‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﺁﻟﺠﻼﻟﻲ – ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻣﺪ )ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ

ﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ(‬

‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻣﺪ ‪ :‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻣﺪ ﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊﺓ ‪،‬ﻭﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻷﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻭﺳﺄﺗﺨﺬ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ‪،‬ﻭﺃﺷﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼﺕ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺡ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺰﺍﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭﻣﻤﺘﻌﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﺒﺮﺩﺝ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪http://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/Solid_state_physics‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/doitpoms/index.html‬‬
‫‪0T‬‬ ‫‪0T‬‬

‫‪http://www.matter.org.uk/diffraction/sitemap.htm‬‬
‫‪0T‬‬ ‫‪0T‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫‪Crystal Binding‬‬

‫‪- 1‬ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ‪:‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ)ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺗﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻗﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﻦ ) ‪ 1‬ﻭ ‪ ( 2‬ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﻳﺒﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻳﻦ ﺫﺭﺗﻴﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ‪ O‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ A‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ‪ ، r‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ()‪ (potential energy‬ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻡ ‪ F‬ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺗﻴﻦ ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﺁﻟﺠﻼﻟﻲ – ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻣﺪ )ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ(‬

‫)‪(2‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺧﺮ‬

‫ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ‪ (2‬ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﻄﺎء ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﺒﺪﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺗﻴﻦ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ‪ F‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ‪ r‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫)ﻣﻮﺟﺐ(‬
‫ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ‪ F‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻩ ‪ r‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺗﺪﺍﻓﻊ )ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺮ(‪ .‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪، r‬ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ‬
‫)ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺭﺑﻂ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﻂ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ‪ r>r 0‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﻷﻥ‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪ F=0‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ‪ r=r 0‬ﻓﺎﻥ‬

‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻞ ‪ r<r 0‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻻﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ )ﺃﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺫﺭﺗﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪β α‬‬
‫= ) ‪U (r‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫)‪(3‬‬
‫‪rm rn‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻂ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﻳﻤﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ‪ (3‬ﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ r 0‬ﺍﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺗﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ)ﺃﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ( ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﺁﻟﺠﻼﻟﻲ – ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻣﺪ )ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ(‬

‫‪du‬‬
‫‪F (r0 ) = −‬‬ ‫‪r =r0‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬ ‫)‪(4‬‬
‫‪dr‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (3‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ)‪ (4‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ r=r 0‬ﻓﻨﺠﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫‪ αnr0n −1 β mr0m −1 ‬‬

‫‪−  2 n −‬‬ ‫‪2m‬‬
‫‪ = 0‬‬ ‫)‪(5‬‬
‫‪ r0‬‬ ‫‪r0‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪(5‬ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﺘﺎ ﻭﺇﻟﻔﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪αn‬‬
‫=‪β‬‬ ‫‪r0m − n‬‬ ‫)‪(6‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫ﻧﻌﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (6‬ﻓﻲ )‪) (3‬ﺷﺮﻁ ‪ ( r=r 0‬ﻓﻨﺠﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫‪αnr0m−n‬‬ ‫‪α‬‬ ‫‪αn‬‬ ‫‪α‬‬ ‫‪−n  n‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫= ) ‪U (r0‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪r0−n −‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪α‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪mr0m‬‬ ‫‪r0n‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪r0n‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪= −αr 1 −‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪−n‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫) ‪(7‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (7‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪ n>m‬ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ )‪ U(r 0‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻪ‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺑﺈﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻭﻧﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺗﺠﺎﺫﺏ)‪ . ( F=-kx‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪ n<m‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺒﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺗﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺗﺴﻮﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ r 0‬ﻭﻗﻮﻯ‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﺗﺴﻮﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪، r 0‬ﻭﺗﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ r=r 0‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﺘﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ‪.‬‬

‫‪- 2‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ‪ :‬ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻣﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‌ﺃ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ) ‪.( Ionic bond‬‬
‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ)‪.( Covalent bond‬‬ ‫‌‬
‫ﺕ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ)‪. (Metallic bond‬‬ ‫‌‬
‫ﺙ ‪ -‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻓﺎﻧﺪﺭ ﻓﺎﻟﺲ)‪.( Vander walls bond‬‬ ‫‌‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﺻﻒ ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﺁﻟﺠﻼﻟﻲ – ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻣﺪ )ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ(‬

‫‌ﺃ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﺸﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ‬
‫) ‪, ( Nacl, KI, CsCl‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ )ﺗﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﻲ( ‪،‬ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﻱء ﻛﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻭﺃﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ) ‪cohesive‬‬
‫‪.( energy‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﺑﻞ ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻮﻥ ﺻﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺳﻴﺤﺎﻁ ﺑﺴﺘﺔ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﻮﺭ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻮﻥ ﻛﻠﻮﺭ ﺳﻴﺤﺎﻁ ﺑﺴﺘﺔ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺻﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻧﻨﺴﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ‪ Na+-Na+‬ﻭ ‪ Cal- —Cal-‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬

‫ﺃﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺰﻱء ﻛﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ‪:‬‬
‫‪Na + 5.1eV (ionization energy) → Na+ + e-‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬

‫)‪e - + Cl → Cl - + 3.6eV (electron affinity‬‬

‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬

‫)‪Na+ + Cl- → NaCl + 7.9 eV (electrostatic energy‬‬

‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬

‫‪The cohesive energy with respect to neutral atoms can be calculated as 7.9eV - 5.1eV‬‬
‫‪+ 3.6eV, i.e.‬‬
‫‪ ).‬ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ‪Na + Cl → NaCl + 6.4 eV (cohesive energy‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻨﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ‪ N‬ﺃﻳﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪U total (r)=NU(r‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫)‪(8‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ )‪ U(r‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (3‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺃﻻﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻡ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﺁﻟﺠﻼﻟﻲ – ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻣﺪ )ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ(‬

‫‪q2‬‬
‫= ) ‪U (r‬‬ ‫)‪(9‬‬
‫‪r‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (3‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪: n=1‬‬

‫‪β q2‬‬
‫‪U (r ) = m −‬‬ ‫)‪(10‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ‪ r=r 0‬ﻭ ‪ n=1‬ﻭ ‪ α =q2‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (6‬ﻧﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫‪q 2 m −1‬‬
‫‪β= r‬‬ ‫)‪(11‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫ﻧﻌﻮﺽ )‪ (11‬ﻓﻲ )‪ (10‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ r=r 0‬ﻓﻨﺠﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫‪q 2 r0m−1 q 2‬‬ ‫‪q2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫= ) ‪U (r0‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪=−‬‬ ‫‪1 − ‬‬ ‫)‪(12‬‬
‫‪mr0m‬‬ ‫‪r0‬‬ ‫‪r0‬‬ ‫‪ m‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ‪ (7‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ‪ n=1‬ﻭ ‪ ، α =q2‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ‪ m<1‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬

‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (8‬ﻭﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ N‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ‪ r=r 0‬ﻧﺠﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫‪q2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪U total‬‬ ‫‪= NU (r0 ) = − N‬‬ ‫‪1 − ‬‬ ‫)‪(13‬‬
‫‪r0‬‬ ‫‪ m‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ‪ (13‬ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻀﺮﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻧﻎ) ‪ (Madelung‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ ( NaCl)1.7475‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪:(13‬‬

‫‪q2 ‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪U total‬‬ ‫‪= NU (r0 ) = − Nα‬‬ ‫‪1 − ‬‬ ‫)‪(14‬‬
‫‪r0  m ‬‬

‫‪ U total (r 0 )/N‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ)ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ α‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻧﻎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺤﺎﻡ ‪،(cohesive energy‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ –Nαq2/r 0‬ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻧﻎ ) ‪Madelung energy‬‬

‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﺁﻟﺠﻼﻟﻲ – ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻣﺪ )ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ(‬

‫ﺏ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‌‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺑﺄﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﻭﻋﻠﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺈﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺗﻴﻦ ‪،‬ﻭﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻻ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻢ ﻭﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺴﻂ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮﻧﺎ ﺟﺰﻱء ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ‪ a‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ b‬ﻭﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺏ ‪ 1‬ﻭﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺏ ‪ ، 2‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ‪2A0‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬

‫ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻬﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪،‬ﻭﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺳﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﺒﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﻴﻦ ﺃﻡ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻫﻮﻧﺪ ‪،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻭﺿﺪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ‪،‬ﻓﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺫﺭﺓ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﻴﻨﻴﻲ )ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ σ‬ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ‪.( π‬‬

‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻫﺘﻠﺮ ﻭﻟﻨﺪﻥ ) ‪ (Hetler@ Lenden‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪U = 2 E0 +‬‬ ‫{‬
‫‪ws‬‬
‫‪was‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ ws‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺭﺍﺑﻂ ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮ‪،‬ﻭ ‪ was‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺭﺍﺑﻂ) ‪ ( antibinding‬ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺮﺍء ﺣﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻭﺩﻳﻨﺠﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﺯﻭﺍﺟﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﺁﻟﺠﻼﻟﻲ – ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻣﺪ )ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ(‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟـ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺫﺭﺍﺗﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ‪،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﻋﺪ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻤﻌﺎﻥ ﺳﻄﻮﺣﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺪﺭﺱ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻓﺎﻧﺪﺭ ﻓﺎﻟﺲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﻨﺪﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1930‬ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺰﻡ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺏ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻋﺰﻭﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ )ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺛﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺬﺭﺓ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺛﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ(‪ .‬ﻭﺟﺰﻱء ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻳﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺠﺬﺏ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﺁﻟﺠﻼﻟﻲ – ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻣﺪ )ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ(‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﺁﻟﺠﻼﻟﻲ – ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻣﺪ )ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ(‬