Basic Calculus – SHS

Student’s Name:_____________________________ Grade and Section:____________

Teacher:___________________________________ Date Submitted:______________

QUARTER 4 – WEEK 1
ANTIDERIVATIVES
I. OBJECTIVES:
 Illustrate an antiderivative of a function.
 Compute the general antiderivative of polynomial, radical, exponential and
trigonometric functions.

II. LEARNING ACTIVITIES:

A. ILLUSTRATING AN ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION
The following terminologies and notations will be used in the study of antiderivative:

 Antidifferentiation – is the process of finding the antiderivative.

 The symbol ∫, also called the integral sign, denotes the operation of
antidifferentiation.
 The function 𝒇 is called the integrand.
 If 𝑭 is an antiderivative of 𝒇, we write ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪.
 The symbols ∫ and 𝒅𝒙 go hand-in-hand and 𝒅𝒙 helps us identify the
variable of integration.
 The expression 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪 is called the general antiderivative of 𝑓.
Meanwhile, each antiderivative of 𝑓 is called a particular
antiderivative of 𝑓.

Example 1:

a. An antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 9𝑥2 + 4𝑥 is 𝐹(𝑥) = 3𝑥3 + 2𝑥2. As we

can see, the derivative of 𝐹 is given by 𝐹1(𝑥) = 9𝑥2 + 4𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥).

b. An antiderivative of 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 is 𝐺(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 because G’(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 =

𝑔(𝑥).
Remark 1: The antiderivative of F of a function f is not unique.
Example 2:
a. Other antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 12𝑥2 + 2𝑥 are 𝐹1(𝑥) = 4𝑥3 + 𝑥2 - 3 and
𝐹2(𝑥) = 4𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 2. In fact, any function of the form 𝐹(𝑥) = 4𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 𝐶,
where 𝐶 ∈ ℝ is an antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥). Observe that F’(𝑥) = 12𝑥2 + 2𝑥
+ 0 = 12𝑥2 + 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥).
b. Other antiderivatives of 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 are 𝐺1(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 + 𝜋 and
𝐺2(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 − 2𝜋. In fact, any function 𝐺(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶, where 𝐶 ∈ ℝ is an

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RO_Basic Calculus_Grade 11_Q4_LP 1
 antiderivative of 𝑔(𝑥).
Theorem: If F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I, then every antiderivative
of f on I is given by F(x) + C, where C is an arbitrary constant.
Remark 2: Using the theorem above, we can conclude that if F1 and F2 are the
antiderivative of f, then F2(x) = F1(x) + C. That is, F1 and F2 differ only by a constant.

B. ANTIDERIVATIVES OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

Antidifferentiation is just the inverse process of finding the derivatives of functions.
In the previous lesson, we discussed that a function can have a family of antiderivatives.
Discussion of antiderivatives of polynomial functions that focuses on exponential,
logarithmic, and trigonometric functions are the main focus of this lesson.

Here are some important and relevant concepts about the topic that we need to
understand:

Let us recall first the following differentiation formulas:

a. 𝐷𝑥 (𝑥) = 1
b. 𝐷𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑎 𝐷𝑥[𝑓(𝑥)]
c. 𝐷𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝐷𝑥[𝑓(𝑥)] ± 𝐷𝑥[𝑔(𝑥)]
d. 𝐷𝑥 (𝑥𝑛) = 𝑛𝑥𝑛−1, where 𝑛 is any real number
We now look at the antiderivatives of polynomial functions. The following theorems
are quite useful in computing the antiderivatives of such functions.

Theorems on Antidifferentiation:
(a) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
(b) If 𝑎 is any constant, then ∫ 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
(c) If f and g are defined on the same interval,
∫[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥 𝑛+1
(d) If n is any real number and 𝑛 ≠ −1, then ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+ 𝐶.

Example 1: Determine the antiderivatives of the following:

a. ∫ 8 𝑑𝑥
b. ∫ 𝑥7𝑑𝑥
1
𝑐. . ∫ 𝑥 9 𝑑𝑥

d. ∫(15𝑥2 + 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
e. ∫ 𝑡(2𝑡 − 5√𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑢2 +1
f. ∫ 𝑢2
𝑑𝑢

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RO_Basic Calculus_Grade 11_Q4_LP 1
 Solutions:
a) Using (𝑎) and (𝑏) of the theorem, we have

∫ 8 𝑑𝑥 = 8 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 8𝑥 + 𝐶

b) Using (𝑑) of the theorem, we have

𝑥 7+1 𝑥8
∫ 𝑥 7 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 = + 𝐶
7+1 8

c) Using (𝑑) of the theorem, we have

1
∫ 9
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 −9 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑥 −9 + 1
= +𝐶
−9+1
𝑥 −8
= +𝐶
−8
1
=− +𝐶
8𝑥 8

d) Using (𝑏), (𝑐) and (𝑑) of the theorem, we have

∫(15𝑥 2 + 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 15 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

15𝑥 3 4𝑥 2
= 3
+ 2
+ 𝐶

= 5𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶

e) Using (𝑏), (𝑐) and (𝑑), we have

1
∫ 𝑡(2𝑡 − 5√𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 2𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 − ∫ 5𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
1
= 2 ∫ 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 − 5 ∫ 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
3
2𝑡 3 5𝑡 2
= 3
− 3 +𝐶
2

2 3 10 3
= 3
𝑡 − 3
𝑡2 +𝐶

f) Using (𝑎), (𝑐) and (𝑑), we have

𝑢2 +1
∫ 𝑢2
𝑑𝑢 = ∫(1 + 𝑢−1 ) 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑢−1 𝑑𝑢

𝑢−1
=𝑢+ −1
+𝐶

1
=𝑢− 𝑢
+𝐶

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RO_Basic Calculus_Grade 11_Q4_LP 1
 Theorems on Integrals Yielding the Exponential and Logarithmic Functions:

(a) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑎𝑥
(b) ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑎
+ 𝐶 , 𝑎 > 0 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 ≠ 1
1
(c) ∫ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶

Example 2: Find the integrals of the following functions:

a. ∫ 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
b. ∫(𝑒 𝑥 + 7𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
c. ∫ 8𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥
12
d. ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Solutions:
a) Using (b), we have
5𝑥
∫ 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 5
+𝐶

b) Using (a) and (b), we have

∫(𝑒 𝑥 + 7𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥
7𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 + +𝐶
ln 7

c) Using (b), we have

∫ 8𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 8𝑥 81 𝑑𝑥 = 8 ∫ 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥

8𝑥
= 8∙ ln 8
+𝐶

8𝑥 + 1
= ln 8
+𝐶

d) Using (c), we have

12 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 12 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 12 ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥

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RO_Basic Calculus_Grade 11_Q4_LP 1
 C. ANTIDERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
We already know how to differentiate the trigonometric functions. As we said, the
process of finding the antiderivative of functions is the inverse of such a process. At this
point, we will find he antiderivative of trigonometric functions.

Theorems: Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions

(a) ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

(b) ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶

(c) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶

(d) ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

(e) ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶

(f) ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶

Example 3: Determine the antiderivative of the following:

a) ∫(cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 c) ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

b) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑢
d) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

Solutions: We will use the theorems on antiderivative of trigonometric functions.

a) Using (a) and (b) of the theorem, we have

∫(cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= sin 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑥 𝑥 + 𝐶

b) We know that 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1, then

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥

= − cot 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶

c) Since 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑡 − 1, we have

∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − ∫ 𝑑𝑡

= tan 𝑡 − 𝑡 + 𝐶
sin 𝑢 sin 𝑢 1
d) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ cos 𝑢 ∙ ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

= ∫ tan 𝑢 sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

= sec 𝑢 + 𝐶

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RO_Basic Calculus_Grade 11_Q4_LP 1
III. PRACTICE EXERCISES:
A. Illustrate the general antiderivative of each of the following functions:
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 8
2. 𝑔(𝑥) = 18
3. ℎ(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥

B. Give three (3) antiderivatives of each of the following functions:

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 − 8𝑥
2. 𝑔(𝑥) = sin 𝑥
3. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥

C. Compute the antiderivatives of the following:

1. ∫(14𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 5. ∫ 8 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
2. ∫ 𝑥 16 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫(5𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 7. ∫(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

4. ∫ 10𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥

IV. EVALUATION:
A. Illustrate the general antiderivative of each of the following functions:
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 12𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 5
2. 𝑔(𝑥) = −8
3. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 12
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 − sec 𝑥

B. Matching Type: Match the functions in Column A with their corresponding

antiderivatives in Column B.

Column A Column B
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2 a. 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 9𝑥 2 − 1 b. 𝐹(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥
1 3
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 c. 𝐹(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 3
𝑥
1 3
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) d. 𝐹(𝑥) = −2𝑥 2 + 3
𝑥
1 3
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 e. 𝐹(𝑥) = 3
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1
1 3
6. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 − 4) f. 𝐹(𝑥) = 3
𝑥

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RO_Basic Calculus_Grade 11_Q4_LP 1
 C. Compute the antiderivative of the following:

1. ∫ 𝑥 −8 𝑑𝑥 (1 +sin 𝑥)(1 −sin 𝑥)

6. ∫ (1 +cos 𝑥)(1 −cos 𝑥) sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 8𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥
7. ∫ 9𝑥 +6 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ (6𝑒 𝑥 + 7 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
8. ∫(7𝑥 + 9𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
4. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

5. ∫(6 csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − 5𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

V. ANSWER KEY:
(PRACTICE EXERCISES)
A. 1. 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 𝐶
2. 𝐺(𝑥) = 18𝑥 + 𝐶
3. 𝐻(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝐶

B. Answers may vary.

1. 𝐹1 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 7
𝐹2 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 7
𝐹3 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 𝜋

2. 𝐺1 (𝑥) = cos 𝑥 − 𝜋
𝐺2 (𝑥) = cos 𝑥 + 2𝜋
𝐺3 (𝑥) = cos 𝑥 + 𝜋

3. 𝐻1 (𝑥) = −csc 𝑥 + 5
𝐻2 (𝑥) = −csc 𝑥 − 2𝜋
𝐻3 (𝑥) = −csc 𝑥 + 𝜋

C. 1. 7𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝐶
1
2. − 15𝑥 15 + 𝐶
5𝑥
3. ln 5
+ 3𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶

4. 10 ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
5. 8 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
6. tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
7. − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶

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RO_Basic Calculus_Grade 11_Q4_LP 1
VI.REFLECTION
I have learned that
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

I wish to ask my teacher about

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

 Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Sherman K. Stein, Fourth Edition,

McGraw – Hill Book Company

 TC7 Leithold, The Calculus 7, Louis Leithold Material

 Basic Calculus Learner’s Material. Pasig City: Department of Education, 2016

STEM Grade 11 Basic Calculus Teaching Guide. Commission on Higher Education,
2016

 Mercado, Jesus P., and Orines Fernando. 2016. Next Century Mathematics 11
Basic Calculus. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Development Team of the Learners’ Packet

Writer: Melecio B. Bayola, Jr. – T III, Tabaco National High School

Content Editors: Reynaldo C. Cañezo, Jr. – MT I, Tabaco National High School
Nerissa A. Mortega – HT III, San Lorenzo National High School
Dioleta B. Borais – EPS I, Math, Tabaco City Division
Layout Artist: Jelly B. Brequillo – T I, Tabaco National High School

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RO_Basic Calculus_Grade 11_Q4_LP 1