARTILES)
• Consider the following frequency distribution
table. Scores Frequency <CF
70-74 3 3 𝑺𝑸𝟏
75-79 𝒇𝑸𝟏 16 19 𝑳𝑸𝟏
80-84 14 33
85-89 10 43
90-94 7 50
𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 − 𝟑
𝑳𝑸𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝑸𝟏 = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟓 +
𝟏𝟔
𝟓
 PRACTICE (QUARTILES)
• Consider the following frequency distribution
table. Scores Frequency <CF
70-74 3 3 𝑺𝑸𝟏
75-79 𝒇𝑸𝟏 16 19 𝑳𝑸𝟏
80-84 14 33
85-89 10 43
90-94 7 50

𝑳𝑸𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝑸𝟏 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟒𝟕

 YOUR TURN!
• Consider the following frequency distribution
table. Scores Frequency <CF
70-74 3 3
75-79 16 19
80-84 14 33
85-89 10 43
90-94 7 50
1. D6 4. Q3
2. P65 5. P75
3. Q2 6. D5
 YOUR TURN!
• Consider the following frequency distribution
table. Scores Frequency <CF
70-74 3 3
75-79 16 19
80-84 14 33
85-89 10 43
90-94 7 50
1. D6 = 83.43 4. Q3 = 86.75
2. P65 = 84.32 5. P75 = 86.75
3. Q2 = 81.64 6. D5 = 81.64
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
A B
14 5
15 15
13 22
14 14
14 14
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
A B
14 5
15 15
13 22
14 14
14 14

𝑿 = 𝟏𝟒
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
A B
14 5
15 15
13 22
14 14
14 14

𝑿 = 𝟏𝟒 𝑿 = 𝟏𝟒
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
A B
14 5
15 15
13 22
14 14
14 14

𝑿 = 𝟏𝟒 𝑿 = 𝟏𝟒
MORE
DISPERSED!!!
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
They are measures of the average distance of
each observation from the center of the
distribution.
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
They are measures of the average distance of
each observation from the center of the
distribution.

“how spread out”

MEASURES OF DISPERSION
They are measures of the average distance of
each observation from the center of the
distribution.

“how spread out”

 MEASURES OF DISPERSION
They are measures of the average distance of
each observation from the center of the
distribution.

“how spread out”

MEASURES OF ABSOLUTE MEASURES OF RELATIVE

DISPERSION DISPERSION
 MEASURES OF DISPERSION
They are measures of the average distance of
each observation from the center of the
distribution.

“how spread out”

MEASURES OF ABSOLUTE MEASURES OF RELATIVE

DISPERSION DISPERSION
- same units - different units
- close mean values - not close mean values
MEASURES OF ABSOLUTE DISPERSION
MEASURES OF ABSOLUTE DISPERSION

RANGE VARIANCE

STANDARD
DEVIATION
MEASURES OF ABSOLUTE DISPERSION

RANGE VARIANCE

STANDARD GROUPED
UNGROUPED
DEVIATION

UNGROUPED GROUPED
 MOAD (STANDARD DEVIATION)
UNGROUPED
(𝑿 − 𝑿)𝟐
POPULATION SD: 𝝈=
𝑵

(𝑿 − 𝑿)𝟐
SAMPLE SD: 𝒔=
𝒏−𝟏
 MOAD (STANDARD DEVIATION)
GROUPED
𝒇(𝑿 − 𝑿)𝟐
POPULATION SD: 𝝈=
𝑵

𝟐
𝒏 𝒇𝒊 𝑿𝒊 𝟐 − ( 𝒇𝒊 𝑿𝒊 )
SAMPLE SD: 𝒔=
𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)
 MOAD (VARIANCE)
UNGROUPED

POPULATION (𝑿 − 𝑿)𝟐
𝝈𝟐 =
VARIANCE: 𝑵

SAMPLE (𝑿 − 𝑿)𝟐
𝒔𝟐 =
VARIANCE: 𝒏−𝟏
 MOAD (VARIANCE)
GROUPED

POPULATION 𝒇(𝑿 − 𝑿)𝟐

𝝈𝟐 =
VARIANCE: 𝑵

𝟐
𝒏 𝒇𝒊 𝑿𝒊 𝟐 − ( 𝒇𝒊 𝑿𝒊 )
SAMPLE 𝒔𝟐 =
VARIANCE: 𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)