CHAPTER I

General Concepts and

Historical Events in Science,
Technology, and Society
 What is SCIENCE?

1. SCIENCE as an Idea.

It includes ideas, theories, and all available

systematic explanations and observation about the
natural and the physical world.
 What is SCIENCE?

2. SCIENCE as an Intellectual Activity.

It encompasses a systematic and practical study of

the natural and the physical world.

This process of study involves systematic

observation and experimentation.
 What is SCIENCE?

3. SCIENCE as a Body of Knowledge.

It is a subject or discipline, a field of study, or a

body of knowledge that deals with the process of
learning about the natural and physical world. This
is what we refer to as school science.
 What is SCIENCE?

4. SCIENCE as a Personal and Social

Activity.

This explains that science is both knowledge and

activities done by human beings to develop better
understanding of the world around them. it is a
means to improve life and to survive life. It is
interwoven with people’s lives.
 Scientific Revolution
was the period of enlightenment.
started in Europe in the early 16th century up to the 18th
century.
printing machine
blooming of intellectual activities
was the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in
science.
Figure 1.
Influence to Scientific Revolution Science Ideas

Scientific
Revolutions

Humans Society
Figure 2. Variables that Influence the Development of Science Ideas,
Science Discoveries, and Technology

SCIENTISTS
Creativity SCIENCE IDEAS

Passion to know

Curiosity Passion todiscover

SCIENCE
DISCOVERIES

TECHNOLOGY
Critical Thinking
 NICOLAUS COPERNICUS

primarily concerned
THOUGHT with the nature of the
EXPERIMENT universe
greatly influenced by a
book titled Epitome
published in 1496-
Johannes Mueller
 NICOLAUS COPERNICUS

Copernicus model was

THOUGHT complete in 1510
EXPERIMENT Commentariolus
De revolutionibus
orbium coelestium (On
the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Sphere)-1543
 NICOLAUS COPERNICUS

marked the start of the

THOUGHT scientific revolution
EXPERIMENT
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS

he modeled a universe in which

everything moved around a single
corner
Copernicus placed the sun to be the
centerpiece of the universe
 Planetary Motion
(1) the orbits of venus and mercury
lay inside the orbit of the earth, thus,
closer to the sun

(2) the orbits of Mars, Saturn,

and Jupiter lay outside the
Earth’s orbit, thus, further from
the sun
CHARLES DARWIN

he is famous for his theory

of evolution
he joined a five-year voyage
in the island of Galapagos
The Origin of Species-1589
His unorthodox way of
pursuing science gave more
value to evidence-based
science. It is a science
marked by observation and
experimentation
 SIGMUND FREUD

he is a famous figure in the field of psychology

he developed an important observational
method to gather reliable data to study
human’s inner life. This method is popularly
known as the method of Psychoanalysis
it is a method used to study the human mind
and neurotic illness
his method was considered unorthodox-
focusing on the human sexuality and the evil
nature of man