●

●
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 𝑡4 − 𝑡3 = 𝑡

𝑎<𝑏

𝑥>𝑦

𝑥 𝑦
>
𝑡 𝑡
𝑉𝑥 > 𝑉𝑦
𝑇 2 ∝ 𝑎3
 𝑥+𝑦
𝑎=
2
1 + 1.52
𝑎= = 1.26 𝐴𝑈
2

𝑇 2 ∝ 𝑎3
𝑇 2 = 𝑘𝑎3

𝑇 2 = 𝑎3
3
𝑇 = 𝑎2
3
𝑇 = (1.26)2 = 1.414 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠

𝑇 1.414
𝑇𝐸−𝑀 = = = 0.707 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
2 2
1 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
0.707 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 0.707 × 365 ≈ 258 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 ≈ 8.5 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑙 = 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐺 = 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑀 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡

𝐺𝑀𝑒 𝑀 𝑀𝑉𝑅 2
=
𝑅2 𝑅

𝐺𝑀𝑒
𝑉𝑅 = √
𝑅
 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑠 = 𝑟1
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑠 = 𝑟2
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑠 = 𝑣𝑝

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑠 = 𝑣𝑎

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑝

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 𝑚𝑠

𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑠 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑝𝑜𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑠

𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑝 𝑟1 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎 𝑟2

𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑝 𝑟1 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎 𝑟2
𝑟1
𝑣𝑎 = 𝑣𝑝
𝑟2
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑠 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑝𝑜𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑠
𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑝2 𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑚𝑠 𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎2 𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑚𝑠
− = −
2 𝑟1 2 𝑟2
𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑝2 𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑚𝑠 𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎2 𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑚𝑠
− = −
2 𝑟1 2 𝑟2
𝑣𝑝2 𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑣𝑎2 𝐺𝑚𝑝
− = −
2 𝑟1 2 𝑟2
 𝑣𝑝2 𝑣𝑎2 𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝐺𝑚𝑝
− = −
2 2 𝑟1 𝑟2
(𝑣𝑝2 − 𝑣𝑎2 ) 1 1
= 𝐺𝑚𝑝 ( − )
2 𝑟1 𝑟2
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑤𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑟12
(𝑣𝑝2 − 𝑣𝑝2 )
𝑟22 1 1
= 𝐺𝑚𝑝 ( − )
2 𝑟1 𝑟2
𝑣𝑝2 𝑟12 1 1
(1 − 2 ) = 𝐺𝑚𝑝 ( − )
2 𝑟2 𝑟1 𝑟2

𝑣𝑝2 𝑟22 − 𝑟12 𝑟2 − 𝑟1

( 2 ) = 𝐺𝑚𝑝 ( )
2 𝑟2 𝑟1 𝑟2

𝑣𝑝2 (𝑟2 − 𝑟1 )(𝑟2 + 𝑟1 ) 𝑟2 − 𝑟1

{ } = 𝐺𝑚 𝑝 ( )
2 𝑟22 𝑟1 𝑟2
2𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑟2
𝑣𝑝2 = ( )
(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ) 𝑟1

2𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑟2
𝑣𝑝 = √ ( )
(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ) 𝑟1

𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑎 ,

2𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑟1
𝑣𝑎 = √ ( )
(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ) 𝑟2
 𝑟1 𝑉𝑟1

𝐺𝑚𝑝
𝑉𝑟1 = √
𝑟1

𝑉𝑝 𝑉𝑝

2𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑟2
𝑉𝑝 = √ ( )
(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ) 𝑟1

𝑉𝑝 > 𝑉𝑟1

𝑉𝑟1 + ∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑝

∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑝 − 𝑉𝑟1
 𝑉𝑟1
∆𝑉

𝑟1′ 𝑟2′ .
𝑟2′ 𝑟3 ′ ′∆𝑣′. ∆𝑣

𝑟2′ ′𝑣𝑝1 ′

2𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑟2
𝑣𝑝1 = √ ( )
(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ) 𝑟1

𝑟3′ ′𝑣𝑝2 ′

2𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑟3
𝑣𝑝2 = √ ( )
(𝑟1 + 𝑟3 ) 𝑟1

𝑣𝑝1 + ∆𝑣 = 𝑣𝑝2

∆𝑣 = 𝑣𝑝2 − 𝑣𝑝1
′𝑣𝑖𝑛 ′ 𝑟1

𝐺𝑚𝑝
𝑣𝑖𝑛 = √
𝑟1

𝑟1 𝑟2

′𝑣𝑝 ′

2𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑟2
𝑣𝑝 = √ ( )
(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ) 𝑟1

𝑣𝑝 > 𝑣𝑖𝑛
 𝑣𝑝 ∆𝑣1

𝑣𝑖𝑛 + ∆𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑝

∆𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑝 − 𝑣𝑖𝑛

′𝑣𝑎 ′ ′𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 ′

2𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑟1
𝑣𝑎 = √ ( )
(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ) 𝑟2

′𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 ′ 𝑟2

𝐺𝑚𝑝
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 = √
𝑟2

𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 > 𝑣𝑎
𝑣𝑎 + ∆𝑣2 = 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
∆𝑣2 = 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑣𝑎

∆𝑣 = ∆𝑣2 + ∆𝑣1
 𝑐
𝑒=
𝑎

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠, 𝑒 < 1

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠, 𝑒 = 0