‫ﻣﻧﺎﻋﮫ ﻧﺿري ﻣﺣﺎﺿرة ‪ 4‬ﻣﺗرﺟﻣﮫ‬

Introduction

• The specific reactivity induced in a host by an antigenic stimulus

is known as immune response .
.‫• ﯾ ُﻌرف اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋل اﻟﻣﺣدد اﻟﻧﺎﺟم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺿﯾف ﻋن طرﯾق ﻣﻧﺑﮫ ﻣﺳﺗﺿد ﺑﺎﺳم اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬
• Protection against invading MCO . ‫• اﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻐزو‬

• It may lead to consequence which may be either beneficial,

indifferent or injurious .
.‫• ﻗد ﯾؤدي إﻟﻰ ﻋواﻗب ﻗد ﺗﻛون ﻣﻔﯾدة أو ﻏﯾر ﻣﺑﺎﻟﯾﺔ أو ﺿﺎرة‬
• The immune response can be of 2 types
‫• ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻧوﻋﯾن‬
- Humoral mediated immunity (HMI) ‫ ﻣﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺧﻠطﯾﺔ ﺑوﺳﺎطﺔ‬-

- Cell mediated immunity (CMI) Usually developed together, but

either may be predominant, exclusive or sometime act together or
sometime in opposite Humoral Mediated Immunity (HMI) .
‫ وﻟﻛن ﻗد ﺗﻛون إﻣﺎ ﺳﺎﺋدة أو ﺣﺻرﯾﺔ أو ﺗﻌﻣل ﻣﻌًﺎ ﻓﻲ وﻗت ﻣﺎ أو ﻓﻲ وﻗت ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑل‬، ‫ﺗﺗطور ﻋﺎدة ً ﻣﻌًﺎ‬CMI) ) ‫ اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺧﻠوﯾﺔ‬-
،HMI)) ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺧﻠطﯾﺔ اﻟوﺳﯾطﺔ‬
• Antibody mediated ‫ﺑوﺳﺎطﺔ اﻟﺟﺳم اﻟﻣﺿﺎد‬

• Antibody – produced from plasma cell present in blood and other

body fluid (Humoral – body fluid) .
.(‫ ﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺟﺳم‬- ‫ ﯾﻧﺗﺞ ﻣن ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺑﻼزﻣﺎ اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻲ اﻟدم وﺳواﺋل اﻟﺟﺳم اﻷﺧرى )ﺧﻠطﯾﺔ‬- ‫• اﻟﺟﺳم اﻟﻣﺿﺎد‬

• Provides defence against most bacterial pathogen and virus

(respiratory and intestinal) Also participates in pathogenesis of
type 1, 2, 3. Hypersensitivity reaction and auto-immune disorder.
‫ﺿﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺳﺑب‬
ً ‫ﻋﺎ ﺿد ﻣﻌظم ﻣﺳﺑﺑﺎت اﻷﻣراض اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾرﯾﺔ واﻟﻔﯾروﺳﺎت )اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺗﻧﻔﺳﻲ واﻟﻣﻌوي( وﯾﺷﺎرك أﯾ‬ ً ‫• ﯾوﻓر دﻓﺎ‬
.‫ ﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﻓرط اﻟﺣﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ واﺿطراب اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻋﺔ اﻟذاﺗﯾﺔ‬.٣ ، ٢ ، ١ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧوع‬

Cell Mediated Immunity (CMI) ‫ﻣﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺧﻠوﯾﺔ‬

• Specific immune response that doesn't involve antibody .

.‫• اﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﻣﺣددة ﻻ ﺗﺷﻣل اﻷﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻣﺿﺎدة‬
• Protects against fungi, virus and facultative intracellular bacterial
pathogen.
.‫• ﯾﻘﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻔطرﯾﺎت واﻟﻔﯾروﺳﺎت وﻣﺳﺑﺑﺎت اﻷﻣراض اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾرﯾﺔ داﺧل اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻻﺧﺗﯾﺎرﯾﺔ‬
• Rejection of homografts and graft- versus host reaction.
.‫• رﻓض اﻟطﻌم اﻟﻣﺗﺟﺎﻧس واﻟﺗطﻌﯾم ﻣﻘﺎﺑل رد ﻓﻌل اﻟﻣﺿﯾف‬
• Provides immunological surveillance and immunity against
cancer.
.‫• ﯾوﻓر اﻟﻣراﻗﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ واﻟﺣﺻﺎﻧﺔ ﺿد اﻟﺳرطﺎن‬
• Mediates pathogenesis of delayed type 4 hypersensitivity
reaction and certain auto- immune disorder.
.‫ وﺑﻌض اﺿطراﺑﺎت اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻋﺔ اﻟذاﺗﯾﺔ‬٤ ‫• ﯾﺗوﺳط اﻟﺗﺳﺑب ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄﺧر ﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﻓرط اﻟﺣﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻧوع‬

Humoral Mediated Immunity (HMI)‫ﻣﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺧﻠطﯾﺔ ﺑوﺳﺎطة‬

Production of Antibodies ‫إﻧﺗﺎج اﻷﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻣﺿﺎدة‬

• It involves 4 step..‫ ﺧطوات‬٤ ‫• أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻧطوي ﻋﻠﻰ‬

• Lag phase..‫• ﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﺄﺧر‬

– entry of pathogen, its distribution and fate in tissue.

.‫ دﺧول اﻟﻌﺎﻣل اﻟﻣﻣرض وﺗوزﯾﻌﮫ وﻣﺻﯾره ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ‬-
– Contact with immunocompetent cells..‫ ﻣﻼﻣﺳﺔ اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬-

• Log Phase.

– Steady rise in the titre of antibody..‫ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻣطرد ﻓﻲ ﻋﯾﺎر اﻷﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻣﺿﺎدة‬-

• Plateau phase.‫ﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﺿﺑﺔ‬

– Equilibrium between antibody synthesis and catabolism.

.‫ اﻟﺗوازن ﺑﯾن ﺗﺧﻠﯾق اﻷﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻣﺿﺎدة وﺗﻘوﯾﺿﮭﺎ‬-
• Decline phase.‫ﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻟرﻓض‬

• catabolism exceeds production and thus titre falls.

.‫• اﻟﮭدم ﯾﺗﺟﺎوز اﻹﻧﺗﺎج وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻧﺧﻔض اﻟﻌﯾﺎر‬
Primary and Secondary Response ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﻷوﻟﯾﺔ واﻟﺛﺎﻧوﯾﺔ‬

• Antibody response to initial antigenic stimulus is called primary

response .
.‫• اﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺟﺳم اﻟﻣﺿﺎد ﻟﻠﻣﺣﻔزات اﻷوﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺿد ﺗﺳﻣﻰ اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﻷوﻟﯾﺔ‬

- differs both quantitatively and qualitatively.ً ‫ ﯾﺧﺗﻠف ﻛﻣﺎ ً وﻧوﻋﺎ‬- .

- Slow, sluggish and short lived.‫ ﺑطﻲء وﻗﺻﯾر اﻟﻌﻣر‬، ‫ ﺑطﻲء‬- .

- Long lag phase and low titre of antibody.

.‫ ﺗﺄﺧر طوﯾل وﻋﯾﺎر ﻣﻧﺧﻔض ﻣن اﻟﺟﺳم اﻟﻣﺿﺎد‬-
- Predominantly IgM ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟب‬.

• Subsequent to primary response is call secondary response .

.‫• اﻟﻼﺣق ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﻷوﻟﯾﺔ ھو اﺳﺗدﻋﺎء اﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺛﺎﻧوﯾﺔ‬
- Prompt, powerful and prolonged.

.‫ ﺳرﯾﻊ وﻗوي وطوﯾل اﻷﻣد‬-

- Short or i .

- much higher level of antibodies for longer period .

.‫ ﻣﺳﺗوى أﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻛﺛﯾر ﻣن اﻷﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻣﺿﺎدة ﻟﻔﺗرة أطول‬-
- Predominantly IgG gligible lag phase.
.‫طور اﻟﺗﺄﺧر اﻟﻼﻣﻊ‬IgG ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟب‬-
Primary and Secondary Response Negative Phase (3)
(٣) ‫ﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﻷوﻟﯾﺔ واﻟﺛﺎﻧوﯾﺔ اﻟﺳﻠﺑﯾﺔ‬

•When an antigen is injected in individual already carrying specific

antibody, there is temporary fall in antibody level .
.‫ ﯾﺣدث اﻧﺧﻔﺎض ﻣؤﻗت ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟﺟﺳم اﻟﻣﺿﺎد‬، ‫• ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﺗم ﺣﻘن ﻣﺳﺗﺿد ﻓﻲ ﻓرد ﯾﺣﻣل ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌل ﺟﺳًﻣﺎ ﻣﺿﺎدًا ﻣﻌﯾﻧًﺎ‬

•Combination of antigen with the antibody.‫ • اﺗﺣﺎد اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺿد ﻣﻊ اﻟﺟﺳم اﻟﻣﺿﺎد‬.

Primary and Secondary Response ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﻷوﻟﯾﺔ واﻟﺛﺎﻧوﯾﺔ‬

• Duration of lag phase and persistence of antigen vary with nature

of antigen .
.‫• ﺗﺧﺗﻠف ﻣدة ﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﺄﺧر واﺳﺗﻣرار اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺿد ﺑﺎﺧﺗﻼف طﺑﯾﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺿد‬

- Diptheria toxoid: 2-3 weeks ‫ اﺳﺎﺑﯾﻊ‬٣-٢ :‫ ذوﻓﺎن اﻟﺧﻧﺎق‬-

- Pneumococcal polysaccharide – few hrs ‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻗﻠﯾﻠﺔ‬- ‫ ﻋدﯾد اﻟﺳﻛﺎرﯾد اﻟﻣﻛورات اﻟرﺋوﯾﺔ‬-

• Non living vaccine – given in multiple dose .

.‫ ﯾﻌطﻰ ﺑﺟرﻋﺎت ﻣﺗﻌددة‬- ‫• ﻟﻘﺎح ﻏﯾر ﺣﻲ‬
🍄 Priming dose: first injection of antigen .
‫ اﻟﺣﻘن اﻷول ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺿد‬:‫اﻟﺟرﻋﺔ اﻷوﻟﯾﺔ‬
🍄 Booster dose: subsequent injection of antigen
‫ اﻟﺣﻘن اﻟﻼﺣق ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺿد‬:‫اﻟﺟرﻋﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺷطﺔ‬
• Live vaccine: sufficient for multiplication of organism in the body
which provides continuous antigenic stimulus .
.‫ ﯾﻛﻔﻲ ﻟﺗﻛﺎﺛر اﻟﻛﺎﺋن اﻟﺣﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﺳم واﻟذي ﯾوﻓر ﺗﺣﻔﯾز ﻣﺳﺗﺿدي ﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬:‫• ﻟﻘﺎح ﺣﻲ‬

Production of Antibodies ‫إﻧﺗﺎج اﻷﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻣﺿﺎدة‬

1. Antigen enters .‫ﯾدﺧل اﻟﻣﺳﺗضد‬

2. Antigen presenting cells (APC) . ‫ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﺗﻘدﯾم اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺿد‬.٢

– acivated Macrophage ..‫ اﻟﺿﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺷطﺔ‬-

-Dendritic cells ,‫اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺟذﻋﯾﺔ‬

3. APC binds with Major histocompatablity complex (MHC) II.

MHC) II.) ‫ﺑﻣرﻛب اﻟﺗواﻓق اﻟﻧﺳﯾﺟﻲ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬APC ‫ ﯾرﺗﺑط‬.٣
4. Immature T-cell binds with earlier formed complex with the help
of T-cell receptor (TCR) .
TCR).) ‫ ﺗرﺗﺑط اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺗﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻏﯾر اﻟﻧﺎﺿﺟﺔ ﺑﻣرﻛب ﺗم ﺗﺷﻛﯾﻠﮫ ﺳﺎﺑﻘًﺎ ﺑﻣﺳﺎﻋدة ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻼت اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺗﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬.٤
5. Whole complex produces signal for activation of CD4 cells .
CD4. ‫ ﯾﻧﺗﺞ اﻟﻣﺟﻣﻊ ﺑﺄﻛﻣﻠﮫ إﺷﺎرة ﻟﺗﻧﺷﯾط ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬.٥
6. Activation of CD4 cells – Maturation of T helper cell (TH- cells).
TH-). ‫ﻧﺿوج اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺗﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋدة )ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬CD4 - ‫ ﺗﻔﻌﯾل ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬.٦
7. Forms IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 & IL-6: B-cell maturation and subsequently
release of plasma cells Plasma cells
‫ﻧﺿوج اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﺛم إطﻼق ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺑﻼزﻣﺎ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺑﻼزﻣﺎ‬IL-6: ‫و‬IL-5 ‫و‬IL-4 ‫و‬IL-2 ‫ أﺷﻛﺎل‬.٧
– forms antibodies Some of the plasma cells – memory cells.
.‫ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟذاﻛرة‬- ‫ ﺗﺷﻛل اﻷﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻣﺿﺎدة ﺑﻌض ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺑﻼزﻣﺎ‬-
• There is continued production of antibody by cloning of Plasma
Cells –Polyclonal Antibodies .
‫ اﻷﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻣﺿﺎدة‬- ‫• ھﻧﺎك إﻧﺗﺎج ﻣﺳﺗﻣر ﻟﻸﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻣﺿﺎدة ﻋن طرﯾق اﺳﺗﻧﺳﺎخ اﻟﺑﻼزﻣﺎ اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬
.‫ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻟﻧﺳﯾﻠﺔ‬

Monoclonal Antibodies ‫اﻷﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻣﺿﺎدة وﺣﯾدة اﻟﻧﺳﯾﻠﺔ‬

• Kohler and Milstein (Nobel Prize 1984 )

(١٩٨٤ ‫• ﻛوﻟر وﻣﯾﻠﺷﺗﺎﯾن )ﺟﺎﺋزة ﻧوﺑل‬
• A single antibody forming cell or clone
produces Antibodies against single antigen.
.‫• ﯾﻧﺗﺞ ﺟﺳم ﻣﺿﺎد واﺣد ﻣﻛون ﻣن ﺧﻠﯾﺔ أو اﺳﺗﻧﺳﺎخ أﺟﺳﺎم ﻣﺿﺎدة ﺿد ﻣﺳﺗﺿد واﺣد‬
• Antibodies are usually polyclonal,
، ‫• اﻷﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻣﺿﺎدة ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻛون ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻟﻧﺳﯾﻠﺔ‬

Monoclonal Antibodies

• Prepared by fusing immortal myeloma cells with the spleen cells

B cells (derived from a mouse that has been immunized with the
intended antigen) to produce monoclonal antibody-producing
cells, hybridomas.
‫• ﯾﺗم ﺗﺣﺿﯾره ﻋن طرﯾق دﻣﺞ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟورم اﻟﻧﻘوي اﻟﺧﺎﻟد ﻣﻊ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟطﺣﺎل‬B (‫)اﻟﻣﺷﺗﻘﺔ ﻣن ﻓﺄر ﺗم ﺗﺣﺻﯾﻧﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺳﺗﺿد اﻟﻣﻘﺻود‬
.‫ اﻟورم اﻟﮭﺟﯾن‬، ‫ﻹﻧﺗﺎج اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻣﺿﺎدة أﺣﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﻧﺳﯾﻠﺔ‬
• Hybridomas have the characteristics of both cells i.e. produce
antibodies and reproduce infinitely.
.‫ أي إﻧﺗﺎج اﻷﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻣﺿﺎدة واﻟﺗﻛﺎﺛر اﻟﻼﻧﮭﺎﺋﻲ‬، ‫• ﺗﺗﻣﯾز اﻷورام اﻟﮭﺟﯾﻧﺔ ﺑﺧﺻﺎﺋص ﻛﻠﺗﺎ اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺗﯾن‬
Factors Affecting the Antibody Production‫اﻟﻌواﻣل اﻟﻣؤﺛرة ﻓﻲ إﻧﺗﺎج اﻟﺟﺳم اﻟﻣﺿﺎد‬

1. Genetic Factor ‫ اﻟﻌﺎﻣل اﻟﺟﯾﻧﻲ‬.١

2. Age ‫اﻟﻌﻣر‬

3. Nutritional status ‫ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺗﻐذوﯾﺔ‬.٣

4. Route of Administration ‫ طرﯾق اﻹدارة‬.٤

5. Size and Number of dose ‫ ﺣﺟم وﻋدد اﻟﺟرﻋﺔ‬.٥

6. Multiple Antigens ‫ ﻣﺳﺗﺿدات ﻣﺗﻌددة‬.٦

7. Adjuvants ‫ اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋدون‬.٧

8. Immunosupressive agents .‫ اﻟﻌواﻣل اﻟﻣﺛﺑطﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺎﻋﺔ‬.٨ .

9. Effectof Antibody ‫ ﺗﺄﺛﯾر اﻟﺟﺳم اﻟﻣﺿﺎد‬.٩

Cell-mediated Immunity ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺧﻠوﯾﺔ‬

• Specific immune response that do not involve antibody

.‫• اﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﻣﺣددة ﻻ ﺗﺷﻣل اﻷﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻣﺿﺎدة‬
• It participates in following immunological funtions
‫• ﯾﺷﺎرك ﻓﻲ اﻟوظﺎﺋف اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬
– Delayed hypersensitivity ‫ ﺗﺄﺧر ﻓرط اﻟﺣﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬-

– Immunity in infections caused by Obligate and facultative

intracellular parasites.
.‫ اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺿد اﻻﻟﺗﮭﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺑﺑﮭﺎ اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت اﻻﻟزﻣﺔ واﻻﺧﺗﯾﺎرﯾﺔ داﺧل اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬-
• Bacteria: Tuberculosis, Leprosy, Listeriosis, Brucellosis.
.‫ اﻟﺣﻣﻰ اﻟﻣﺎﻟطﯾﺔ‬، ‫ اﻟﻠﯾﺳﺗرﯾﺎت‬، ‫ اﻟﺟذام‬، ‫ اﻟﺳل‬:‫• اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾرﯾﺎ‬
• Fungi – Histoplasmosis, Cocccidiomysosis, Blastomycosis .
‫ داء اﻟﻔطرﯾﺎت‬، ‫ داء ﻛﺛرة اﻟﺗﻘرن‬، ‫ داء اﻟﻧوﺳﺟﺎت‬- ‫• اﻟﻔطرﯾﺎت‬
• Parasites – Leishmaniasis, Trypanosomiasis.
.‫ داء اﻟﻠﯾﺷﻣﺎﻧﯾﺎت وداء اﻟﻣﺛﻘﺑﯾﺎت‬- ‫• اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت‬
• Virus- measles and mumps.‫ اﻟﺣﺻﺑﺔ واﻟﻧﻛﺎف‬- ‫ • ﻓﯾروس‬.

– Transplantation immunity .‫ زرع اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻋﺔ‬-

– Immunological surveillance & Immunity against malignancy.

.‫ اﻟﻣراﻗﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ واﻟﻣﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺿد اﻷورام اﻟﺧﺑﯾﺛﺔ‬-
– Pathogenesis of Autoimmune diseases: thyroiditis,
encephalomyelitis.
.‫ اﻟﺗﮭﺎب اﻟﻐدة اﻟدرﻗﯾﺔ واﻟﺗﮭﺎب اﻟدﻣﺎغ واﻟﻧﺧﺎع‬:‫ اﻟﺗﺳﺑب ﻓﻲ أﻣراض اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻋﺔ اﻟذاﺗﯾﺔ‬-

Induction of Cell Mediated Immunity ‫ﺗﺣرﯾض ﻣﻧﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬

• Depends on Nature of Antigenic stimulus

‫• ﯾﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻰ طﺑﯾﻌﺔ اﻟﺗﺣﻔﯾز اﻷﻧﺗﯾﺟﯾﻧﻲ‬
• Best developed after following infection with intracellular
parasites.
.‫• أﻓﺿل ﻣﺎ ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗطوﯾره ﺑﻌد اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت داﺧل اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬
• Live vaccines highly stimulating ‫• اﻟﻠﻘﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﺣﯾﺔ ﺷدﯾدة اﻟﺗﺣﻔﯾز‬

• Killed vaccine not very effective, but effective if contains

adjuvant.
.‫• اﻟﻠﻘﺎح اﻟﻣﻘﺗول ﻏﯾر ﻓﻌﺎل ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ وﻟﻛﻧﮫ ﻓﻌﺎل إذا اﺣﺗوى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬

Induction of Cell Mediated Immunity ‫ﺗﺣرﯾض ﻣﻧﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬

1. Antigen enters .‫ﯾدﺧل اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺿد‬

2. Antigen presenting cells (APC) ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﺗﻘدﯾم اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺿد‬

– acivated.‫ﻣﻔﻌل‬

- Macrophage..‫اﻟﺿﺎﻣﺔ‬

-Dendritic cells..‫اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺟذﻋﯾﺔ‬-

3. APC binds with Major histocompatablity complex (MHC) I
MHC) I) ‫ﺑﻣرﻛب اﻟﺗواﻓق اﻟﻧﺳﯾﺟﻲ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬APC ‫ ﯾرﺗﺑط‬.٣
4. Immature T-cell binds with earlier formed complex with the help
of T-cell receptor (TCR)
TCR)) ‫ ﺗرﺗﺑط اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺗﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻏﯾر اﻟﻧﺎﺿﺟﺔ ﺑﻣرﻛب ﺗم ﺗﺷﻛﯾﻠﮫ ﺳﺎﺑﻘًﺎ ﺑﻣﺳﺎﻋدة ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻼت اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺗﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬.٤
5. Whole complex initiate the formation of CD4 (helper) & 3. CD8
cells (cytotoxic) .
.(‫اﻟﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬CD8 ( ‫ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬.٣ ‫)اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد( و‬CD4 ‫ ﯾﺑدأ اﻟﻣﺟﻣﻊ اﻟﻛﺎﻣل ﻓﻲ ﺗﻛوﯾن‬.٥
-Former helps releases of lymphokines which activates
macrophage – eats away intercellular parasites
‫ ﯾﺄﻛل اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت ﺑﯾن اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬- ‫ﯾﺳﺎﻋد ﻋﻠﻰ إطﻼق اﻟﻠﻣﻔوﻛﯾﻧﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺷط اﻟﺑﻼﻋم‬-Former
- CD8 cells - recognize antigen on surface of virus, infected cells,
tumor cells, allograft cells with MHC I and secretes lymphokines
and destroy target cells
‫ وﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟطﻌم اﻟﺧﯾﻔﻲ ﻣﻊ‬، ‫ واﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺳرطﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬، ‫ واﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻣﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬، ‫ﺗﺗﻌرف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺿد ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳطﺢ اﻟﻔﯾروس‬CD8 - ‫ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬-
‫وﺗﻔرز اﻟﻠﻣﻔوﻛﯾﻧﺎت وﺗدﻣﯾر اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﮭدﻓﺔ‬MHC I