ASnS Lecture01 L - UdoKlein

VGU 61ECE205 - Analog Signals & 21 & 28 September & 5 October 2023
Systems
Graphics: © https://www.asicnorth.com/offerings/design-services/analog-circuit-design/
VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY
Electrical and Computer Engineering Study Program
Analog Signals & Systems
Udo Klein
Udo Klein Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 9th Ed. ©2011, Prentice Hall 61ECE205 – 1.1
Autumn 2023 Chapters 7.1…7.6
21/09/2023
Lecture Topic 1
Response of First-Order
RL and RC Circuits
Analog Signals & Systems

Udo Klein
21/09/2023
For personal use only! 1

Systems
Course Contents
• Response of first-order RL and RC circuits
• Response of second-order RLC circuits
• Introduction to the Laplace transform
• Application of the Laplace transform in circuit analysis
• Frequency selective circuits
• Fourier Series
• Introduction to the Fourier transform
• …
21/09/2023
Objectives
After today’s class you will be able to
• determine the natural response of both RL and RC circuits.
• determine the step response of both RL and RC circuits.
• analyze circuits with sequential switching.
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Outline
• the natural response of an RL circuit
• the natural response of an RC circuit
• the step response of RL and RC circuits
• sequential switching
• unbounded response
21/09/2023
Definitions
• The natural response:
The response that arises when stored energy in
an inductor or capacitor is suddenly released.
• The step response:
The response that arises when energy is being
acquired by an inductor or capacitor due to
sudden application of a dc voltage or current
source.
• First-order circuits (RL or RC circuits):
Circuits where voltages and currents are
described by first-order differential equations.
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Four Possible First-Order Circuits
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The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

• The switch is closed
for a long time and
opened at t = 0.
short circuit
• All the source current IS appears in the inductive branch.
(first-order
differential
Apply KVL equation)
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(cont.)
• Since the current can not change instantaneously in an inductor:
• The voltage across the

resistor using Ohm’s Law:
• The power dissipated in

the resistor:
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(cont.)
• The energy delivered to the resistor during any interval of time
after the switch has been opened:
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The Time Constant (τ)

• The time constant is the coefficient of time (t)
One time constant after the

inductor had begun to release its
stored energy to the resistor, the
current has been reduced to e-1, or
approximately 0.37 of its initial
value.
Long time implies that five or more

time constants have elapsed.
→ Steady State Response
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The Time Constant (τ) (cont.)
Summary
• Find the initial current, I0, through the inductor.
• Find the time constant of the circuit, τ = L/R.
• Use I0e-t/τ to generate i(t) from I0 and τ.
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Systems
Example 1
The switch in the circuit has been closed for a long time before it is
opened at t = 0. Find
a) iL(t) for t ≥ 0.
b) io(t) for t ≥ 0.
c) vo(t) for t ≥ 0.
d) the percentage of the total energy stored in the 2-H inductor
that is dissipated in the 10-Ω resistor.
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Example 1 – Solution
a) The switch has been closed for a long time prior to t = 0, so we

know the voltage across the inductor
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Example 1 – Solution (cont.)
b) io(t):
c) vo(t):
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d) p10 Ω:
initial energy stored in the 2-H inductor is
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Example 2
a) Find i1 , i2 and i3 .
b) Calculate the initial energy stored in the parallel inductors.
c) Calculate the energy stored in the inductor as t → ∞.
d) Show that the total energy delivered to the resistive network equals
to the difference between the result obtained in (b) and (c).
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Example 2 – Solution
a) The switch has been closed for a long time prior to t = 0, so we

know the voltage across the inductor.
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21/09/2023
b) Calculate the initial energy stored in the parallel inductors.
c) Determine how much energy is stored in the inductor as t → ∞.
d) Show that the total energy delivered to the resistive network

equals to the difference between the result obtained in (b) and (c).
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Example 3
Find i(t).
When the switch is closed for a long time, the inductor is a short.
a) Calculate the initial value of i:
b) Calculate the initial energy stored in

the inductor:
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Example 3 (cont.)
c) What is the time constant of the circuit for t > 0?
d) What is the numerical expression for i(t) for t ≥ 0?
e) What % of initial
energy stored has
been dissipated in
the 2-Ω resistor 5 ms
after the switch has
been opened?
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Example 4
a) Calculate vo for t ≥ 0.
When the switch is in position a for a long time, the inductor is a short.
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Example 4 (cont.)
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Example 4 (cont.)
b) What % of the initial energy stored in the inductor is eventually

dissipated in the 4-Ω resistor?
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The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

• The switch is in position a
for a long time and flipped
to position b at t = 0.
open circuit
(first-order
Apply KCL differential
equation)
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The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

(cont.)
21/09/2023
Example 5
a) vC(t) for t ≥ 0.
When the switch is closed for a long

time, the capacitor is an open circuit.
for t ≥ 0:
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Systems
Example 5 (cont.)
b) vo(t) for t ≥ 0+?
c) io(t) for t ≥ 0+?
d) The total energy dissipated in the 60-kΩ resistor.
21/09/2023
Example 6
a) Find v1(t), v2(t), and v(t) for t ≥ 0.
For t ≥ 0:
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Systems
Example 6 (cont.)
b) Calculate the initial energy stored in the capacitors C1 and C2.
c) Calculate how much energy is stored in the capacitors as t  ∞.
d) Show that the total energy delivered to the 250-kΩ resistor is the
difference between the results obtained in (b) and (c).
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Example 7
a) The initial value of v(t)?
b) The time constant for t > 0?
c) v(t) for t ≥ 0?
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Example 7 (cont.)
b) The initial energy stored in the capacitor.
c) The length of time required to dissipate 75% of the initially stored

energy.
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Example 8
a) Find vo(t) for t ≥ 0?
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Systems
Example 8 (cont.)
b) What percentage of the initial energy stored in the circuit has been
dissipated after the switch has been open for 60 ms?
initial energy stored:
energy at 60 ms:
energy dissipated:
% energy dissipated:
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The Step Response of an RL Circuit

• Energy stored in the inductor at the
time the switch is closed is given in
terms of nonzero initial current i(0).
Apply KVL
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The Step Response of an RL Circuit (cont.)
21/09/2023
The Step Response of an RL Circuit (cont.)
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Example 9
Make-before-break switch: the connection at position b is established

before the connection at position a is broken, so there is no interruption of
the current through the inductor.
a) Find the expression for i(t) for t > 0.
21/09/2023
Example 9 (cont.)
b) What is the initial voltage across the inductor just after the switch has
been moved to position b?
c) How many milliseconds after

the switch has been moved
does the inductor voltage
equal to 24 V?
c) Plot i(t) and v(t).
21/09/2023

Systems
Example 10
Assume the switch in the circuit has been in position b for a long time and
at t = 0 it moves to position a.
a) Find i(0-).
b) Find v(0+).
21/09/2023
Example 10 (cont.)
Another technique to find v(0+):
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The Step Response of an RC Circuit
KCL:
21/09/2023
Example 11
a) Find vo(t) for t ≥ 0.
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Example 11 (cont.)
Apply source transformation or Norton equivalent:
21/09/2023
Example 11 (cont.)
b) Find io(t) for t ≥ 0+.
21/09/2023

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A General Solution
for Natural & Step Responses
21/09/2023
A General Solution
for Natural & Step Responses
1. Identify the variable of interest of the circuit. For RC circuits, it

is best to choose vC, for RL circuits it is best to choose iL.
2. determine the initial value of the variable; vC(t0) in case of RC
and iL(t0) in case of RL.
3. Calculate the final value of the variable (value at t = ∞).
4. Calculate the time constant for the circuit.
21/09/2023

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Example 12
a) The initial value of vC.

Switch at a:
b) The final value of vC.

Switch at b:
c) Time constant when switch at b:

d) vC(t)?
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Example 12 (cont.)
e) i(t)?
f) How long after the switch is in position b does the capacitor voltage
equal zero?
g) Plot vC(t) and i(t).
21/09/2023

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Example 13
a) i(t) for t ≥ 0+:
b) v(t) for t ≥ 0+:
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Example 14
a) v(t) for t ≥ 0+:
b) i(t) for t ≥ 0+:
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Sequential Switching
• Switching occurs more than once in a circuit.
• The time reference for switching cannot be t = 0.
21/09/2023
Example 15
At t = 0 switch 1 is opened. Then, 35 ms

later, switch 2 is opened. Find
a) iL(t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 35 ms.
Both switches are initially closed for
a long time.
switch 1 is opened
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Example 15 (cont.)
switch 1 is open
b) iL(t) for t ≥ 35 ms.
21/09/2023
Example 15 (cont.)
c) What percentage of the initial energy stored in the 150-mH inductor is

dissipated in the 18-Ω resistor?
21/09/2023

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Example 15 (cont.)
d) Repeat (c) for the 3-Ω resistor?
21/09/2023
Example 16
t ≤ 0: switch at (a)
t = 0: switch at (b)
t = 15 ms: switch at (c)
Find vC(t).
21/09/2023

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Example 16 (cont.)
t ≤ 0: switch at (a)
t = 0: switch at (b)
t = 15 ms: switch at (c)
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Example 17
21/09/2023

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Example 18
t ≤ 0: switch a open & switch b closed
0 ≤ t ≤ 1 s: switch a closed &

switch b still closed
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Example 18 (cont.)
t ≥ 1 s: switch a open & switch b open
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Unbounded Response
• When the RTh for a circuit is negative, and

accordingly the time constant is also negative.
• Only valid for dependent source based circuits.
• Commonly used in oscillator design.
21/09/2023
Example 19
KCL:
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Exercises
1. The switch in the circuit below has been closed since the
reunification of Vietnam. If the switch is opened at t = 0, find
a) iL the instant after the switch changes;
b) v the instant after the switch changes;
c) iL(t) for t ≥ 0.
21/09/2023
Exercises
2. The switch in the circuit below is a single-pole, double-throw
switch that is drawn to indicate that it closes one circuit before
opening the other (make-before-break switch). Assuming the
switch has been in the position drawn for a long time determine
the value of v and iL
a) the instant just prior to the switch changing;
b) the instant just after the switch changes;
c) for t ≥ 0.
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Exercises
3.
a) Find vC(t) for all time in the circuit below.
b) At what time is vC = 0.1vC(0)?
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Exercises
4. The circuit below contains two inductors in parallel, thus
providing the opportunity of a trapped current circulating around
the inductive loop. Let i1(0-) = 10 A and i2(0-) = 20 A.
a) Find i1(0+), i2(0+), and i(0+).
b) Determine the time constant τ for i(t).
c) Find i(t) and v(t) for t ≥ 0.
d) Find i1(t) and i2(t) from v(t) and the initial values.
e) Show that the stored
energy at t = 0 is equal to
the sum of the dissipated
and remaining stored
energy for t → ∞.
21/09/2023

Systems
Exercises
5. After being closed for a long time, the switch in the circuit below
is opened at t = 0.
a) Find vC(t) for t ≥ 0.
b) Calculate values for iA(-100 μs) and iA(100 μs).
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Exercises
6. Determine values for R0 and R1 in the circuit below so that vC =
50 V at t = 0.5 ms and vC = 25 V at t = 2 ms.
21/09/2023

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Exercises
7. The values of iS in the circuit below is 1 mA for t < 0, and zero
for t > 0. Find vx(t) for
a) t < 0;
b) t > 0.
- +
21/09/2023
End of Lecture 1
21/09/2023

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VGU 61ECE205 - Analog Signals & 21 & 28 September & 5 October 2023

Analog Signals & Systems

Analog Signals & Systems

For personal use only! 1

For personal use only! 2

• the natural response of an RL circuit

• the natural response of an RC circuit

• the step response of RL and RC circuits

For personal use only! 3

Four Possible First-Order Circuits

The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

For personal use only! 4

The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

• The voltage across the

• The power dissipated in

The Natural Response of an RL Circuit

For personal use only! 5

The Time Constant (τ)

One time constant after the

Long time implies that five or more

The Time Constant (τ) (cont.)

For personal use only! 6

a) The switch has been closed for a long time prior to t = 0, so we

For personal use only! 7

Example 1 – Solution (cont.)

Example 1 – Solution (cont.)

initial energy stored in the 2-H inductor is

For personal use only! 8

a) The switch has been closed for a long time prior to t = 0, so we

For personal use only! 9

Example 2 – Solution (cont.)

Example 2 – Solution (cont.)

b) Calculate the initial energy stored in the parallel inductors.

c) Determine how much energy is stored in the inductor as t → ∞.

d) Show that the total energy delivered to the resistive network

For personal use only! 10

b) Calculate the initial energy stored in

c) What is the time constant of the circuit for t > 0?

d) What is the numerical expression for i(t) for t ≥ 0?

For personal use only! 11

For personal use only! 12

b) What % of the initial energy stored in the inductor is eventually

The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

For personal use only! 13

The Natural Response of an RC Circuit

When the switch is closed for a long

For personal use only! 14

b) vo(t) for t ≥ 0+?

c) io(t) for t ≥ 0+?

d) The total energy dissipated in the 60-kΩ resistor.

a) Find v1(t), v2(t), and v(t) for t ≥ 0.

For personal use only! 15

c) Calculate how much energy is stored in the capacitors as t  ∞.

a) The initial value of v(t)?

b) The time constant for t > 0?

For personal use only! 16

c) The length of time required to dissipate 75% of the initially stored

a) Find vo(t) for t ≥ 0?