Principles of Steel Design Bolted Connections and Welded Connections Part 1

BOLTED CONNECTIONS AND WELDED CONNECTIONS PART 1
Engr. Aline Benneth V. Jacobo and Engr. Lionel P. Lapuz

 the framework of a steel structure consists of an assemblage of structural members joined
together
 joining of two or more components involves the design and construction of a joint that is
safe, economical and practical, i.e., capable of being built
 connections in structural steel are usually made with fasteners such as rivets, bolts and
welds
 designed more conservatively than members because they are more complex to analyze and
discrepancy between analysis and design is large
 in case of overloading, failure in member is preferred to failure in connection
 connections account for more than half the cost of structural steel work
Types of connections based on rigidity are classified as follows;
 Type 1 – designated as “rigid frame”, which assumes that beam-to-column

connections are sufficiently rigid to maintain unchanged the original angles between
connected parts
 Type 2 – designated as “simple frame”, which assumes that for gravity loading, the
ends of beams and girders are joined for shear only and are free to rotate
 Type 3 – designated as “semi-rigid frame”, which assumes that the connections of

beams and girders are capable of moment capacity, whose degree of rigidity is
between the rigidity of Type 1 and the flexibility of Type 2
 bolting has a distinct advantage over riveting or welding;
 requires less skilled labor and is a very rapid field erection process
 cheaper than riveted connection due to reduced labor and equipment costs
 Fewer number of bolts required to resist the same load
TYPES OF BOLTS;
 Unfinished Bolts
 made of low carbon steel, classified by ASTM as A307
 primarily used for light structures subjected to static loads
and for secondary members
 High–strength Bolts
 made from medium carbon heat-treated steel and from alloy
steel and have tensile strengths greater than ordinary bolts
 designated by ASTM are A325 and A490 bolts
 used for all types of structures from small buildings to high–
rise buildings and long–span bridges
TYPES OF HIGH–STRENGTH BOLTS
 friction type connection
 bearing type connection, bolt threads within shear plane, Type (N)
 bearing type connection, bolt threads outside shear plane, Type (X)
Bolts are installed in one of four types of holes:
 standard holes can be used anywhere
 oversized holes may only be used in slip–critical connections
 short–slotted holes are used with the slot perpendicular to the direction of stress
 long–slotted holes are primarily used when connecting to existing structures
Standard Oversized ShortSlot LongSlot
Standard Oversized Short Slot Long Slot

INSTALLATION OF HIGH–STRENGTH BOLTS
 Turn–of–the–Nut Method;
 based on the load–deformation characteristics of fastener and connected parts
 one full turn of a nut corresponds to a fixed length of travel along bolt threads, and can be
correlated to the elongation of bolt
 Calibrated Wrench Tightening;
 torque wrenches are used for this purpose
 torque required to attain a specified tension in a particular size of bolt of a given grade is
determined by tightening bolt in a tension–indicating device
 Alternate Design of Bolts;
 these bolts are specially designed A325 and A490 bolts whose tips twist off when the proper
tension has been achieved
 inspection of this type of bolt installation is particularly easy
 Direct Tension Indicators;
 most common of these devices is a washer with protrusions on its surface
 when bolt is tightened, protrusions are compressed in proportion to the tension in bolt
 tension can be determined by measuring the gap between the nut and bolt head and
undeformed part of washer surface
TYPES OF CONNECTIONS
 Classification based on type of force in the bolts;
SingleShear
LapConnection ButtConnection
DoubleShear
TensionConnectionand
ShearConnections TensionplusShearConnection
ELASTIC ANALYSIS – ECCENTRICALLY LOADED BOLTED CONNECTION
STEPS IN SOLVING ECCENTRICALLY LOADED BOLTED CONNECTIONS
1. Solve for the center of mass of all bolts combined.
2. Calculate polar moment of inertia of all bolts by: j = ∑x2 + ∑y2
3. Get the torque that the load makes at its center of mass
4. Move the load to the center of mass
5. Compute the reaction due to the moved load (assume all bolts are subjected to same reactions)
6. Get the vertical and horizontal reaction at each bolt due to the torque in the center of mass using
the formula:
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒(𝑦) 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒(𝑥)
𝐹ℎ = 𝐹𝑣 =
𝑗 𝑗
7. Compute the required.
Example: Determine the most critical bolt. Use 25mm diameter bolts. P = 50 kN
R.L. y
5 𝐴𝑏 𝑚 = 3 𝐴𝑏 0 + 2 𝐴𝑏 100
m 𝑚 = 40 𝑚𝑚
n 5 𝐴𝑏 𝑛 = 1 𝐴𝑏 0 + 2 𝐴𝑏 75 + 2 𝐴𝑏 150
𝑛 = 90 𝑚𝑚
R.L. x
R.L. y
2. Calculate polar moment of inertia of all bolts by: j = ∑x2 + ∑y2
𝑗 = ෍ 𝑥 2 + ෍ 𝑦2
60
40 60
15 𝑗 = 3 402 + 2 602 + 1 902 + 2 152 + 2(602 )
90
𝑗 = 27750 𝑚𝑚2
R.L. x
R.L. y e
𝑇 = 𝑃𝑒
𝑇 = 50𝑘𝑁 (0.26𝑚)
40
𝑇 = 13 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
90
R.L. x
𝑗 = 27750 𝑚𝑚2
R.L. y e
𝑇 = 𝑃𝑒
𝑇 = 50𝑘𝑁 (0.26𝑚)
40 13 kN-m
𝑇 = 13 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
90
R.L. x
𝑗 = 27750 𝑚𝑚2
R.L. y
5. Compute the reaction due to the moved load (assume

all bolts are subjected to same reactions)
40 13 kN-m
90 𝑃 50
𝑃𝑣 = =
𝑛 5
R.L. x
𝑃𝑣 = 10 𝑘𝑁
𝑗 = 27750 𝑚𝑚2
5. Compute the reaction due to the moved load (assume

all bolts are subjected to same reactions)
10 kN 40 10 kN
13 kN-m
90
10 kN
𝑃 50
10 kN 𝑃𝑣 = =
𝑛 5
10 kN
𝑃𝑣 = 10 𝑘𝑁
𝑗 = 27750 𝑚𝑚2
6. Get the vertical and horizontal reaction at each bolt due to the torque
in the center of mass using the formula:
Fh1 𝐹ℎ = 𝐹𝑣 =
1 2 𝑗 𝑗
Fv1 40
R1 3 13 kN-m 4
90 13𝑘𝑁𝑚 1000 (60𝑚𝑚) 13𝑘𝑁𝑚 1000 (40𝑚𝑚)
𝐹ℎ1 = 𝐹𝑣1 =
5
27750 𝑚𝑚2 27750 𝑚𝑚2
𝐹ℎ1 = 28.11 𝑘𝑁 𝐹𝑣1 = 18.74 𝑘𝑁
𝑗 = 27750 𝑚𝑚2
7. Compute for the required. In this case, to determine the most critical
bolt. Therefore, we have to get the Resultant reaction in each bolt. Then,
the bolt with the most critical bolt is the one with the highest reaction
Fh1
2
force.
1
Fv1 10 kN 𝑅1 = 𝐹ℎ1 2 + 10 − 𝐹𝑣1 2
R1 3 4
𝑅1 = 28.112 + 10 − 18.74 2
5
𝑅1 = 29.44 𝑘𝑁
𝑗 = 27750 𝑚𝑚2
𝐹ℎ1 = 28.11 𝑘𝑁 𝐹𝑣1 = 18.74 𝑘𝑁
Do the steps discussed in all of the bolts to get the reaction at each bolt
R2 𝑗 𝑗
Fv2
Fh1 Fh2 13𝑘𝑁𝑚 1000 (15𝑚𝑚)
1 2 13𝑘𝑁𝑚 1000 (60𝑚𝑚) 13𝑘𝑁𝑚 1000 (15𝑚𝑚)
𝐹ℎ2 = 𝐹ℎ3 = 𝐹ℎ4 =
Fv1 13 kN-m R4 27750 𝑚𝑚2 27750 𝑚𝑚2 27750 𝑚𝑚2
Fv4 𝐹ℎ4 = 7.03 𝑘𝑁
4 Fh4 𝐹ℎ2 = 28.11 𝑘𝑁 𝐹ℎ3 = 7.03 𝑘𝑁
R1 3
Fh3 13𝑘𝑁𝑚 1000 (15𝑚𝑚) 13𝑘𝑁𝑚 1000 (60𝑚𝑚)
Fv3 13𝑘𝑁𝑚 1000 (60𝑚𝑚)
R3 𝐹𝑣2 = 𝐹𝑣3 = 𝐹𝑣4 =
27750 𝑚𝑚2 27750 𝑚𝑚2 27750 𝑚𝑚2
5
Fh5 𝐹𝑣2 = 28.11 𝑘𝑁 𝐹𝑣3 = 18.74 𝑘𝑁 𝐹𝑣4 = 28.11 𝑘𝑁
Fv5
R5
13𝑘𝑁𝑚 1000 (90𝑚𝑚) 13𝑘𝑁𝑚 1000 (40𝑚𝑚)
𝐹ℎ5 = 𝐹𝑣5 =
𝑗 = 27750 𝑚𝑚2 27750 𝑚𝑚2 27750 𝑚𝑚2
𝐹ℎ5 = 42.16 𝑘𝑁 𝐹𝑣5 = 18.74 𝑘𝑁
𝑅1 = 29.44 𝑘𝑁
𝐹ℎ2 = 28.11 𝑘𝑁
𝑅2 = 𝐹ℎ2 2 + 10 + 𝐹𝑣2 2
𝑅4 = 𝐹ℎ4 2 + 10 + 𝐹𝑣4 2
R2 Fv2 𝐹𝑣2 = 28.11 𝑘𝑁
Fh1 Fh2
1 2 𝐹ℎ3 = 7.03 𝑘𝑁 𝑅2 = 28.112 + 10 + 28.11 2
𝑅4 = 7.032 + 10 + 28.11 2
Fv1 13 kN-m 10 kN
R4 𝐹𝑣3 = 18.74 𝑘𝑁
10 kN Fv4 𝑅2 = 47.36 𝑘𝑁 𝑅4 = 38.75 𝑘𝑁
3 4 Fh4
R1
Fh3 𝐹ℎ4 = 7.03 𝑘𝑁
Fv3 10 kN
R3 𝐹𝑣4 = 28.11 𝑘𝑁
10 kN
𝑅3 = 𝐹ℎ3 2 + 10 − 𝐹𝑣3 2 𝑅5 = 𝐹ℎ5 2 + 10 − 𝐹𝑣5 2
5 𝐹ℎ5 = 42.16 𝑘𝑁
Fh5
Fv5
𝑅3 = 7.032 + 10 − 18.74 2 𝑅5 = 42.162 + 10 − 18.74 2
10 kN R5 𝐹𝑣5 = 18.74 𝑘𝑁
𝑅3 = 11.22 𝑘𝑁 𝑅5 = 43.06 𝑘𝑁
𝑗 = 27750 𝑚𝑚2
𝑅1 = 29.44 𝑘𝑁
R2 Fv2 𝑅1 = 29.44 𝑘𝑁
Fh1 Fh2
1 2
Fv1 13 kN-m 10 kN
10 kN Fv4
R4 𝑅2 = 47.36 𝑘𝑁 𝐵𝑜𝑙𝑡 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡
R1 3 4 Fh4
Fv3 Fh3
10 kN
R3 10 kN 𝑅3 = 11.22 𝑘𝑁
5
Fv5 Fh5
10 kN R5 𝑅4 = 38.75 𝑘𝑁
𝑅5 = 43.06 𝑘𝑁
Basic Process;
 process of joining metal pieces by heating them to a suitable temperature to produce a plastic
or fluid state such that the materials coalesce into one material
 heating metal to fusion temperature with or without addition of weld metals
Weldability of Structural Steel;

 measure of the ease of producing a crack–free and sound structural joint
Forge Welding;
 consists of simply heating the pieces above certain temperature and hammering them together
Resistance Welding;
 metal parts are joined by means of heat and pressure which causes fusion of parts
 heat is generated by electrical resistance to a current of high amperage and low voltage passing
through small area of contact between parts to be connected
Fusion Welding;
 metal is heated to fusion temperature with or without addition of weld metal
 method of connecting pieces by molten metal
o oxyacetylene welding
o electric arc welding
Metal Arc Welding;
 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
 Metal–Arc Inert Gas (MIG) Welding
 Tungsten Arc Inert Gas (TIG) Welding

Factors Affecting the Quality of
Welded Connections –
obtaining a satisfactory welded
connection requires the
combination of many individual
skills, beginning with the actual
design of the weld and ending
with the welding operation
 proper electrodes, welding
apparatus and procedures
Factors Affecting the Quality of Welded Connections;
 proper electrodes, welding apparatus and procedures
 proper edge preparation

Factors Affecting the Quality of Welded Connections;
 proper electrodes, welding apparatus and procedures
 proper edge preparation
 control of distortion
Possible Defects in Welding;
 unless good techniques and procedures are used, possible defects may result within the weld.
Some common defects are;
 undercut  excessive convexity
 porosity  excessive concavity
 incomplete fusion  excessive weld

reinforcement
 overlap
 incomplete penetration
 underfill
 excessive penetration
 spatter  unacceptable weld
profile
Inspection and Control;
 since such close supervision is not possible on every weld made, the following items will serve
as a guideline to achieve good structural welds
 establish good welding procedures
 use only prequalified welders
 use qualified inspectors and have them present
 use special inspection techniques when necessary

TYPES OF JOINTS
 the type of joint depends on factors
such as size and shape of the
members coming into the joint, the
type of loading, the amount of joint
area available and the relative costs
for various types of welds.
LAP JOINT;
 lap most common type of welding process due to its principal advantages, namely;
 Difference in Thickness;
 an advantage of lap joints is the ease in which plates of different thickness can be joined
 Ease of Fitting;
 pieces being joined do not require preciseness in fabricating. The pieces can be slightly shifted to
accommodate minor errors in fabrication or to make adjustments in length.
 Ease of Joining;
 edges of the pieces being joined does not need special preparation. Lap joints utilize fillet weld and are
therefore equally well suited to shop or field welding
 lap joint is fillet–welded

BUTT JOINT;
 butt joint is used mainly to join the ends of flat plates of the same or nearly the same thickness
 principal advantage of this type is to eliminate the eccentricity developed in single lap joints
 when used properly, butt joints minimize the size of a connection and are usually more
aesthetically pleasing than built-up joints
 principal disadvantage lies in the fact that the edges to be connected must usually be specially
prepared (beveled or ground flat) and very carefully aligned prior to welding
 little adjustment is possible and the pieces must be carefully detailed and fabricated
 butt joint is groove–welded

TEE JOINTS;
 used to fabricate built-up sections such as tees, I-shapes, plate girders, bearing stiffeners, hangers,
brackets and in general, pieces framing at right angles
CORNER JOINTS;
 corner joints are used principally to form built-up rectangular box sections such as those used for
columns and for beams required to resist high torsional forces
 can be fillet–welded or groove–welded
EDGE JOINTS;
 edge joints are generally not considered as structural but are most frequently used to keep two or more
plates in a given plane or to maintain initial alignment
Welding Rods;
to specify the proper type of welding rod or electrode, design engineer should be familiar with the electrode
numbering system established by the American Welding Society (AWS) and the American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM) as follows;
Eaaabc
where:
E – electrode
aaa – two– or three–digit number specifying ultimate
– Tensile strength of weld material
b – digit indicating suitability of welding position
1 – suitable for all positions
2 – suitable for horizontal fillets and flat positioning
c – digit indicating current supply
for the design engineer, the information that must be indicated in the design is whether the electrode is E60,
E70 or whatever
Welding Rods;
EXAMPLE : E7018 means
Tensile strength = 70 ksi
1 means can be used in all positions
8 means it is iron-powder, low-hydrogen electrode used with A.C or D.C but only in
reverse polarity
TYPES OF WELDS;
 welds are classified according to their shape and method of deposition into:
 Groove Weld;
 is made in opening between two parts being joined
TYPES OF WELDS;
 Fillet Weld;
 triangular in shape, joins surfaces which are at an angle with one another
TYPES OF WELDS;
 Plug Weld;
 made by depositing weld metal in a circular hole in one of two lapped places
TYPES OF WELDS;
 Slot Weld;
 similar to plug but the hole is elongated
CLASSIFICATION OF WELDS;
 Flat ; executed from above, weld face approximately horizontal
 Horizontal ; similar to flat weld but weld is harder to make
 Vertical ; longitudinal axis of weld is vertical
 Overhead ; welding is done from underside of the joint
NOMENCLATURE OF WELDS;
 the part of weld assumed to be effective in transferring stress is “throat”
 faces of weld in contact with the parts joined is called its “legs”
 for equal–legged fillet weld throat is “0.707s”, where s is leg size
STANDARD WELDING SYMBOLS
 Fillet Weld
 Groove Weld
 Plug and Slot Weld
STRESSES IN WELDS
 welds may be stressed in tension, compression, shear, or a combination of tension, compression and
shear, depending upon the direction and position of load relative to weld
 load in figure is resisted by shearing force on the throat of each fillet weld
 customary to take the force on a fillet weld as a shear on the throat irrespective of the direction of load
relative to throat
 tests have shown that a fillet weld transverse to the load is much stronger than a fillet weld of same size
parallel to the load
STRESSES IN WELDS
 load sharing between longitudinal and transverse fillet welds depend either on:
o proportional to their length if welds are of same size
o proportional to the area for different size weld
STRESSES IN WELDS
 any abrupt discontinuity or change in section of member such as notch or a sharp reentrant corner,
interrupts the transmission of stress along smooth lines
o joint is elongated in direction of load to produce a more uniform transfer of stress
o these concentrations are of no consequence for static loads, but they are significant where fatigue is involved
ELASTIC ANALYSIS – ECCENTRICALLY WELDED CONNECTION
STEPS IN SOLVING ECCENTRICALLY LOADED WELDED CONNECTIONS
1. Solve for the center of mass of all welds combined.
2. Calculate polar moment of inertia of all welds by: J = ∑Ix + ∑Iy
5. Compute the pressure due to the moved load (assume all connection points of welds are subjected
to same pressure) using: Pv = P/AT
6. Get the vertical and horizontal pressure at each point of the weld due to the torque in the center of
mass using the formula: 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒(𝑦) 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒(𝑥)
𝐽 𝐽
ELASTIC ANALYSIS – ECCENTRICALLY LOADED WELDED CONNECTION
Example: Determine the most critical point of the weld. P = 180 kN ; T = 10mm
R.L. y
1. Solve for the center of mass of all welds combined.
800(𝑡)𝑚 = 200(𝑡) 0 + 2(300)(𝑡)(150)

𝑚 = 112.50 𝑚𝑚
m
𝑛 = 100𝑚𝑚
n
R.L. x
800(𝑡)𝑚 = 200(𝑡) 0 + 2(300)(𝑡)(150)

𝑚 = 112.50 𝑚𝑚
112.50
𝑛 = 100𝑚𝑚
100
𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛45 =
A B 𝑇
𝑡 = 𝑇𝑠𝑖𝑛45 = 0.707𝑇
112.50 Note: For uniformity, we will use t = 0.707T in
100 each problem unless otherwise stated
𝐽 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦
C D 𝑡(200)3 300(𝑡 3 )
𝐽= +2 + 300(𝑡)(1002) +
12 12
200(𝑡 3 ) 𝑡(3003)
+ 200 𝑡 112.52 +2 + (𝑡)(300)(150 − 112.5)2
12 12

𝐽 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦
A B
𝑡(200)3 300(𝑡 3 )
112.50
𝐽= +2 + 300(𝑡)(1002) +
12 12
100 200(𝑡 3 ) 𝑡(3003)
+ 200 𝑡 112.52 +2 + (𝑡)(300)(150 − 112.5)2
12 12
C D
𝐽 = 14.5417𝑥106 𝑡 = 14.5417𝑥106 (0.707)(10)
𝐽 = 102.8098𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
180(200 + 300 − 112.5 )
𝑇 = 𝑃𝑒 =
A B 1000
112.50
69.75 kN-m 𝑇 = 69.75 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
100
C D

5. Compute the pressure due to the moved load (assume all
connection points of welds are subjected to same pressure) using:
A B Pv = P/AT
Pv Pv
112.50
69.75 kN-m 𝑃 180 000 𝑁 180000 𝑁
𝑃𝑣 = = = = 31.82 𝑀𝑃𝑎
100 𝐴 𝑇 (300 + 300 + 200)(𝑡) 800(0.707)(10)
C D
Pv Pv
6. Get the vertical and horizontal pressure at each weld connection due to
the torque in the center of mass using the formula:
FhA
FvA A B 𝐽 𝐽
Pv
RA 112.50 69.75𝑘𝑁𝑚 106 (100𝑚𝑚) 69.75𝑘𝑁𝑚 106 (112.5𝑚𝑚)
69.75 kN-m 𝐹ℎ𝐴 = 𝐹𝑣𝐴 =
100 102.8098𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4 102.8098𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
C D 𝐹ℎ𝐴 = 67.84 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐹𝑣𝐴 = 76.32 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐽 = 102.8098𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
FhA 𝑅𝐴 = 𝐹ℎ𝐴 2 + 𝑃𝑣 − 𝐹𝑣𝐴 2

FvA A B
Pv
RA 112.50
69.75 kN-m
𝑅𝐴 = 67.842 + 31.82 − 76.32 2
100
𝑅𝐴 = 81.13 𝑀𝑃𝑎
C D
𝐹ℎ𝐴 = 67.84 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐹𝑣𝐴 = 76.32 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐽 = 102.8098𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
Do the steps discussed in all of the connections to get the pressure at each
point. (Practice this by yourselves and you should get the following resultant
pressures)
FhA
FvA A B 𝑅𝐴 = 81.13 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Pv
RA 112.50
69.75 kN-m 𝑅𝐵 = 172.90 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
100
𝑅𝐶 = 81.13 𝑀𝑃𝑎
C D
𝑅𝐷 = 172.90 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐽 = 102.8098𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

Principles of Steel Design Bolted Connections and Welded Connections Part 1

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Principles of Steel Design Bolted Connections and Welded Connections Part 1

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BOLTED CONNECTIONS AND WELDED CONNECTIONS PART 1

Engr. Aline Benneth V. Jacobo and Engr. Lionel P. Lapuz

 Type 1 – designated as “rigid frame”, which assumes that beam-to-column

 Type 3 – designated as “semi-rigid frame”, which assumes that the connections of

 friction type connection

 oversized holes may only be used in slip–critical connections

 long–slotted holes are primarily used when connecting to existing structures

Standard Oversized ShortSlot LongSlot

Standard Oversized Short Slot Long Slot

2. Calculate polar moment of inertia of all bolts by: j = ∑x2 + ∑y2

4. Move the load to the center of mass

5. Compute the reaction due to the moved load (assume

4. Move the load to the center of mass

5. Compute the reaction due to the moved load (assume

Weldability of Structural Steel;

 Tungsten Arc Inert Gas (TIG) Welding

 proper edge preparation

 proper edge preparation

 porosity  excessive concavity

 incomplete fusion  excessive weld

 use only prequalified welders

 use qualified inspectors and have them present

 use special inspection techniques when necessary

 lap joint is fillet–welded

 butt joint is groove–welded

2. Calculate polar moment of inertia of all welds by: J = ∑Ix + ∑Iy

4. Move the load to the center of mass

800(𝑡)𝑚 = 200(𝑡) 0 + 2(300)(𝑡)(150)

1. Solve for the center of mass of all bolts combined.

800(𝑡)𝑚 = 200(𝑡) 0 + 2(300)(𝑡)(150)

2. Calculate polar moment of inertia of all welds by: J = ∑Ix + ∑Iy

2. Calculate polar moment of inertia of all welds by: J = ∑Ix + ∑Iy

4. Move the load to the center of mass

FhA 𝑅𝐴 = 𝐹ℎ𝐴 2 + 𝑃𝑣 − 𝐹𝑣𝐴 2

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