2.petrophysics RGE - 2011

OUTLINE
Introduction - Definitions
Structure and properties of porous materials
porosity
specific surface area
formation resistivity factor
permeability
compressibility
Statics of fluids in porous media
saturations
wettability
capillary pressure
electrical properties
© IFP Energies nouvelles
Multiphase displacement through porous media

relative permeability
Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika

RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
Definition: Measure of the ability of the porous system to

conduct one fluid in presence of other fluids
It is the composite effect of
• pore geometry
• fluid distribution
• wettability
• saturation history
• applied forces equilibrium
Capillary Number, Ca = µV / σ
ratio of viscous to capillary forces
Bond Number, Bo = ρgh / (2 σ / r )

Ratio of gravity to capillary forces

Wettability: Tendency of one fluid to spread or to adhere to a solid

surface in presence of other immiscible fluids
Water-wet, Oil-wet, Intermediate-wet
mixed-wet or fractionally-wet

Drainage: Decrease of the wetting phase saturation

Imbibition: Increase of the wetting phase saturation
But most of the reservoirs are not strongly « water-wet » nor « oil-
wet ». Thus the « wetting » and « non-wetting » fluids cannot be
defined.
By convention!
Drainage: Decrease of the water saturation
Imbibition: Increase of the water saturation
In petrophysics and in reservoir simulators the notion of reference

fluid is used
water in oil/water displacements
liquid in gas/liquid displacements

Drainage:
oil displacement by water
oil-wet sand
Imbibition:
oil displacement by water
water-wet sand
Craig, 1971
IMMISCIBLE FLOW REL PERM
STEADY-STATE CONDITIONS
∆P1
Fluid 1 Fluid 1
Q1
Q2 Fluid 2 Fluid 2
∆P2 L
K1 A ∆P1
Q1 = K1, K2 effective permeabilities
µ1 L
Kr1=K1/K
K 2 A ∆P2
Q2 = relative permeabilities
µ2 L Kr2=K2/K

TWO-PHASE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
Base permeability
• Kair
• Kwater
• Koil @ Swi
Krw < Krnw
Krw + Krnw < 1
Kr = ƒ(contact angle)

TWO-PHASE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY: HYSTERESIS
Fluid distribution at the

pore level
Strong for non-wetting

phase
Less important for
wetting phase

TWO-PHASE Kr AND WETTABILITY


Craig’s rules of thumb:
Water-wet Oil-wet
Connate water Usually > 20-25 % PV Generally < 15%PV

saturation Frequently < 10%PV
Cross point of > 50% water saturation < 50% water

Kr curves saturation
Krw @ max Generally < 0.3 0.5

water saturation may be up to 1
Most of formations are of intermediate wettability

Important notice when measuring water-oil Kr:
Reproduce within the sample wettability preference of the formation
Native-state Restored-state
Wettability altered by exposure to Avoid drying of core that can result in

oxygen dehydration and collapse of clays
(effect on rock permeability)
Wettability altered through loss of
light ends in oil by evaporation
(role of asphaltenes)

Fluid selection for water-oil and gas-oil rel perm tests
Water-oil Kr Gas-oil Kr
reservoir oil refined or reservoir oil
formation or synthetic brine saturated gas

(saturated with gas)
reservoir or lab P,T
reservoir P,T

CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER-OIL REL PERMS
1
0,9
0,8 Kro
0,7
0,6
Krw end point
Kr
0,5
Cross point
0,4
0,3
0,2 Krw
0,1
Swi Sor
0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Sw

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
1
Kro
0,1
Kr
0,01
0,001 Krw
Swi Sor
0,0001
Sw
For homogeneous rocks:

Extrapolate smooth Krw curve to low Sw values
Assess Kro values at low So values
Kro vs normalized saturation
0,1 1
1
0,1
Kro
0,01
S o − Sor 1 − Sw − S or
Son = =
1 − S wi − S or 1 − S wi − Sor
0,001
Son
K ro = K ro −end − point ⋅ S on
Son =normalized oil saturation no
So =oil saturation
Sw =water saturation
Swi =irreducible water saturation no =Corey exponent
Sor =residual oil saturation
Krw vs normalized saturation
0,1 1
1
0,1
Krw
0,01
nw=4
0,001
0,0001
Swn
S w − S wi K rw = K rw − end − point ⋅ S wn
nw
S wn =
1 − S wi − S or
nw =Corey exponent
Bump flow to get true Krw-end point value

Corey exponents
1
0,9
0,8
0,7
Krw
0,6
no=3 Krw
Kr
0,5
Kro
0,4
Kro
0,3 no=4
nw=3
0,2
0,1 nw=5
0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Swn

Corey exponents should be consistent with wettability measurements
Wettability Oil Corey exponent, Water Corey exponent,

no nw
Water-wet 2 to 4 5 to 8
Intermediate-wet 3 to 6 3 to 5
Oil-wet 6 to 8 2 to 3

MEASURING WATER-OIL REL PERMS
Wettability issues
• intermediate wettability
• need for appropriate representation in lab tests
• tests at reservoir P,T with reservoir fluids
Restoring reservoir wettability
• thorough cleaning (solvents)

• mild drying
• saturation with water
• establishing Swi
•injection of viscous oil (plugs or composite)
•porous plate (plugs or composite)
•centrifuge (plugs)
• injection of crude oil
• aging (at T for several weeks)

• displacement of crude oil with live oil

WATER-OIL Kr: MEASUREMENT METHODS
• Steady state
• Unsteady state (dynamic displacement)
• Centrifuge

Steady-State
∆P1
Fluid 1 Fluid 1
Q1
Q2 Fluid 2 Fluid 2
∆P2
KK r1 A ∆P1
Q1 =
µ1 L
KK r 2 A ∆P2
Q2 =
µ2 L
• STEADY-STATE
Advantages
• Direct determination of Kr @ large range of S

• No mathematical developments
• Reservoir conditions (P,T)
Shortcomings
• Time consuming, expensive

• Capillary end effects
•long composite cores
• Representativity of flow in the reservoir questionable

∆P1
Fluid 1 Fluid 1
Q1
nw Non uniform saturation
Q2 w
Fluid 2 Fluid 2
∆P2
∆P1
Fluid 1 Fluid 1
Q1
Solution 1
Q2 Fluid 2 Fluid 2
∆P2
Numerical Simulations if Pc known Solution 2

Unsteady-state method
∆P Oil
Vnr
oil
water
Swi
Q
Water
Vr
Analytical calculation only for Pc = 0
•Welge Kro/Krw
•JBN Kro, Krw

Unsteady-state method: experimental procedure
•Core initially @ Swi

•Measurement of Keo @ Swi
•Water injection @ constant flow rate
•Measurement of the produced oil volume, water
volume and pressure drop with time
•Measurement of Kew @ Sorw
•Calculations
Welge Kro/Krw
JBN Kro, Krw

• UNSTEADY-STATE
Advantages
• Fast
• Representativity of flow in the reservoir
• Reservoir conditions (P,T)
Shortcomings
• Calculations not straightforward
• Strong assumptions for analytical calculations
•homogeneous samples
•Pc=0
• Narrow range of saturations (only after BT)
To overcome shortcomings
• Perform in situ saturation measurements (X-ray or gamma-ray

absorption, CT-scanner)
• Numerical interpretation of the displacement data
UNSTEADY-STATE
• Numerical interpretation of the displacement data

•Fluid production
•Pressure drop
•Saturation profiles
• Reliable capillary pressure

•representative of rock/fluids/process

Comparison of SS and USS Kr @ reservoir conditions


UNSTEADY-STATE Numerical Interpretation (1)
40
Fluid production
35
30
Cumulative oil volume (cm3)
25 Pressure drop
200
V oil exp
20
V oil mod
180
15
160
10 140
Overall pressure drop (mbar)
5
120
Saturation profiles
100
0 0.9 DP exp
0 50 100 150 80200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Time (mn)
DP mod
0.8
60
40 0.7
Swj@40mn
20 0.6
Swj@80mn
Swj@120mn
0 0.5 Swj@160mn
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Swj@200 mn
Sw
Time (mn) calc40

0.4 calc80
calc120
calc160
0.3
calc200
0.2
0.1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika Core length (cm)

UNSTEADY-STATE Numerical Interpretation (2)
Fluid production
40
35
Pressure drop
Cumulative oil volume (cm3)
30
25 V oil exp
180
O mod new15
20
160
Overall pressure drop (mbar)
15 140
Saturation profiles
10 120
100
5
80
DP exp
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
DP mod new15
0.9
60
Time (mn)
0.8
40
0.7
20 Swj@40mn
Swj@80mn
0.6
0 Swj@120mn
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Swj@160mn
Time (mn) 0.5 Swj@200 mn

Sw
calc40 new15
0.4 calc80 new15
calc120 new15
calc160 new15
0.3
calc200 new15
0.2
0.1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Core length (cm)

UNSTEADY-STATE
Two different Pc Two different Kr sets
0.15 1.00
krw new
Pcow old 0.90
krow new
Pcow new
krw old
0.1
0.80 krow old
Water-oil capillary pressure (bar)
0.70
0.05
0.60
Kr
0.50
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0.40
-0.05
0.30
0.20
-0.1
0.10
0.00
-0.15 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
Water saturation Sw

• CENTRIFUGE
Advantages
• Fast
• One speed step sufficient
• Stable displacement
• Kro over wide saturation range
Shortcomings
• Calculations not straightforward
• Strong assumptions
• Kr of only the produced phase (Kro)
• Plugs only @ T but not P (representative wettability?)

USS Kr of different carbonate Rock Types
kr per Rock Type

Sw (fraction)
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
1,E+00
1,E-01 krw RT1

kro RT1
1,E-02 krw RT2
kro RT2
1,E-03
krw RT3
kro RT3
kr
1,E-04
krw RT4
1,E-05
kro RT4
krw RT5
1,E-06
RRTÇ kro RT5
1,E-07
1,E-08

GAS-LIQUID RELATIVE PERMEABILITIES
•GAS-OIL Kr needed when:

•expansion of gas cap
•gas injection
•solution gas drive
•gas storage
•gas condensate
•WAG
•GAS-WATER needed when:

•active aquifer in gas reservoir
•WAG

GAS-LIQUID RELATIVE PERMEABILITIES
Sgc: minimum gas saturation needed

for gas to flow (otherwise gas
Swi globules blocked in pores : « Jamin
kro krg
effect »)
As soon as GAS appears

Sor kro decreases rapidly
Sg
0 Sgc SgM 1

GAS-LIQUID REL PERM: CRITICAL GAS SATURATION
Sgc : Gas saturation above which gas is continuous
Very important for solution gas drive (P < Pbubble)

•Less important for gas injection
Depends on:
• Pore size distribution, aspect ratio, connectivity
• Displacement mechanism
•higher for pressure depletion than for gas
injection

GAS-LIQUID REL PERM MEASUREMENTS
•Steady-state gasfloods
•Core Plugs or Composite cores
•Saturation determination - end effects
•Room or reservoir conditions (refined oil & inert gas
or reservoir oil and gas)
•Unsteady-state gasfloods
•Core Plugs or Composite cores
•End effects - local saturation measurements
•Room or reservoir conditions (refined oil & inert gas
or reservoir oil and gas)
•Centrifuge
•Less capillary effects

•Only Kro (and end-point Krg)
•Room conditions (refined oil & inert gas)
GAS-LIQUID REL PERM : NORMALIZED VALUES
1 − S g − S wi − Sor
Son = K ro = S on n o
1 − S wi − Sor
S g − S gc
S gn = K rg = S gn n g
1 − S wi − Sor − S gc
Son =normalized oil saturation

So =oil saturation
Sgn =normalized gas saturation
no =Corey exponent for oil (4 to 8)
Sg =gas saturation
ng =Corey exponent for gas (2 to 4)
Swi =irreducible water saturation
Sor =residual oil saturation

Sgc =critical gas saturation

GAS-OIL RELATIVE PERMEABILITIES
• Unsteady state measurements on composite or

long cores are the most reliable
• Reduced problems with wettability and end effects
• Still experiments at reservoir P, T should be given
preference
• Obtain Kro-Krg curves under representative
displacement mechanisms

Effect of gas-oil interfacial tension

Bardon, 1980
Effect of capillary number

1
0. 9
Nc Ç
0. 8
Nc Ç
0. 7
relative permeability
Krg - base Nc
0. 6
Kro - base Nc
Krg - Base Nc * 10
0. 5
Kro - Base Nc * 10
Krg - Base Nc * 100
0. 4 Kro - Base Nc * 100
Krg - Base Nc * 1000
0. 3 Kro - Base Nc * 1000
0. 2 Kro - Base Nc * 10000
Kro - Base Nc * 100000
0. 1
0
0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1
Gas saturation
Mott, 2001
FLOW OF IMMISCIBLE FLUIDS IN
POROUS MEDIA
Darcy’s law, for two phases, oil and water
Linear displacement in a porous material inclined at an angle a to the horizontal and
with a cross section A:
k w A ⎛ δ Pw ⎞
qw = − ⎜ + ρ w g sin α ⎟ (1)
µ w ⎝ δx ⎠
k o A ⎛ δ Po ⎞
qo = − ⎜ + ρ o g sin α ⎟ (2)
µ o ⎝ δx ⎠
Capillary pressure: Po − Pw = Pc (3)

δqw δS w
= −φ A
Continuity equation for incompressible fluids δx δt (4)
δ qo δS
= −φ A o (5)
δx δt
So + Sw = 1 (6)

FLOW OF IMMISCIBLE FLUIDS IN
POROUS MEDIA
δ
By adding equation 4 and 5 to equation 6 we get: (q + q ) = 0
δx o w
ko A ⎛ µwqw δPc ⎞
Combine the Eqs. (1), (2) and (3) to eliminate Pw and Po qo = − ⎜⎜ − + − ∆ρg sinα ⎟⎟
µο ⎝ kw A δx ⎠
Fraction fw of the flowing stream: fw =

qw fo = 1 − f w
qt
ko A ⎛ δPc ⎞
1+ ⎜ − ∆ρg sin α ⎟
Substitute qw and qo in equation 7: µ o qt ⎝ δx ⎠
fw =
kµ
1+ o w
kw µo
Fractional flow equation for the displacement of oil by water

FLOW
Flow OF IMMISCIBLE
of immiscible FLUIDS
fluids in porous media IN
POROUS MEDIA
For the displacement in a horizontal reservoir, and

neglecting effect of capillary pressure gradient, the
fractional flow equation is reduced to:
1
fw =
k µ
1 + ro w
k rw µ o
This is valid provided that the oil displacement is

strictly a function of water saturation, as related
through the relative permeabilities. For a typical set of
relative permeabilities the fractional flow, usually has Typical fractional flow
the shape indicated in the figure, with saturation limit curve as a function of
water saturation.
Swi and 1- Sor, between which the fractional flow

increases from zero to unity.

BUCKLEY-LEVERETT SOLUTION
Velocity of a plane of constant water

saturation travelling through a linear →
system.
Buckley-Leverett model assumptions:
• Immiscible flow of two fluids in The Buckley-Leverett solution

one dimension (no mass transfer is derived from the fact that
between fluids) the conservation of mass of
• Diffuse, horizontal flow water flowing through the
• Negligible capillary pressure volume element A φ dx
• Incompressible fluids (shown in figure) may be
• Constant viscosity expressed as:
• Homogeneous rock (k and φ Mass flow rate in
constant)
• Water is injected at x = 0 at - Mass flow rate out
constant rate qw. = Rate of increase of mass in the

volume

BUCKLEY-LEVERETT SOLUTION
Buckley-Leverett equation: velocity of a plane of constant water saturation, υSw
is directly proportional to the derivative of the fractional flow equation evaluated
for that saturation.
dx qt df w
υ Sw = =
dt Sw A φ dS w Sw
Integrating the Buckley-Leverett Solution for the total time since the start of
injection gives:
t Wi df w
1 df w =
Aφ dS w ∫0
xSw = qt ⋅ dt xSw
or: Aφ dS w Sw
xSw : position of plane of constant water saturation

Wi : cumulative water injected.
Initial condition: Wi = 0 when t = 0.

TWO-PHASE RELATIVE
PERMEABILITIES: MODELING
• Four types of mathematical models
• Capillary models
•Bundle of capillary tubes
•Ignore interconnected nature of rocks
• Statistical models
•Bundle of capillary tubes distributed randomly
•Unable to model interconnected nature of rocks
• Empirical models
•Empirical relationships describing experimentally
determined Kr
• Network models
•Network of electric resistors as an analog

•Valuable tools for understanding fluid flow in porous media
•Increased possibilities for quantitative modeling

TWO-PHASE Kr: CAPILLARY, STATISTICAL
& EMPIRICAL MODELS
Based on theoretical or empirical capillary pressure relationships
Pc = f ( S w )
Consider the bundle of capillaries concept to calculate rel perms
Distribution of liquid phases within the pore space according to the Pc curve
1
∫
S wt
∫ dS / Pc2
2
dS / P c
=A =B
0 S wt
krwt krnwt 1
∫ dS / P
1
∫ dS / P
2 2
c c
0 0
A, B various expressions functions of the saturations proposed from different

authors (tortuosity ratio for Burdine (1953))

TWO-PHASE Kr: CAPILLARY, STATISTICAL
& EMPIRICAL MODELS
A special case : the fractal structure
Pc = f ( S w )
6
10
Slope =1/(DL-2)
1/r (cm-1)
= -3.3
10 5 DL=1.7 = -1.9
DL=1.5
= -1.5
DL=1.34 1
10 4 Pc ∝ DL − 2
R0
S wetting
3
10
DL : Fractal Dimension of
10
2 the porous structure
-1 0
10 S (w Ph) 10
wetting
Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika SPE 38891, 1997

THE FRACTAL NATURE OF ROCKS
Transport properties in a porous medium depend strongly on the

pore space geometry
Sedimentary rocks exhibit very complex pore structures
In order to calculate flow properties this pore space complexity is

represented by idealized pore structure models (conceptual models)
Fractal models
Sedimentary rocks are one of the most extensive natural fractal

systems (Katz & Thompson, Radlinski et al.)
Fractal dimension ranges between 1.3 and 1.9
Increases with clay content

© IFP Energies nouvelles CLAY CONTAINING SANDSTONE
Durand, 2000
© IFP Energies nouvelles CLAY CONTAINING SANDSTONE
Durand, 2000
INTERGRANULAR CLAY STRUCTURES
Durand, 2000
DESCRIPTION OF THE FRACTAL MODEL -
MODELING
PHASE DISTRIBUTION WITHIN A FRACTAL PORE
For each phase :

Water
Oil • Saturations calculated as
the relative area occupied by one phase
Gas •Relative permeabilities calculated

as Poiseuille type flowrate for a given
phase
... in the fractal section of the pore


DESCRIPTION OF THE FRACTAL MODEL -
MODELING
Water
Oil
R
Gas 1
R2 R0
Rk = R0 (π / η ) k ln η
DL = fractal dimension
ln η / π
Nk = η k
Kr CALCULATION WITH THE FRACTAL MODEL
OIL & GAS RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
Swi 4−DL
Oil 4−DL
+ Sor K ro = SL 2−DL
− (Swi + Sor ) 2−DL
Gas
[ ]
4
Krg = 1 − SL
1
2−D L
SL = SO + Sw

BUNDLE OF CAPILLARY TUBES MODELS
Nonwetting Fluid Reservoir (P=Pnw)
"Bundle of Tubes"
8k
L r=
ϕ
Wetting Fluid Reservoir (P=Pw)

No trapping, no residual saturations

PORE NETWORK MODELING - PNM
What is PNM, what can we do with?
Representation of the pore space of a rock as an interconnected

3D network of pores and throats (nodes and bonds)
Simple / idealized pore space
Incorporate the most relevant characteristics
Introduce, at the pore scale, physics of multiphase flow and
equilibria in confined media
Irregular and complex geometry and topology
Pores of different sizes and forms
Tool to calculate relevant transport properties for multiphase flow

taking into account pore structure and physics at the pore scale
Relative permeability, capillary pressure

Resistivity index
K-φ relationship evolution for reactive flow

THE PORE SPACE AS A NETWORK
VARIOUS LATTICE TYPES
From Dullien (1992)

WHAT IS NEEDED TO CONSTRUCT A PNM
A detailed description / 3D image of pore sizes and connectivity (the ideal)

microscanner (?)
or
φ, K, mercury Pc (the usually available)
or
φ, pore size distribution, throat size distribution and pore accessibility (the
must)

PORE NETWORK MODELING
SINGLE POROSITY MODEL
Small-scale information on pore space

geometry and topology
Multiphase transport
properties
3D pore network : 1
Conceptual 0.8
representation of 0.6
Kr
porous media 0.4
0.2
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
S
Physical modeling of the

fluids at the pore scale

DISTRIBUTION OF WATER/OIL/GAS AT
THE PORE SCALE
water-wet solid
spreading oil on water in presence of gas
Dullien, 1992

TWO-PHASE Kr: DISPLACEMENT MECHANISMS
VISUALISATION EXPERIMENTS MODELING
Thesis C. Laroche, 1998
Chatzis et al., 1988


FLUID DISTRIBUTION
Physical modeling of the fluids at the pore scale

• two ot three-phase flow
• spreading
• film flow
• drainage/imbibition
Pi2
∑ ij = 0
q α
j
P P Pi1
i3 i for each phase α present in the
pore α
(α α
)α
with q ij = g ij Pi − P j
P
i4

PORE CONDUCTANCE : TWO-PHASE FLOW IN A PORE
Non wetting φ / 1 φÖ Poiseuille's law
W=WATER W=OIL π ⋅ reffNW 4 ANW

gNW = reffNW =
NW= 8 µ NW ⋅ l π
NW=OIL WATER
r β r
β
Water-wet Oil-wet Wetting φ layer
pore pore
AW ⋅ r 2
gW = R f: resistance factor
W=OIL Rf ⋅ µW ⋅ l Ransohoff & Radke
Rf = f (β ,θW/S )
NW=
GAS
r β
Perfectly wetting: θ W / S = 0
Oil-wet
pore Throat: β = π/3 Pore: β = π/4
Rf = 31 Rf = 94
MAIN DRAINAGE AND
IMBIBITION MECHANISMS
From Dullien (1992)

DISPLACEMENT PROCESS
DRAINAGE MECHANISM
TWO-PHASE DRAINAGE: • oil injection in WW system

• gas invasion
PISTON-LIKE DISPLACEMENT IN THROAT PORE FILL-IN
Pw PCowIJ=γow
I
.CdIJ
PoI − Pw J > PCowIJ Cpor
P Cd Pw J
I o
e PwI
PoI
lo=lN lw=lW PCpore =

W γow .Cpore
−1
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1 2
g IJ ⎜
= w + w ⎟ C pore = +
⎜g ⎟
⎝ Tmono (lw ) gTfilm (lo ) + gTbulk (lo ) ⎠
o Rm e
Rm : varies between rd and

FILM FLOW Rpore
Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika e: depth of pore
DISPLACEMENT PROCESS
DRAINAGE MECHANISM
GAS INVASION AND TRAPPED NON-WETTING PHASE
OIL TRAPPED IN WW PORE WATER TRAPPED IN OW PORE
PwI
PoJ PoI
Pg PwI
PoI
Pg
PCog
Po I = Pg − PCog IJ > Po J
COUNTERCURRENT DRAINAGE = • NO DRAINAGE OF WATER

FLOW THROUGH SPREADING FILM • GAS BLOCKAGE
TWO-PHASE Kr: NETWORK MODELING
Conceptual representation of
the porous structure by a
interconnected 3-D network of
pores and capillaries
roughness
fractal solid surface
Physical modeling of two or

three-phase flow at the pore
scale
wettability
spreading
film flow
drainage/imbibition

EXAMPLE: 2D SIMULATION (GAS INJECTION)

EXAMPLE: 3D SIMULATION (GAS INJECTION)

Kr CALCULATION
• IMPOSE QUASI-STATIC DISPLACEMENT
• REACH CAPILLARY EQUILIBRIUM
• APPLY DP ACROSS THE NETWORK
• CALCULATE LOCAL FLOW RATE qa FOR EACH PHASE IN EACH PORE-THROAT
(
qijα = gijα Piα − Pjα )
• CALCULATE TOTAL FLOW RATE Qa FOR EACH PHASE IN THE NETWORK
• CALCULATE PERMEABILITY OF EACH PHASE a IN THE NETWORK

Qα µα L
K rα =
AK∆P
© IFP Energies nouvelles 3 PHASES IN THE PORE NETWORK
74 Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika

Krw CALCULATION
Qw µ w L
K rw =
AK∆P

Krg CALCULATION
Qg µ g L
K rg =
AK∆P
© IFP Energies nouvelles Kro CALCULATION
Qo µ o L
K ro =
AK∆P
EFFECT OF WETTABILITY (SINGLE POROSITY)
Pc curve
Θ=0°
Θ =60°
Θ =40° Θ =0°

EFFECT OF WETTABILITY (SINGLE POROSITY)
Relative permeability
Θ=0°
Θ =60°
no corner flow
Θ =0° corner
flow
Θ =40°

Kr CALCULATED USING
PORE NETWORK MODELING
Lavoux carbonate
K=1.9 mD, Φ= 23%
Ca pilla ry pre ssure
Stochastic Network
1000
Hg
co de R elative p erm eab ilities
100 1
Pc_Hg [bar]
0.8
10
num e ric a l Kr g
0.6 e x pe rim e nta l Kr g

Kr
1
0 0.2 0.4
S _Hg 0.4
0.6 0.8 1
e x pe rim e nta l Kr w
0.2
num e ric a l Kr w
0
0 0.2 0.4 Sg 0.6 0.8 1
(Egermann et al., SCA 2005)

RESISTIVITY INDEX CALCULATION
Unusual shape IR-Sw curves can be 11

water wet
water wet
explained in terms of different pore oil wet
oil wet
λλρρ == 11
structures λλρρ == 22
λλρρ == 22
Pcow (bar)
10000 AR == 66
AR
wet
water wet 0.1
0.1
wet
oil wet
λ ρ == 11
1000
λ ρ == 22
λ ρ == 22
AR=6
AR=6
AR = 6 0.01
0.01
100
0.01
0.01 0.1
0.1 Sw
Sw 11
IR
11
water
water wet
10 oil wet
oil wet
λλρρ == 1
λλρρ == 2
λλρρ == 2
(bar)
Pcow (bar)
1 AR
AR == 66
0.1
0.1
Sw
Sw
0.01 0.1 1
Pcow
From Bekri et al.

0.01
0.01
Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika 00 0.2
0.2 0.4 Sw
0.4 Sw 0.6
0.6 0.8
0.8 11
NUMERICAL LAB - METHODOLOGY
Multiphase transport
properties
Kr=ƒ (S)
Stochastic
Pc Hg 1
0.8
F&K 0.6
Kr
0.4
0.2
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
RI =ƒ (S)
Deterministic
10000
µ-CT
100
RI
1
0.01 0.1 1
Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika S

NUMERICAL LAB - METHODOLOGY
Deterministic description of the pore space
•Characterization of rock
microstructure au µ-scanner
•Calculation and up-scaling
of transport properties
3 mm
Important issue: compromise between sample size and resolution

MACROSCOPIC PROPERTIES
pores, throats FROM PORE SCALE DATA
>1µm
Pc
pores, throats
pores sizes Kr
throats sizes measured
>1µm
connectivity
IR
µ−porosity
pores sizes fitting

throats sizes PcHg,

connectivity φ, K, F

2.petrophysics RGE - 2011

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OUTLINE

 Multiphase displacement through porous media

Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika

Definition: Measure of the ability of the porous system to

It is the composite effect of

Bond Number, Bo = ρgh / (2 σ / r )

Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika

Wettability: Tendency of one fluid to spread or to adhere to a solid

Water-wet, Oil-wet, Intermediate-wet

Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika

Drainage: Decrease of the wetting phase saturation

In petrophysics and in reservoir simulators the notion of reference

Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika

Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika

Krw < Krnw

Krw + Krnw < 1

Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika

Fluid distribution at the

Strong for non-wetting

Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika

Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika

Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika

Craig’s rules of thumb:

Connate water Usually > 20-25 % PV Generally < 15%PV

Cross point of > 50% water saturation < 50% water

Krw @ max Generally < 0.3 0.5

Most of formations are of intermediate wettability

Important notice when measuring water-oil Kr:

Reproduce within the sample wettability preference of the formation

 Wettability altered by exposure to  Avoid drying of core that can result in

Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika

Fluid selection for water-oil and gas-oil rel perm tests

 reservoir oil  refined or reservoir oil

 formation or synthetic brine  saturated gas

Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika

Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika

For homogeneous rocks:

Bump flow to get true Krw-end point value

Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika

Corey exponents should be consistent with wettability measurements

Wettability Oil Corey exponent, Water Corey exponent,

Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika

Restoring reservoir wettability

• thorough cleaning (solvents)

• aging (at T for several weeks)

Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika

• Unsteady state (dynamic displacement)

Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika

• Direct determination of Kr @ large range of S

• Time consuming, expensive

Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika

Numerical Simulations if Pc known Solution 2

Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika

Analytical calculation only for Pc = 0

•JBN Kro, Krw

Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika

Unsteady-state method: experimental procedure

•Core initially @ Swi

Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika

• Perform in situ saturation measurements (X-ray or gamma-ray

• Numerical interpretation of the displacement data

• Reliable capillary pressure

Petrophysics, RGE, O. Vizika

Multiphase displacement through porous media

Wettability altered by exposure to Avoid drying of core that can result in

reservoir oil refined or reservoir oil

formation or synthetic brine saturated gas

A, B various expressions functions of the saturations proposed from different

Transport properties in a porous medium depend strongly on the

Sedimentary rocks exhibit very complex pore structures

In order to calculate flow properties this pore space complexity is

Sedimentary rocks are one of the most extensive natural fractal

What is PNM, what can we do with?