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The Sjogrens Book 5Th Edition Daniel Jeffrey Wallace Full Chapter
The Sjogrens Book 5Th Edition Daniel Jeffrey Wallace Full Chapter
The Sjogrens Book 5Th Edition Daniel Jeffrey Wallace Full Chapter
Jeffrey Wallace
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The Sjögren’s Book
The Sjögren’s Book
Fifth Edition
Edited by
Daniel J. Wallace, MD
Associate Editors
Alan N. Baer, MD
Steven E. Carsons, MD
Nancy L. Carteron, MD
Katherine M. Hammitt, MA
Matthew A. Makara, MPH
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the
University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing
worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and
certain other countries.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in
writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under
terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning
reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department,
Oxford University Press, at the address above.
You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same
condition on any acquirer.
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197502112.001.0001
This material is not intended to be, and should not be considered, a substitute for medical
or other professional advice. Treatment for the conditions described in this material is highly
dependent on the individual circumstances. And, while this material is designed to offer
accurate information with respect to the subject matter covered and to be current as of the
time it was written, research and knowledge about medical and health issues is constantly
evolving and dose schedules for medications are being revised continually, with new side
effects recognized and accounted for regularly. Readers must therefore always check the
product information and clinical procedures with the most up-to-date published product
information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of
conduct and safety regulation. The publisher and the authors make no representations or
warranties to readers, express or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of this
material. Without limiting the foregoing, the publisher and the authors make no
representations or warranties as to the accuracy or efficacy of the drug dosages mentioned
in the material. The authors and the publisher do not accept, and expressly disclaim, any
responsibility for any liability, loss, or risk that may be claimed or incurred as a consequence
of the use and/or application of any of the contents of this material.
Contents
Contributors
Introduction: Why Write a Book on Sjögren’s? by Daniel J. Wallace
PART IV DIAGNOSIS
17. Diagnostic and Classification Criteria for Sjögren’s
Matthew Makara
18. Laboratory Tests
Alan N. Baer
19. Assessing the Salivary Gland Component in Sjögren’s:
Biopsy and Imaging
Malin V. Jonsson, Kathrine Skarstein, and Chiara Baldini
20. The Difficult-to-Diagnose Sjögren’s Patient
Astrid Rasmussen
21. Diseases Associated with Sjögren’s
Janet Lewis and Frederick B. Vivino
22. Childhood Sjögren’s
Scott M. Lieberman, Sara M. Stern, and Jay Mehta
Glossary
Index
Contributors
Alan N. Baer, MD
Professor of Medicine
Director, Jerome L. Greene Sjögren’s Syndrome Center
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA
Kara M. Cavuoto, MD
Associate Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Miami, FL, USA
Janet E. Church
President & Chief Executive Officer
Sjögren’s Foundation
Reston, VA, USA
Peter Donshik, MD
Ophthalmologist (Retired)
Bloomfield, CT, USA
Kieron Dunleavy, MD
Chair, Division of Hematology
Director, Lymphoma Program
Lombardi Cancer Center
Georgetown University
Washington, DC, USA
Leila M. Haddad
Clinical Assistant
Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Katherine M. Hammitt, MA
Vice President of Medical & Scientific Affairs
Sjögren’s Foundation
Reston, VA, USA
Chadwick R. Johr, MD
Director, Penn Sjögren’s Center
Associate Program Director, Combined Internal Medicine and
Pediatrics Residency Program
Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Augustine S. Lee, MD
Pulmonologist, Critical Care Specialist
Mayo Clinic
Jacksonville, FL, USA
Janet Lewis, MD
Associate Professor
Chief of the Division of Rheumatology
University of Virginia
Charlottesville, VA, USA
Shalini Mahajan, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Neurology
Cedars Sinai Medical Center
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Steven Mandel, MD
Clinical Professor of Neurology
Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell
Adjunct Professor of Medicine
New York Medical College
New York City, NY, USA
Richa Mishra
Rheumatology Fellow University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA
Haralampos M. Moutsopoulos
Professor and Director
Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine
National University of Athens
Athens, Greece
Ghaith Noaiseh, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine
Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology
University of Kansas
Kansas City, KS, USA
Katerina Shetler, MD
Physician
Division of Gastroenterology
Palo Alto Medical Foundation
Mountain View, CA, USA
Sara M. Stern, MD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics
University of Utah School of Medicine
Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Athanasios G. Tzioufas, MD
Professor
Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Athens, Greece
Michael Voulgarelis, MD
Professor
Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Athens, Greece
Jeffrey W. Wilson, MD
Rheumatologist (Retired)
Lynchburg, VA, USA
Patient Resources
The Sjögren’s Foundation is continually developing and updating
materials to help patients understand their disease and its potential
complications and to help educate their family and friends. The
Foundation’s website, www.sjogrens.org, has a wide selection of
downloadable materials, including education sheets on the many
symptoms patients might encounter, brochures, tips for living with
Sjögren’s, and information on how to sign up for the Foundation’s
monthly patient-focused newsletter, Conquering Sjögren’s.
On the site, you will also learn about the Foundation’s nearly 70
support groups in the United States, each led by a local patient. In
addition, you will find information about a number of other
Foundation activities and educational conferences for patients in
cities around the United States. These additional programs provide
attendees first-hand opportunities to learn from leading Sjögren’s
experts.
Annually, the Sjögren’s Foundation hosts a two-day national
patient conference with more than 10 speakers, covering the various
manifestations of Sjögren’s. Beyond expanding one’s knowledge at
these conferences, patients and family members find it to be a great
way to meet and collaborate with other patients and families who
share similar circumstances.
Professional Resources
Similar to our patient resources and materials just mentioned, the
Foundation focuses on expanding resources and education for
healthcare professionals.
In 2006, in an effort to raise awareness and provide education and
updates on the latest Sjögren’s research and clinical findings, the
Foundation introduced our newsletter for healthcare professionals,
Sjögren’s Quarterly. This newsletter, published four times per year, is
distributed free to any healthcare professional, worldwide, who is
interested in learning about Sjögren’s. Each issue reviews the latest
in Sjögren’s research and clinical news, features a healthcare
professional’s experience in treating various aspects of Sjögren’s,
and provides updates on new products and industry news. Here, the
foundation also recaps scientific conferences and updates
professionals on clinical trials in Sjögren’s.
The Foundation’s website, www.sjogrens.org, also hosts a section
for professionals with a variety of resources, ranging from
downloadable patient materials to research information.
Most impressively, the Foundation has invested more than $2.5
million in Sjögren’s research since 2005. The Foundation has helped
to fund programs in genetics, gene expression, biomarkers, the
immune system, and potential regeneration of glands and cognitive
symptoms, just to name a few topics. We have supported projects at
institutions around the United States to encourage new researchers
to enter the field of Sjögren’s, as well as offering continued support
to current researchers devoted to Sjögren’s. This focus on
maintaining current relationships and developing new researchers is
key to sparking novel ideas that all researchers can build upon.
Perhaps most helpful to Sjögren’s clinicians is the Foundation’s
major initiative to develop clinical practice guidelines for treating
Sjögren’s. These guidelines are the first of their kind for the disease
and provide a comprehensive overview on a range of important
topics and manifestations of Sjögren’s.
To date, the Foundation has completed clinical practice guidelines
on the following key topics: dental caries prevention, dry eye,
inflammatory musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, use of biologics, and
pulmonary manifestations. Additional topics that are being addressed
include peripheral nervous and autonomic nervous system
involvement, lymphoma, and vasculitis. For this work, the
Foundation has been reaching out to specialists beyond those in
rheumatology and oral and ocular medicine to ensure that
neurologists, pulmonologists, oncologists, and others participate in
management guidelines and subsequently share information on
Sjögren’s with colleagues through their respective professional
societies. Watch the Foundation website and/or Sjögren’s Quarterly
for regular updates as this important initiative progresses.
History
Although one can find case reports of people who had Sjögren’s
dating back to the European medical literature of the late 19th
century, Henrik Sjögren, a Swedish ophthalmologist, is credited with
“discovering” the disease because he published the first
comprehensive description of Sjögren’s as a disease in a large group
of patients. This occurred in 1933 when, while working on his PhD
thesis, he described 19 women, all of whom had severe dryness of
the eyes and mouth and two-thirds of whom had chronic arthritis.
He was the first person to recognize the classic triad of symptoms in
Sjögren’s: dry eyes, dry mouth, and arthritis. Dr. Sjögren was also
the first physician to emphasize the systemic nature of the disease,
and he coined the term keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) to describe
dry eyes with ocular surface damage. Nowadays, the term KCS has
become synonymous with dry eyes. Dr. Sjögren was also one of the
first ophthalmologists to use a vital dye, rose bengal, to study the
surface of the eye for damage due to dryness. Thus, for these and
other contributions, the disease still bears his name.
In the years that followed Dr. Sjögren’s initial description,
Sjögren’s was considered quite rare and was listed in the National
Organization of Rare Disorders (NORD) registry. However, in the late
1990s the pendulum regarding prevalence began to swing in the
opposite direction when new research suggested a higher prevalence
of Sjögren’s than previously recognized. This disease is now
considered to be quite common and, among the autoimmune
rheumatic diseases, Sjögren’s ranks second, only behind rheumatoid
arthritis, in prevalence.
Clinical Presentations
Like most autoimmune diseases, Sjögren’s preferentially affects
women and less commonly occurs in children and men. About 80%
of the overall patient group present with the insidious onset of
dryness of the eyes, mouth, and other body parts that evolves
slowly over months to years. Among the various scenarios, dry eyes
is typically the most common presenting manifestation. Less
commonly, dry mouth can be the presenting manifestation, or all the
sicca symptoms develop simultaneously. In the remaining 20% of
patients Sjögren’s begins in an unusual or atypical fashion. In these
cases, one of the internal organ manifestations will predominate
and, when the patient is first seen by a healthcare provider, the
dryness symptoms may be minimal or nonexistent. This scenario is
particularly common among individuals who present with a
neurologic complication of the disease. Other common symptoms
include fatigue and swelling of the salivary glands, which can
occasionally be the initial manifestations as well. Table 2.1
summarizes “atypical” clinical presentations seen in adults diagnosed
with Sjögren’s over a 30-year period at a large university medical
center. In children the most common presentation is parotitis,
recurrent swelling and pain of the parotid gland (major salivary
gland in the cheeks).
Summing Up
Sjögren’s is an autoimmune rheumatic disease that causes dry eyes,
dry mouth, arthritis, and fatigue and, less commonly, affects the
internal organs. Proper evaluation usually requires a whole battery of
tests to look for objective evidence of dry eyes, objective evidence of
dry mouth, and proof of autoimmunity. A correct diagnosis will
facilitate more comprehensive treatment in order to help individuals
avoid costly and devastating medical and dental complications.
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La pluie tombe depuis huit jours. Nous serons bientôt en
décembre. Une odeur froide, qui semble venir des pierres trempées
d’eau et prêtes à se dissoudre, — pierres des vieux murs
ruisselants, pierres des pavés entre lesquelles bondissent de petits
flots ininterrompus, monte de toute la ville. Une danse enragée et
lourde, qui menace de tout enfoncer, ne cesse de bondir et de
piétiner là-haut les tuiles du vieux toit. Il y a dans ce bruit, pressé et
continu, je ne sais quelle monotonie affolée qui étourdit, engourdit, et
mêle à la somnolence un insupportable malaise. — Automne tout
pareil à celui d’alors, à l’automne qui suivit ce soir où je n’allai pas
chez François Landargues, pour supporter le mal qui vient de vous,
il faudrait être au fond de soi très riche ou d’une entière pauvreté.
Mais je suis également loin de la force et de la stupeur. Les
médiocres comme moi ne savent que sentir.
… Nul jour ne se détache entre les mornes jours qui suivirent. Je
ne vois pas ce temps derrière moi comme une suite d’heures
formant des semaines avec leurs dimanches. C’est une seule masse
grise et pesante comme ces vapeurs qui roulent en novembre sur
les prairies crépusculaires. Le temps était mauvais ; la nuit tombait
vite. Émue encore des confidences que j’avais dû lui faire, maman
me considérait trop souvent avec une frayeur désolée. Et puis elle
fermait les yeux, et la méditation qu’il lui fallait subir creusait en
quelques minutes son visage si pâle et si fin. C’est elle, dans ces
moments, qui portait mes remords et elle ne se consolait point de
tout ce que sa chair et son âme avaient mis en moi de faible et de
passionné. — Elle ne me parlait de rien d’ailleurs. J’avais supplié
qu’il en fût ainsi, elle admettait ma prière, et le nom des Landargues
qui, dans nos heures provinciales, revenait jusqu’alors assez
souvent entre nous, n’était plus jamais prononcé.
Je ne me plaignais d’aucune peine, je n’en voulais point
éprouver, et, m’appliquant à rire souvent, je mettais toute ma bonne
volonté à m’occuper sans cesse et utilement, aidant au ménage
comme à la couture, pliant le linge et préparant les pommes et les
figues pour les conserves de l’hiver. Mais ma souffrance, que
semblaient écarter tant de petits gestes, dès qu’ils s’interrompaient
revenait aussitôt se serrer contre mes épaules, et tout mon mal, se
remuant avec force, étirait ses griffes au dedans de moi. D’une
imagination ou d’une mémoire tout à la fois inlassable et épuisée, je
cherchais François, ses phrases durant nos rencontres, ses regards
et ses gestes. Et souvent je chérissais tout de lui, ses tristesses et
ses sourires, et jusqu’à son cœur sec, jusqu’à ses méchancetés
douloureuses ; mais souvent aussi, le comprenant plus clairement, je
n’avais plus pour lui que de la répulsion.
Deux fois déjà, dans la rue Puits-aux-Bœufs et sur le quai du
Rhône, je l’avais revu. On ne me permettait plus de sortir seule, je
ne le demandais pas ; Guicharde chaque fois marchait auprès de
moi. Et, sans presser ni ralentir le pas, il avait salué, d’un geste
indifférent, laissant toutefois s’attacher sur moi un regard d’où ne
venaient ni regrets ni prière, mais seulement, blessante de cette
façon aiguë qu’il savait trop bien faire sentir, la plus méprisante
ironie. M’aimait-il, m’avait-il aimée ? Était-ce de l’amour, ce que moi-
même j’avais éprouvé pour lui ?… Mais les jours passèrent et je
commençais de ne plus bien connaître les causes de ce grand
tourment qui m’occupait encore… Lui-même peu à peu s’en allait de
moi. Et je me rappelle, comme le printemps allait venir, les belles
heures que je passais à la fenêtre de ma chambre, qui était la plus
petite au bout du couloir blanchi à la chaux. Quel bonheur me venait
alors de mon cœur vide, paisible et léger ! Le soleil disparaissait
derrière les monts de l’Ardèche, et devant moi, du ciel où s’étaient
dissous les derniers rayons au fleuve qui le recevait avec eux, la
couleur du miel occupait tout l’espace.
Pauvres âmes que les petites et les ignorantes comme la
mienne, tour à tour paisibles et brûlées, savourant leur folie,
appréciant leur sagesse, et ne sachant jamais bien où il leur
convient de s’établir !
*
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Le printemps fut aigre et changeant comme il est souvent dans
nos pays, avec des coups de vent glacé qui secouent sur leur tige et
font tomber les fleurs naissantes, et des soleils si chauds que le blé
vert semble s’allonger dans la minute que l’on met à le regarder. Je
recommençais de sortir seule dans les petites rues qui tournent
autour de la maison et j’apercevais quelquefois le docteur Gourdon.
Il venait là pour soigner l’enfant d’un charpentier, atteint de
tuberculose osseuse et auquel s’intéressait Mme Livron qui est fort
riche, et grande amie de la vieille Mme Landargues. Il me saluait
avec un grand respect et me regardait longuement.
Un jour, il me parla. C’était devant la « Maison des Têtes », où
trois seigneurs et quatre dames, du temps du roi François Ier,
sculptés merveilleusement dans la pierre brunie, penchent au-
dessus des fenêtres à croisillons leurs têtes coiffées de plumes ou
de perles. La rue est malpropre et fort étroite. Au moment que je
passai auprès du docteur, je glissai sur une pelure de pomme et
manquai de tomber. Il étendit le bras pour me retenir et, comme je le
remerciais, en riant de ma maladresse, il rit avec moi. Ensuite, il me
demanda si ma santé était bonne, et s’informa avec un grand intérêt
de ma mère qu’il apercevait quelquefois le dimanche et qu’il trouvait,
me dit-il, un peu pâle et fatiguée. Je répondis qu’elle était, en effet,
d’une santé fragile, et nous demeurions l’un devant l’autre, ne
sachant plus bien ce qu’il fallait ajouter.
Alors, ayant, me parut-il, hésité légèrement, il me demanda :
— Y a-t-il longtemps, mademoiselle, que vous n’avez vu M.
François Landargues ?
La question n’était que banale. Elle me troubla cependant, car je
ne l’attendais point et je répondis : « Très longtemps », avec une
indifférence excessive et maladroite. Fabien Gourdon ne fut point
assez délicat pour ignorer mon trop visible malaise :
— Oh ! dit-il, baissant un peu la voix, je vous demande pardon
d’avoir réveillé des souvenirs…
— Il n’y a pas de souvenirs, ripostai-je.
— A la bonne heure ! approuva Gourdon.
Et il soupira, parce qu’il supposait sans doute que j’avais le cœur
gros et qu’il tenait à me rendre évidente toute sa sympathie :
— Que voulez-vous !… Il était bien à prévoir que Mme
Landargues, si intransigeante, ne permettrait pas à son petit-fils de
se marier selon sa tendresse !
Avait-il donc pu croire que François désirait m’épouser ? Je fus
touchée, et cela me flatta de découvrir chez quelqu’un cette pensée
qui ne m’était jamais venue. Je regardai mieux Gourdon. Il était
admiratif, pitoyable et sincère. Alors je pensai qu’il était honnête de
cœur et de cerveau, et je le fus sans doute moins que lui, car, ayant
fait un geste vague qui pouvait marquer un grand détachement pour
ces choses déjà lointaines, je ne le détrompai pas.
*
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