“A STUDY OF FIREWORK INDUSTRY ON THE

HEALTH & LIFE OF WORKERS

(QUALITATIVE RESEARCH)”

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY PROJECT

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINIRSTRATION

AT

ACHARYA BANGALORE B SCHOOL

BANGALORE UNIVERSITY
(2022-24)

By
Name : Swaroop Raj C R
Register No : P03AA22M015163

Under the guidance of

Prof. Sandeep M. Kamble
(Assistant Professor)

1
Declaration by the student :

I hereby declare that “A STUDY OF FIREWORK INDUSTRY ON THE

HEALTH & LIFE OF WORKERS ” is the result of the project work carried out
by me under the guidance of Prof. Sandeep Kamble in partial fulfilment for the
award of Master’s Degree in Business Administration by Acharya Bangalore B
School.

I also declare that this project is the outcome of my own efforts and that it has not
been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any other
Degree or Diploma orCertificate.

Place: Bengaluru Name : Swaroop Raj C R

Date: Reg No: P03AA22M015163

2
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
(To be given by the Institution on its letterhead)

This is to certify that the SRP titled “A STUDY OF FIREWORK INDUSTRY

ON THE HEALTH & LIFE OF WORKERS” is an original work of Mr.
Swaroop Raj C R bearing register number P03AA22M015163, is submitted
in partial fulfilment for the award of the Master’s degree in business
administration of Bangalore University. The report has not been submitted
earlier either to this University /Institution for the fulfilment of the requirement
of a course of study.

Signature of Guide Signature of Director

Date: Date:

3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapters Content Page No

1 Introduction 5 – 17

2 Review of Literature 18 – 21

3 Research Methodology 22 – 30

4 Data Analysis and Interpretation 31 – 52

5 Business proposition/ sustainable solution 53 – 57

6 Findings, Suggestions, and conclusion 58 – 62

7 Questionnaire 63 – 65

8 Bibliography 66 – 67

4
 List of Tables

Table no Description Page no

3.01 District wise distribution of sample workers 29

4.01 Age 32

4.02 Gender 33

4.03 Idea About how firework is manufactured 34

4.04 Hazardous faced by workers 35

4.05 Hazardous associated with Firework industry 35

4.06 Training given for workers before joining 36

4.07 Recruited under labour code 37

4.08 Is factories established legally 37

4.09 Reason why people join this industry 38

4.10 Problems faced by workers 38

4.11 Need for strict policies for establishing factories 39

4.12 Is Legal framework ensuring safety of workers 40

4.13 Local organizations roles in regular verifying 40

factories
4.14 Proper facilities in factory premises 41

4.15 Idea about why women and children work in this 42

industry
4.16 Need for regular health check up for workers 43

4.17 Health and life insurance need to be provided by 43

employer
4.18 Observed frequency of Chi-Square 45

4.19 Expected frequency of Chi-Square 45

4.20 Secondary data analysis : survey done in sivaksi 47-48

5
 List of Graphs
Graph Description Page no
No.
4.01 Age 32
4.02 Gender 33
4.03 Idea About how firework is manufactured 34
4.04 Hazardous faced by workers 34
4.05 Hazardous associated with Firework industry 35
4.06 Training given for workers before joining 36
4.07 Recruited under labour code 36
4.08 Is factories established legally 37
4.09 Reason why people join this factory for work 38
4.10 Problems faced by workers of this industry 38
4.11 Need for strict policies for establishing factories 39
4.12 Is Legal framework ensuring safety of workers 39
4.13 Local organizations roles in regular verifying 40
factories

4.14 Proper facilities in factory premises 41

4.15 Idea about why women and children work in this 42
industry

4.16 Need for regular health check-up for workers 42

4.17 Health and life insurance need to be provided by 43
employer

6
Executive summary :
The fireworks industry, although providing amusement and celebration, poses
major health and safety concerns to its employees. This research seeks to shed
light on the dangerous working conditions, occupational dangers, and long-term
effects on the lives of those engaged in this field.

The study will look at the amounts of exposure to dangerous substances such
heavy metals, chemicals, and particulate matter using extensive research and on-
site examinations. It will look into the prevalence of respiratory illnesses, skin
disorders, and other chronic health problems among fireworks workers.

The overarching goal of this study is to comprehensively understand how workers

in the fireworks industry balance their professional and personal lives while
attaining an acceptable quality of work life. Key objectives include grasping the
concept of quality of work life itself, examining the socioeconomic status of
fireworks workers, and analysing the factors that influence their quality of work
life. The study will assess how quality of work life varies based on socioeconomic
and employment status among these workers. It aims to uncover the relationship
between worker satisfaction levels and their perceived quality of work life.

The research will evaluate worker opinions on existing health, safety and welfare
measures in Sivakasi's fireworks factories. Furthermore, it will gauge workers'
awareness levels regarding recommended health, safety and welfare practices in
their workplaces. Based on the cumulative findings, the study intends to provide
pragmatic suggestions for improving the quality of work life for fireworks
industry employees.

A key focus will be analysing exposure levels to toxic substances like heavy
metals, oxidizers, and explosive compounds prevalent in fireworks manufacturing.
The study will assess the prevalence of occupational illnesses such as respiratory
diseases, skin disorders, hearing impairments, and increased cancer risks among
these workers. Moreover, it will examine the psychological toll, including trauma
from accidents and the constant fear of potential explosions.

7
 CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION

8
INTRODUCTION :
1.1 HISTORY OF FIREWORKS/FIRECRACKERS IN INDIA :

Light is one of the world's oldest and most significant symbols, with various
examples found in civilizations and religions all across the world. Diwali, also
known as the 'Festival of Lights' in Hinduism, is the continuation of this tradition.
It achieves this metaphorically by acting as a beacon of brilliance, particularly
through. The dramatic lighting of earthen lamps and firecrackers.

300 BCE:
Kautilya’s Arthashastra has mentions of saltpeter 2,300 years ago, Kautilya had
written the Arthashastra, India’s grand treatise on management, rule of law, and
economics. In it, he talks about saltpeter (Agnichaurana), which was a “powder to
create fire”. Kautilya said that saltpeter could be used to create smoke which could
be used to fight an enemy in a war.

600 CE:
Nilamata Purana says fireworks have to be illuminated on 14/15th day of
DiwaliThe Nilamata Purana is an ancient text (6th to 8th century CE) from Kashmir,
which contains information on its history, geography, religion, and folklore. It says

9
fireworks have to be illuminated on 14th/15th day of Kartika (Diwali) to show path
to dead ancestors.

1400 CE:
Italian traveler says the Vijayanagara people are “masters of producing
fireworks”
A lot has transpired in the interim time. Gunpowder was invented in China some
centuries ago and later spread to India. Indians quickly used it to create even more
complex pyrotechnics. During his visit to India, Italian traveler Ludovico di
Varthema observed the city of Vijayanagar and its elephants: "But if at any time
they (elephants) are bent on flight it is impossible to restrain them; for this race of
people are great masters of making fireworks and these animals have a great dread
of fire…"

One of the earliest notes of pyrotechnical shows in India is made by Abdur Razzaq,
the ambassador of the Timurid Sultan Shahrukh to the court of the Vijayanagar king
Devaraya II in 1443. Describing the events of the Mahanavami festival, Razzaq
wrote, “One cannot without entering into great detail mention all the various kinds
of pyrotechny and squibs and various other arrangements which were exhibited”.
Italian traveler Ludovico di Varthema who visited India in this period, made a
similar observation while describing the city of Vijaynagar and its elephants but if
at any time they (elephants) are bent on flight it is impossible to restrain them; for
this race of people are great masters of making fireworks and these animals have a
great dread of fire.
Fireworks and pyrotechnic shows existed as a form of royal entertainment in many
medieval Indian kingdoms during festivals, events and special occasions like
weddings. Manufacturing formulas for fireworks describing pyrotechnic mixtures
are found within Kautukachintamani, a Sanskrit volume by Gajapati
Prataparudradeva (1497-1539), a reputed royal author from Orissa. Gode mused on
the possibility that Chinese pyrotechnic formulas were brought to India around 1400
AD and then modified with the use of Indian substitutes for the Chinese ones not
available in India.

10
1500 CE:
Sanskrit volume Kautukachintamani describes the Manufacturing formulas for
fireworks and pyrotechnic mixes were given in Kautukachintamani, a Sanskrit
volume by Gajapati Prataparudradeva (1497-1539), a well-known royal author from
Orissa. Fireworks were used to celebrate Diwali.

1800 CE
Grand fireworks celebrations take place on Diwali as Mughal power
waned, Diwali celebrations became even more grand. Peshwayanchi Bakhar, a
Maratha chronicle text, mentions an account of Diwali celebration in the Kota,
Rajasthan. Mahadji Scindia says: “The Divali festival is celebrated for 4 days at
Kota, when lakhs of lamps are lighted. The Raja of Kota during these 4 days gives
a display of fireworks outside the premises of his capital. It is called Lanka of
fireworks.

2000 CE :
Diwali becomes India’s biggest festival Diwali becomes India's greatest
celebration, with people from all around the country bursting fireworks, burning
sparklers, and launching rockets. However, despite clear evidence that Diwali
causes negligible pollution, numerous states are currently considering attempts to
restrict firecrackers.

11
1.2 ABOUT HAZARDUS ASSOCIATED WITH WORKERS OF
FIREWORK INDUSTRY :

Human Resource is a key factor of production whose behaviour and productivity

cannot be predicted. As such management of human resource is a complex process.
However, productivity can be improved through proper management of human
resource play a significant role in developing countries like ours. Proper human
resource management depends on several factors including Quality of Work Life. It
is one of the new subsystems of Human Resource Management. Quality of Work
Life (QWL) activity gained importance between 1969 and 1974, when a broad
group of researchers, scholars, union leaders and government personnel developed
interest in how to improve the quality of an individual through on-the-job
experience.

Quality of Work Life has been defined by many researchers in a variety of ways,
such as quality of work and employment quality. QWL is incredibly significant in
the context of commitment to work motivation and job performance. It is the degree
to which members of a work organization are able to satisfy important personal
needs through their experiences in the organization. Managerial expectations are
strongly linked with the organizational quality of work life, and it is a way to
facilitate the gratification of human needs and goal achievement. Many
organizations E.g. :- from small to large scale have become a leading type of
organization in the world. The present world is being ruled by these organizations
which are directly involved in raising and controlling the nation’s wealth and
resources, economic, political, social, cultural etc.

Likewise, fireworks are one of the labour-intensive industries in the country. The
fireworks industry plays a vital role in providing ample employment opportunities
for the people in Tamil Nadu. The industry produces crackers both for domestic
consumption and export. The most of the units are small and medium in size. Which
employs more than 70,000 people directly, apart from this more than 1,50,000
people are employed indirectly concerned with crackers manufacturing like paper
tube making, wire cutting, box making, lorry transport, Sales and distribution all

12
over the country. The growth of the fireworks industry stems from the adoption of
latest technology and the effective utilization of the opportunities of its macro
environment. The requiring raw materials are produced indigenously. A developing
country like India offers millions of unemployed, with fireworks tasks as a gainful
employment. The strong entrepreneurial plan and personalized skills of Tamilnadu
contribute to the efficient management of negotiations and control of operations
leading to the effectiveness, quick delivery, and quality of products all over the
world

Human resource management (HRM), through a new nomenclature as a field of

study today’s context, existed in some form with the evolution of human
organizations. However, it’s systematically study started with the development of
the field of management in beginning of 20th century. It has followed the
development of pattern of management.1 The most important part of each
organization is its human resource. The way employers behave and how they treat
the workers would affect their attitudes and working behaviours. When people have
a positive attitude towards their job, their employers, the department or the
organization they work in, they become much more motivated to work efficiently.
Today the affectivity and high function of organizations will not occur without the
assistance and cooperation of the workers. Thus, emphasize was always on the
various needs of the employees which determines their efficiency and effectiveness.

Human Resource is an important factor of production whose behaviour and

productivity cannot be predicted. As such management of human resource is a
complex process. However, productivity can be improved considerably through
proper management of human resource play a significant role in developing
countries like ours. Proper human resource management depends on various factors
including Quality of Work Life. It is one of the new subsystems of Human Resource
Management. Quality of Work Life (QWL) activity gained importance between
1969 and 1974, when a broad group of researchers, scholars, union leaders and
government personnel developed interest in how to improve the quality of an
individual through on-the-job experience. Quality of Work Life has been defined by
many researchers in a variety of ways, such as quality of work and employment
quality.

QWL is very significant in the context of commitment to work motivation and job
performance. It is the degree to which members of a work organization are able to
satisfy important personal needs through their experiences in the organization.
Managerial expectations are strongly linked with the organizational quality of work
life and it is a way to facilitate the gratification of human needs and goal
achievement. Many organizations Eg: from small to large scale have become a
leading type of organization in the world. The present world is being ruled by these
organizations which are directly involved in raising and controlling the nation’s
wealth and resources, economic, political, social, cultural etc.

Likewise fireworks are one of the labour intensive industries in the country. The
fireworks industry plays a vital role in providing ample employment opportunities
for the people in Tamilnadu. The industry produces crackers both for domestic
consumption and export. The most of the units are small and medium in size. Which
employs more than 70,000 people directly, apart from this more than 1,50,000

13
people are employed indirectly concerned with crackers manufacturing like paper
tube making, wire cutting, box making, lorry transport, Sales and distribution all
over the country. The growth of the fireworks industry stems from the adoption of
latest technology and the effective utilization of the opportunities of its macro
environment. The requiring raw materials are produced indigenously. A developing
country like India offers millions of unemployed, with fireworks tasks as a gainful
employment. The strong entrepreneurial plan and personalized skills of Tamilnadu
contribute to the efficient management of negotiations and control of operations
leading to the effectiveness, quick delivery and quality of products all over the
world

The fireworks industry in Tamilnadu has emerged as a premier supplier of value-

added items earning high foreign exchange. Over the past six years, there has been
a phenomenal change in technology and large numbers of sophisticated
computerized machines, full-fledged processing units, and other machinery
required in fireworks industry have been imported. Moreover, the yearly additional
requirements of skilled and unskilled workers are estimated to be in the range in-
between 10,000 to 25,000 which indicates the demand of workers. On the other
hand the employees of these industries feel that they are adversely affected by
unrealistic schedules, unfair wages, extended working times, forced overtime work,
late arrival of materials for production, erratic reshuffling of work schedules,
congested work places, low levels of autonomy in their jobs, lack of managerial
expertise and provisions to solve their problems etc; which are all closely related to
the quality of their work life.

Therefore, QWL can be said as work culture of the organisation, as pointed out by
Richard E. Walton. It comprises whole work life of employee at the organization.
QWL issues such as Adequate and fair compensation, Safe and healthy working
conditions, Opportunity to use and develop human capacities, Opportunity for
career growth, Social integration in the work force, Constitutionalism in the work
organisation, Work and QWL, and Social relevance of work.

Quality of Work Life is related to activities which takes place at every level of an
organization, and which simultaneously enhance human dignity and growth and
promote greater organizational effectiveness. Hence, it is relevant here to make an
attempt to identify the most important dimensions that contribute to the
enhancement of Quality of Work Life under different perceptions workers in
fireworks industry.

The Factory Act mandates that the well-being of workers should be the top priority
for every business that employs them. According to the statute, working conditions
that expose personnel to danger include the presence of dust, machinery, and the
absence of safety materials. If the factory can ensure the well-being of its
employees, then everyone will be more pleased in their employment. Additionally,
it will have an impact on the health and well-being of the staff members. Because
of the numerous safety risks around fireworks, individuals may have a variety of
health problems, and this will also influence the way they make a living. The
primary purpose of the study is to investigate the preventative measures that
workers in the fireworks industry take. Because of this, it is extremely important to
determine and examine the reasons behind industrial accidents so that preventative

14
actions can be taken. This method of addressing safety concerns is relevant to a
wide variety of professions. The field of study known as industrial engineering
focuses on the creation of productive workplaces, pieces of machinery, and
organizational plans for manufacturing facilities. Pyrotechnics, when handled
incorrectly, have the potential to cause a wide range of severe injuries and
consequences that can endure for a significant amount of time, including eye trauma
and burns. It is imperative that you make the effort to educate yourself on how to
maintain your health and happiness while in the company of fireworks businesses
so as not to put yourself in danger. This study's objective is to ascertain whether or
not the fireworks industry provides a safe working environment for its employees.
A person is said to be "well-being" when they are unperturbed by the circumstances
surrounding them. Being in a secure environment is beneficial to one's health. The
state of being healthy, happy, and successful is what we mean when we talk about
one's well-being.

Sivakasi's economy is based on three key sectors. They are firecrackers, matchbox
manufacturing, and printing. The national nodal center for fireworks manufacturing
is Sivakasi which is located in Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu. As per the report,
around 70% of the fire matches and firecracker industries produced in India are
from Sivakasi. Since the atmosphere is hot and dry, it is suitable for the
manufacturer to produce firecrackers within the town. Earlier, raw materials were
brought from Sattur but due to high power and production costs that were
unaffordable, they were discontinued. Kerala and Andhra Pradesh procure raw
materials for these industries. It took three hundred days to complete what might
have been consumed in three hours on Diwali days. nearly all of which were spent
working overtime.

Sivakasi saw the emergence of the first fireworks industry in the early 20th century.
The production of sparklers was delved into by Mr. A. Shanmuga Nadar and Mr.
Ayya Nadar, which were then the most popular item in the small fireworks family
and were at the time imported from the UK and Germany, after seeing some success
with safety matches, colour matches, and star matches. In order to introduce a
system of licensing for manufacture, possession, and sale, the Indian Explosive
Rules were enacted in 1940. The National Fireworks, Kaliswari Fireworks, and
Standard Fireworks were famous fireworks that were prominent in the year 1942.
Throughout India, these three factories started marketing their products.

The 1934 Central Excise Duty on Matches sowed the seed for modern family
fireworks. Only a few factories existed in Sivakasi, Trichur, and Rimjalakuda,
Kerala, before World War II. War prevented pyrotechnics and firecracker imports
from 1938 through 1944. This shortfall boosted the fledgling indigenous industry

The 1940 Indian Explosives Rules mandated licencing for manufacturing,

possession, and sale. The first organised factory with safety safeguards was founded
in 1940. The market scarcity allowed seasonal factories to work during off-season
and stock up. After World War II, the indigenous industry expanded as raw material
imports resumed. In 1942, National Fireworks, Kaliswari Fireworks, and Standard
Fireworks were notable new factories. Three factories marketed their products
across India. These were replaced at 10 each year. In 1923, there were 1 or 2
factories, 3 in 1942, and 189 by 1980. Sivakasi has 450 factories by 2001.

15
Even though sivakasi is into firecrackers and the concept of green crackers which
has its first face during the 2018. These firecrackers are produced using
comparatively less harmful raw materials and additives which reduce emissions.
The production of new formulated chemicals was approved by National
Environment Engineering Research (NEERI) and Petroleum & Explosives Safety
Organisation (PESO). This new firecrackers were launched in the year 2019. The
Supreme Court Judgment in Arjun Gopal v. Union of India (2018), imposed a ban
on the sale of firecrackers by enforcing certain conditions. The main aim was to
control the air pollution which is alarmingly increasing. In this regard the Tamil
Nadu Fireworks and Amorces Manufactures Association (TANFAMA) also agreed
to abide by the green cracker rule. Thus, the Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research (CSIR), National Environment Engineering Research (NEERI) and
Petroleum & Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO). After the decision of the
Supreme Court few of the states have banned firecrackers, the states like Delhi,
Punjab, Haryana, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu. Even though complete ban is not
provided they have provided time frame as well as green fire crackers. The limited
ban of the firecrackers had a negative impact on the manufacturers and as the end
result on the employees.

The welfare measures are designed to consider the sociopsychological

requirements of the workforce, the special requirements of a certain technology, the
organizational structure and procedures, and the sociocultural context that already
exists. In organizations and society, it fosters a culture of work dedication, ensuring
increased employee productivity and job satisfaction. The employees' perception of
the management's interest in their wellbeing as a consequence of the welfare
initiatives contributes to their honesty, dedication, and loyalty to the company. The
staff work with complete passion and vigor, which leads to an increase in
productivity and, eventually, a rise in profit.
The welfare measures take a while to have results. Since it would take time, the
management must be patient in providing the workers' welfare amenities. The
management must consult with the people who will use the facilities before
deciding on a welfare benefit for the staff. The welfare of the workforce is also
impacted by how and in what way they are expected to operate the machinery set
up in the factory to carry out the production processes. Some mechanical devices
that have been installed are hazardous by nature if they are not installed or
maintained correctly. Some of the machinery placed in the plant required technical
expertise on the part of the operators, and if young people were permitted to run
them, their lives would likely be in risk.
There are various legislations such as Explosive Legislation Act 1884 and the
explosive rules 2018 help in safety regulations and procedure to prevent explosions.
Lack of training, engaging in contract employees, tired employees, drunken
employees and minors are employed in various fireworks industries. Workers in
these industries use low cost explosive pyrotechnic devices known as fireworks
used for aesthetic and amusement purposes. Various health related issues are a
constant threat to thousands of workers in Firework industry. The workers face

16
headaches, impair mental acuity, heart problems, respiratory, breathing problems,
irritation of skin, eyes, thyroid etc., even resulting in death of many.
The main resource for any industry's achievement of its goals and for achieving
economic success is its workforce. Making immediate arrangements for transit,
performance-based prices, and canteen facilities is necessary to promote the
workers overall well-being. Individuals' physical, mental, and emotional well-being
is referred to as their welfare. Therefore, management should consider enhancing
employer well-being in the future by consulting with the workforce. The
organization can implement various recreational amenities that will lessen the
stresses that employees must deal with and that impact the organization's
competency, as well as ways to instill excitement and enthusiasm in its workforce.
The researchers in this research is trying to bring the social, legal and welfare
facilities provided to the workers in the firework industry of Sivakasi. In this
research the researcher’s also tries to identify the changes brought in the working
atmosphere of fire workers due to the introduction of the green crackers in India.

17
 CHAPTER – 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

18
Several studies have been undertaken to study women workers in different units.
The present study focuses on the problems and quality of work-life of women
workers in fireworks in productions. An analysis of the literature review is as
follows to study the job satisfaction of the employees at the standard fireworks
industry in Sivakasi, the researchers have reviewed the important studies already
undertaken on the subject area.

The study focuses on assessing the well-being of workers in Tamil Nadu's growing
fireworks sector, specifically in Sivakasi. Due to the poor air quality in this business,
workers face severe health and safety concerns that can result in a variety of health
disorders. The report highlights the need for state and federal support in building
safety procedures to prevent accidents in facilities that produce fireworks since it
indicates a lack of explicit government safety safeguards for workers, despite the
high-risk nature of the activity. The principal objective of the study is to ascertain
and rank the safety protocols within the industry, stressing the significance of
complying with safety guidelines delineated in the factories act to safeguard the
well-being and security of labourers( Ashifa, K. M. (2022).

The risks associated with the fireworks business, especially in Sivakasi, Tamil
Nadu, India, which is the world's centre for fireworks production. It highlights how
the industry presents risks for everything from production to storage and delivery,
leading to mishaps that don't fully account for the health consequences on
employees. Because many workers lack literacy, the usage of extremely hazardous
substances increases their risk of developing acute and chronic illnesses. The study
addresses the code of practice for fireworks and evaluates the chemicals used in
manufacture, their health impacts, worker dangers, and mitigation techniques
Nandhagopal, S., Praveen Kumar, K., Yadav, B. P., Nandan, A., & Siddiqui, N.
A. (2020).

The firework industry, concentrated around Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, India, is

acknowledged as highly hazardous due to risks posed to life and property
throughout the manufacturing, transportation, and storage processes. The primary
hazard identified is the risk of fire, stemming from both natural and human causes.
The study employs a walk-around audit and Hazard Identification and Risk

19
Assessment (HIRA) method to quantify and assess the risks associated with various
tasks in the industry (Ajith, S., Arumugaprabu, V., Ajith, V., Naresh, K., &
Sreekanth, P. R. (2022).
The mental well-being of workers in the fireworks industry is adversely affected by
hazards, injuries, and fire accidents attributed to worker carelessness and inadequate
adherence to rules and regulations by management. The study collected primary
data from 451 workers in 25 randomly selected fireworks industries, utilizing a
structured questionnaire to assess safety culture dimensions such as work
environment, worker awareness, process, governance, and safety satisfaction. The
instrument underwent rigorous testing for reliability and validity through statistical
software. The field-based study aims to reveal the actual workplace scenario,
offering recommendations to management for accident prevention and the
safeguarding of workers' lives from potential fires or explosions (Rajaram, S., &
Sivakumar, G. D. (2023).

The particulate matter (PM) from burning Firework and Firecrackers consists
mainly of fine and ultrafine spherical particles, containing elevated levels of trace
metals, ions, elemental carbon, organic carbon, and organics. The study underscores
the unique health risks associated with exposure to PM during Firework periods,
emphasizing the need for further epidemiological and toxicological research and
regional PM controls, especially in Asian countries where festivals involving are
Firework / Firecrackers prevalent (Lin, C. C. (2016).The significance of industrial
development for a country's overall growth, emphasizing its role in utilizing
abundant resources such as capital, materials, and labor. In India, the fireworks
industry holds a prominent place in industrial development, being both labour-
intensive and a significant source of employment. The study focuses on employee
satisfaction within the standard fireworks industry in Sivakasi, examining the
perception of employees regarding job satisfaction as a crucial aspect of the
country's industrial landscape (KUMAR, A., & MATHIVANNAN, D).

One of the riskiest sectors is the fireworks industry. There was a greater risk to
probability and property from the start of manufacture through storage and
shipment. In the fireworks industry, there have been a number of mishaps where
people's health impacts have not received much attention. The primary causes of

20
accidents and health impacts in the fireworks industry are dangerous acts and unsafe
settings. The firework producing centre of India is located in Sivakasi,
Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu. The majority of the employees here lack literacy. The
use of extremely dangerous substances is the cause of it. Workers who directly
handle these dangerous chemicals run the risk of developing both acute and long-
term illnesses. (University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Birkrama Prasad
Yadav).

Study on the equal of quality of work-life expert by the employees of fireworks unit
in Sivakasi". The research has reveald the challenges faced by the women
employees in Sivakasi. The author says that job satisfaction is not considered by
many industries (Jnaneswar .K. (2016).

In a study titled "women workers of fireworks industrial unit in Thayilpatti,

Virudhunagar District" conducted a study among the employees in firework
industry on quality of life. The sample is collected from 56 fireworks industries in
the Kamarajar area. The investigator has suggested that the working situations of
women workers in the industry taken up for study were unacceptable because they
were troubled with long hours of work, low wages, and poor health, and the like(
Perumalammal (2015).

21
 CHAPTER – 3
RESEARCH METHODLOGY

22
3.1 Research Methodology

3.1.1Need for study :

Here is an explanation of the need and importance of conducting a study on the
firework industry's impact on the health and lives of workers:

The fireworks industry relies heavily on manual labour and involves hazardous
materials like gunpowder, metals, and chemicals. This creates occupational health
and safety risks for workers. However, there is limited research on the extent of
these risks and their impacts.

Workers are exposed to fumes from chemicals like sulphur, potassium nitrate, heavy
metals which can cause issues like respiratory diseases, kidney/liver damage, cancer
with long-term exposure. The health impacts of these chronic exposures need
investigation.

Handling of explosives and pyrotechnics also carries risk of injuries like burns and
trauma. The frequency and severity of such occupational injuries in this workforce
needs quantification.

The job involves shift work and tight deadlines which can impact workers' mental
health, family lives and social wellbeing over time. There is a lack of research on
these psycho-social dimensions.

Most studies have focused on high-income countries. The situation in low and
middle income countries where regulation is weaker needs exploration, given the
growth in production hubs in such locations.

Understanding the health impacts will provide evidence to strengthen occupational

safety policies, influence adoption of safer manufacturing technologies, and
improve compensation frameworks for this vital workforce.

Research findings can inform interventions like regular health screenings, safety
training, personal protective equipment requirements, chemical exposure limits to
protect worker health and lives.

A comprehensive study covering the diverse occupational risks faced by fireworks

workers using surveys, medical tests, environmental monitoring and qualitative
methods would provide valuable insights. The results can drive much-needed
change in industry practices and regulations.

3.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM :

The safety and well-being are important to the employees. It includes having good
mental health, high life satisfaction and a sense of meaning or purpose. The Well-

23
being is something sought by just about everyone because it includes so many
positive things feeling happy, healthy, socially connected, and purposeful. Industrial
safety's main focus is employee well- being. If the safety is perfect in the industry
the employee's well-being is also perfect. The majority of fireworks industry. So,
the study is taken among the fireworks employees. So, the researcher has taken the
study on Industrial safety and well-being of the fireworks employees. Also the thing
is most of these factories are owned by local leaders and with their support these
factories violate the rules and guidelines and will not taking any kind of safety
measures that set by the government regulatory bodies

The Quality of Work Life in an organization is inevitable for the smooth running
and success of its workers. It should be maintained effectively to ensure that all the
workers are running at their peak potential and free from stress and strain. The
Quality of Work Life can be affected due to many issues such as working conditions,
workers health, improper social welfare measures, extended working hours,
compulsory overtime, quality of life and the quality of work which are not yet
addressed well etc increased stress level of the workers at their job and lead to job
dissatisfaction in the study area. As mentioned above one of the major problem
faced by fireworks industry particularly attainment of quality of work life of
workers in the study area. Because firework plays a crucial role in the promotion
and development of economy and it is one of the explosive industries. The
production of fireworks products is manual one, and labour is an important factor
of production in the fireworks industry. Fireworks industries are mainly employing
skilled, semiskilled and unskilled workers; those who are neither educationally
qualified nor technically experienced. Majority of the workers of these industries
feels that their industry are not providing adequate measures to balance their work
and personal life and thereby struggling to provide a congenial climate for the
workers to attain the quality of work life.

3.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY :

The main objective of the study is how the workers are balancing their work and
life by and when they attain the Quality of Work Life. The following are the broader
objectives of the study. To understand the concept of Quality of Work Life. To study
the Socio-Economic Status of workers of fireworks industry. To analyse the factors
influencing Quality of Work Life of workers in fireworks industry. To analysis of
Quality of Work Life according to Socio – Economic Status and Employment Status
of workers in fireworks industry. To analyse the Relationship between Workers
Satisfaction and Level of Quality of Work Life. To offer suitable Suggestions on the
basis of Findings of the study.
To study the scope of judiciary in ensuring the safety of the well-being of the
workers in firework industry

To analyse the nature of the conflicts in the cruelty of labour in the ambit of
unorganized work in sector

24
To study and analyse about the hazardous nature of the health effects caused in
the scope of work,

To analyse the opinion on the health, safety and welfare measures of workers in
Sivakasi's firework industries.

To study the awareness level of the workers towards health, safety, and welfare
methods.

To analyze the changes brought after the Supreme Court Judgement in Green
Crackers and to propose suggestions with the help of the findings of the study.

3.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY :

The study aims to analyse the human resource problems related with quality of work
life of workers in fireworks industry in Tamilnadu region. The study is expected to
provide an insight into the issues of quality of work life of the workers. Further the
study analyses that how better working conditions help workers to work more
efficiently and how a worker should keep a proper balance between their work life
and personal life. The study approaches the problems from the viewpoint of workers
to attain the quality of work life in their industry in the study area.

3.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS :

• What is the scope of judiciary in ensuring the safety of the well-being of the
workers in firework industry?

• What are the hazardous nature of the health effects caused in the scope of work?

• The nature of the conflicts in the cruelty of labour in the ambit of

unorganized work in sector?

• Are there observable patterns of health issues among workers in terms of

respiratory, dermatological, or other health concerns?

• How well do the safety precautions already in place in the fireworks industry
reduce the dangers to employees' health?

3.6 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE :

• To study the scope of judiciary in ensuring the safety of the well-being of the workers
in firework industry

25
• To analyse the nature of the conflicts in the cruelty of labour in the ambit of
unorganized work in sector

• To study and analyse about the hazardous nature of the health effects caused in
the scope of work

3.6.1 Research Design :

The study will employ a mixed-methods research design that combines both
Independent Variable and Dependent Variable. The study will collect data through
surveys, interviews to provide a comprehensive understanding about knowledge of
hazardous associated with firework industry workers.

The research methodology of the research will be based on a critical analysis, there
will certainly core secondary data-based material on process of protection of
workers in firework industry which will supported by primary and secondary
sources of references to support the area of research and also with the
review of literature.

3.7 There are two types of Primary Research:

3.7.1 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH :

It helps us to understand how people feel and why they feel as they do. It is
concerned withcollecting in-depth information asking questions such as why do you
say that? Samples tend to be similar compared with Quantitative research that
includes much larger samples.

3.7.2 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

It is used to measure how many people feel, think or act in a particular way. These
surveystend to include large number of sample anything from 48 to any number of
survey. Structured questionnaires are usually used incorporating mainly closed
questions with a set of responses.

3.8 SOURCES OF DATA:

3.8.1 Primary data collection:

• Detail the process of collecting data from workers in the firework industry.

26
• Discuss the challenges encountered during data collection

• Research the past incidents happened and get the inside information.

• Study of Any articles published in the newspapers regarding violation of

workers in firework industries.

3.8.2 SECONDARY DATA : Secondary data has been collected from periodicals,
test books, newspapers, and other research done scholars.

Here is the research methodology for a study on the firework industry's impact on
the health and lives of workers:

Introduction-Provide background information on the fireworks industry, its size and

scope, the types of fireworks produced, key chemicals and materials used, and
workforce demographics. Highlight the hazardous nature of this industry and gaps
in existing research. State the purpose and objectives of the study to assess
occupational health and safety impacts on workers in this industry.

Methods:

Study design: Conduct a cross-sectional epidemiological study across multiple

fireworks facilities to assess prevalence of health issues.

Study population: Workers at selected licensed fireworks factories who are directly
involved in production.

Sampling method: Stratified random sampling to recruit participants from facilities

of different sizes and locations. Sample size should be statistically representative.

Data collection: Use questionnaires to gather demographic data, work history, self-
reported health issues, perception of safety at work. Conduct workplace safety
audits. Take biological samples to monitor markers of chemical exposure.

Health assessments: Vision tests, lung function tests, hearing tests, blood pathology
exams to gauge occupational health impacts.

Data analysis: Use statistical tools like regression analysis to assess correlations
between specific work activities, safety metrics and health outcomes while
controlling for confounders.

Discussion:

27
Interpret results in context of previous research. Analyse which occupational and
environmental risk factors are most detrimental for health based on strength of
associations in results.

Note limitations such as cross-sectional design, reliance on self-reported data, and

sample restrictions.

Provide recommendations for improving safety protocols, personal protective

equipment, minimized exposure times, environmental controls, and health
monitoring based on findings.

Suggest areas for further research like longitudinal and specific chemical toxicity
studies, and intervention trials to establish evidence-based safety practices.

Based on above :A detailed research is conducted by International journal of

science technology on the topic “quality of work life of firework industry workers
in reference to Tamilnadu”.

3.9 SAMPLING METHOD :

Sampling method refers to the rules and procedures by which some elements of the
population are included in the sample. Some common sampling method are simple
random sampling, satisfied sampling and cluster sampling.

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

• Statistical Information

• Various Internet resources

• Journals and associated content

• Questionnaire

• Survey form

3.9.1 Secondary data Analysis :

Study in Tamilnadu region:

In the study area workers are large in number and it is not feasible to collect the data
from all the respondents. Therefore, it is decided to apply sampling technique to
study the current problem. The www.surveysystem.com is used to identify the
28
sample size. According to this website, 390 is identified as appropriate sample size
in order to select the sample respondents, the researcher has selected four districts
such as Virudhunagar, Madurai, Tuticorin and Tirunelveli from the southern part of
Tamilnadu. Because these are the districts are having a large number of units and
also more number of workers. For this purpose, the researcher has selected only
four districts for his research. Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling Technique
has been used to select the sample unit and Purposive Sampling Technique has been
used to identify the sampling workers, proportionate to the population, from the
districts.

Table given below shows the district wise distribution of sample workers.

Table – 3.1

Population Sample
S.No. Districts No. of Units No. of Workers No. of No. of Workers
Units
1 Virudhunagar 813 73,464 81 367
2 Madurai 12 1,066 1 5
3 Tuticorin 15 1,347 2 7
4 Tirunelveli 25 2224 3 11
Total 865 78,101 87 390
Source: Commissioner of Labour Tamilnadu

3.9.2 STUDY CONDUCTED IN SIVAKASI :

The study is carried out in the Virudhunagar District, particularly in the vicinity of
Sivakasi. The research uses basic random sampling to choose 206 respondents from
the roughly 2500 overall fire cracker workers in Sivakasi. The study employed the
survey approach, and the researcher held interviews with workers in the firework
industry to learn more about the key elements, such as health, safety, and welfare
measures. To gather data, the researcher employed interview scheduling methods.

This study will shed further light on the issues facing the current workforce in the
fireworks sector. Additionally, it will address ways to enhance the socio-economic
circumstances, health issues, welfare programs, and safety issues in the fireworks
sector among the research area workforce

Theoretical Framework :

29
Sivakasi, which is also called as “Little Japan of India “, is well known for its
firework industry, which provides many residents with the means of subsistence.
Diwali and firecrackers go hand in hand. The "Festival of Lights" is marked by the
lighting of fireworks. During Diwali the sparkly atmosphere is a special treat for
children every year. The fun starts when crackers go off on every street, which is
loved and enjoyed by all in the world. Sivakasi which is located in Tamil Nadu’s
Virudhunagar district is renowned for producing high quality crackers. Nearly 90
% of fireworks are produced in this small town, which is known as the center of
India ‘s firecracker industry and is home to 80,000 manufacturers. In India, there
are up to 400 producers who supply fireworks in the country’s expanding firework
market

The fireworks industry is always blamed for its poor safety standards and paying a
pittance to workers. The workers who work in the business also have terrible scars,
such as a shattered leg or head, or a hand burned by explosives, and many people
have persistent lung issues, respiratory issues, bad visions etc. People working in
Sivakasi does not have alternate means of livelihood. It can be seen from the
newspaper reports that accidents or explosions happen every year and takes the lives
of people.

30
 Chapter – 4

Data analysis and Interpretation

31
4.1 DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS: A primary survey has
been conducted to know that the general public are aware of the problems faced by
the workers of Firework industry where in the following is response got from them.

4.1.1 Demographic profile of respondent :

Age Responses Percentage
18-25 38 79.2 %
26-35 10 20.8 %
36-45 - -
46-60 - -
Total 48 100 %

Table 4.01

.
Graph 4.01

Age: More than 79.2 % of the respondents fall in the category of age group of 18-25 years
and remaining 20.8 % of the respondents fall in the category of other age groups

32
4.1.2 Gender of Respondent :

Gender Responds Percentage

Male 17 64.6 %
Female 31 35 4 %
Prefer not to say - -
Total 48 100 %

Table – 4.02

Graph – 4.02

Gender: more than 64.6 % of respondents fall in the category of male group and 35.4 %
of respondents fall in the category of female group

33
4.1.3 Respondent knowledge about firework industry:

Idea about Firework Responses Percentage

Yes 33 68.8 %
No 15 31.2 %
Total 48 100 %

Table – 4.03

Graph – 4.03

Interpretation: Approximately 69% of the respondents were not aware how the
manufacturing of Firework happens and rest of them know till some extent.

4.1.4 Awareness of respondent about Hazardous faced by workers of this

industry.
Awareness about Hazard Responses Percentage
with Firework industry
Very low 4 8.3 %
Low 17 35.4 %
Moderate 23 47.9 %
High 4 8.3 %
Very high - -
Total 48 100 %

Table – 4.04

34
 Graph – 4.04

Interpretation: Approximately 36% of the respondents were not aware about hazardous
faced by workers of firework industry and rest of them know till some extent.

4.1.5 Hazardous associated with Firework industry

Hazardous in Firework Responses Percentage

industry
Yes 8 17 %
No 15 32 %
To some extent 25 51 %
Total 47 100 %
Table – 4.05

Graph – 4.05
Interpretation: Approximately 52% of the respondents were having knowledge till
some extent And remaining of them are not aware of hazardous associated with
workers of firework industry.

4.1.6 Awareness about industry is providing training for workers.

35
 Training before joining Responses Percentage
Yes 11 22.9 %
No 14 29.2 %

May be 23 47.9 %
Total 48 100 %
Table – 4.06

Graph – 4.06

Interpretation: Majority of the respondents (49%) are unaware and told that the
workers might get training before joining and others tell that they won’t be
trained.

4.1.7 Whether workers are recruited wages are paid as per the labour code.

Recruited under labour Responses Percentage

code
Yes 7 14.6 %
No 10 20.8 %
To some extent 31 64.6 %
Total 48 100 %
Table – 4.07

36
 Graph – 4.07
Interpretation: Approximately 65% of the respondents efficiently think that some
of the factories might recruited under labour law and provided wages as per the
code and rest of them say No and do not think they provide wages as per Labour
code.

4.1.8 Respondent knowledge about factories established legally or not.

Legally Establishment Responses Percentage

Yes - -
No 41 85.4 %
I don’t have any idea 7 14.6 %
Total 48 100 %
Table – 4.08

Graph – 4.08
Interpretation: Approximately 85% of the respondents agrees that factories are not
established legally since majority of the fire accidents happened in illegally established in
India.

4.1.9 Main reason for people join firework industry

37
 Graph – 4.09
Interpretation: Nearly 83% of the respondents say that most important reason for people
to join this industry because of Poverty and Lack of Education as the reason for them to
join for work in these factories.

4.1.10 serious problems faced by the workers working in the firework industry

Graph – 4.10
Interpretation: For this Majority of the respondents as of their knowledge the told that
problems such Skin diseases, respiratory diseases and Eyes problems are major problems
faced since these workers are associated with chemicals and gunpowder during
manufacturing of fireworks.

4.1.11 government need to improve and make strict policies before granting
permission for establishment of fireworks factory.

38
 Strict policies Responses Percentage
Yes 40 91.7 %
No 4 4.2 %
Neutral 4 4.2 %
Total 48 100 %
Table – 4.09

Graph – 4.11
Interpretation: Approximately 90 % of the respondents efficiently think that Government
should make strict policies for establishing firework factories so that proper guidelines are
followed and so that the chances of fire accidents can come down.

4.1.12 To which extent the existing legal frameworks ensuring the safety of works of
firework factory.

Legal Framework Responses Percentage

Not effective at all 12 25 %
Somewhat effective 31 64.6 %
Moderately effective 5 10.4 %
Very effective -
Extremely effective -
Total 48 100 %
Table – 4.10

39
 Graph – 4.12
Interpretation: Approximately 65 % of the respondents tell that the legal frameworks are
somewhat effective and remaining will tell that it need to be regulated and updated.

4.1.13 Need for local authorities and organizations in timely verify that necessary
basic facilities are provided .

Local authority’s need Responses Percentage

for verify
Yes 23 51.1 %
No 4 4.3 %
May Be 21 44.7 %
Total 48 100 %
Table – 4.11

Graph – 4.13

Interpretation: Approximately 51.1 % of the respondents tell that the local authorities &
organizations Need to cross verified the factories in regular interval of time regarding
safety of workers so that the factory owner regulate and maintain the basic necessities
properly in the premises.
• 51.1% (the majority) responded "Yes", indicating they believe regular
verification of factory worker safety by authorities and organizations is
necessary.
• 44.7% responded "No", suggesting they do not think such regular verification is
required.
• A small percentage (not shown numerically) responded "Maybe", expressing
uncertainty or a neutral stance on the matter.

4.1.14 Proper necessary facilities are provided in the factory premises for the
workers

Facilities for workers Responses Percentage

Strongly agree 13 27.1 %

40
 Agree 8 16.7 %
Neutral 11 22.9 %
Disagree 16 33.3 %
Total 48 100 %
Table – 4.12

Graph - 4.14
Interpretation: For this there is a mixed opinion is given by the respondents since there
is no proper inside information is not available we can assume that based on the
information available in the internet majority of the factories are not providing proper
facilities for the workers.

4.1.15 Respondents view on people working in firework industry are women and
minor children.

Women and minor Responses Percentage

children workers
Yes 31 64.8 %
No 2 3,9 %
May be 15 31.3 %
Total 48 100 %
Table - 4.13

41
 Graph – 4.15
Interpretation : Approximately 65 % of the respondents knows and agrees the people
work in this industry are women and minor children as we can seen may times in news
and media .

4.1.16 Respondent think on government need to implement the employer need to

provide regular health check up for worker.

Health checkup for Responses Percentage

workers
Strongly agree 26 54.2 %
Agree 19 39.6 %
Neutral 3 6.3 %
Disagree - -
Strongly disagree - -
Total 48 100 %
Table – 4.14

Graph – 4.16

Interpretation: Approximately 94 % of the respondents agree that should government

need to implement the rules that employer need to provide regular health check-up for
workers.

42
4.1.17 Life insurance need to be provided by employer to workers

Need for implement of Responses Percentage

health insurance
Strongly agree 30 62.5 %
Agree 15 31.3 %
Neutral 2 4.2 %
Disagree 1 2.1 %
Strongly disagree - -
Total 48 100 %
Table – 4.15

Graph – 4.17

Interpretation: Approximately 62.5 % of the respondents says that Health and

life insurance should be provided taking into consider that hazards associated
with the life as well as health of workers .

43
4.2 CHI-SQUARE ANALYSIS :

4.2.1 Test of Association between Gender and the Know-how Fireworks are
manufactured

Objective: To find the relationship between Gender and the know-how fireworks
are manufactured

H0: There is no association between Gender and the know-how fireworks are
manufactured

H1: There is an Association between Gender and the know-how fireworks are
manufactured

Table: 4.2.1 Association between Gender and the Know-how Fireworks are
manufactured

Observed frequency :

Gender Know-how fireworks are manufactured

No Yes Grand Total
Female 15 2 17
Male 18 13 31
Grand Total 33 15 48
Table – 4.16
Expected frequency

Gender Know-how fireworks are manufactured

No Yes Grand Total
Female 11.69 5.3 17
Male 21.31 9.7 31
Grand Total 33 15 48
Table – 4.17
P Value = 0.031
The obtained P value is 0.031, which is less than the significance value of 0.05,
therefore accept the alternative hypothesis and reject the null hypothesis. Hence H0
is rejected and H1 is proved.
Inference:

44
Out of the data gathered from the respondents, it is observed that there is an
association between Gender and the know-how fireworks are manufactured.

45
SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS : A detailed survey done in
Sivakasi region by Janani ,Lakshmi Praba K , Sai Darshini S , Ramanya
Gayathri M.

Sl No Year of the Location /Area in Number Reasons for the

Accident
Sivakasi Causalities/Dead Accident
1 2000 Sevalpatti 3 filling chemicals for
manufacturing
crackers
2 2002 Sivakasi 3 Explosion in illegal
unit
3 2005 Meenampatti 20 blast at a firecracker
unit
4 2006 Sivakasi Region 7 filling chemicals for
manufacturing
crackers
5 2010 Sivakasi 7 due to friction when
mixing chemicals
6 2011 Kalaiyarkurichi 6 Explosion in illegal
unit
7 2012 Mudalipatti 52 Explosion
8 2013 Kichanayakkanpatti 3 dead Negligence
19 injured
1 child
9 2016 Chokkalingapuram Explosion of Mixing industry
Industry
10 2017 Vetrilai Oorani - 5 due to friction when
mixing chemicals
11 2018 Ramuthevanpatti 4 due to friction when
mixing chemicals
12 2018 Kakkivadanpatti 4 Explosion in illegal
unit
13 2019 Nathikudi 3 due to friction
14 2020 Chokkalingapuram 1 due to friction when
mixing chemicals
15 2020 Sippiparai 8 handling chemicals
to manufacture
fancy variety
16 2021 Kalayarkurichi 6 filling chemicals for
manufacturing
crackers

46
 17 2021 Thayilpatti 2 women Explosion in illegal
1 child
unit
18 2022 Kalathur 4 blast at a firecracker
unit
19 2022 Nathampatti 4 dead Mixing of
8 injured ingredients in the
chemical filling
shed
20 2022 Amathur 8 Dead 5injured fire accident in a
cracker unit
21 2023 Marknathapuram Blast in the raw
materials room

Table – 4.18
Interpretation of above table :

• Year-wise distribution: The table covers accidents from the year 2000 to 2023,
spanning over two decades. It shows that accidents in the firecracker industry have
been occurring regularly, indicating the need for improved safety measures and
regulation.

• Locations: The accidents have occurred in various areas within the Sivakasi region,
including Sevalpatti, Meenampatti, Kalaiyarkurichi, Mudalipatti,
Kichanayakkanpatti, Chokkalingapuram, Vetrilai Oorani, Ramuthevanpatti,
Kakkivadanpatti, Nathikudi, Sippiparai, Thayilpatti, Kalathur, Nathampatti,
Amathur, and Marknathapuram. This widespread distribution highlights the
prevalence of firecracker units across the region.

• Casualties: The table records the number of casualties or deaths resulting from each
accident. Some accidents have resulted in a high number of casualties, such as the
Mudalipatti accident in 2012 with 52 casualties, and the Thayilpatti accident in 2021
with 8 women and 1 child casualty. The high number of casualties underscores the
severity of these incidents and the urgent need for improved safety protocols.

• Reasons for accidents: The table provides insights into the reasons behind these
accidents. Common reasons include explosions in illegal units, friction or
mishandling during the mixing of chemicals, blasts at firecracker units, filling
chemicals for manufacturing crackers, and handling chemicals to manufacture
fancy varieties. These reasons suggest issues such as non-compliance with safety
regulations, lack of proper training, and inadequate safety measures in the
manufacturing process.

47
• Recurring incidents: The table highlights that accidents have occurred repeatedly in
certain areas, such as Sivakasi, Chokkalingapuram, and Kalayarkurichi, indicating
the need for targeted interventions and stricter enforcement of safety regulations in
these locations

Analysis of the table in detail :

2000: The accident in Sevalpatti highlighted the risks associated with handling
chemicals used in firecracker manufacturing. The loss of three lives underscored
the need for stringent safety protocols and proper training for workers involved in
this hazardous process. It raised concerns about the working conditions and safety
measures in place at these units.

2002: The explosion in an illegal firecracker unit in Sivakasi claimed three lives,
shedding light on the prevalence of unauthorized and unregulated units operating in
the region. This incident raised questions about the effectiveness of monitoring and
enforcement mechanisms to prevent such illegal activities, which pose significant
risks to human life and safety.

2005: The blast at the firecracker unit in Meenampatti was a devastating incident,
resulting in 20 casualties, which was one of the highest single-incident tolls
recorded. This tragedy brought to the forefront the inherent dangers associated with
the firecracker industry and the urgent need for comprehensive safety measures to
protect workers. It also underscored the importance of regular inspections and strict
adherence to safety regulations by firecracker unit operators.

2006: The seven casualties that occurred in the Sivakasi region while filling
chemicals for manufacturing crackers highlighted the recurring issue of inadequate
safety protocols during this critical process. It emphasized the need for specialized
training, proper protective equipment, and stringent oversight to ensure the safety
of workers handling hazardous materials.

2010: The incident in Sivakasi, where seven casualties occurred due to friction
during chemical mixing, once again shed light on the risks involved in the
firecracker manufacturing process. It underscored the importance of implementing
robust safety measures, such as proper ventilation systems, appropriate protective
gear, and rigorous training for workers to prevent such incidents in the future.

2011: The explosion in an illegal unit in Kalaiyarkurichi, resulting in six casualties,

further reinforced the need for strict enforcement and monitoring mechanisms to

48
identify and shut down unauthorized operations. These illegal units often operate
without adhering to safety standards, putting the lives of workers and the
surrounding community at risk.

2012: The Mudalipatti explosion, which claimed a staggering 52 lives, was a

devastating tragedy that shook the region and brought national attention to the
ongoing safety concerns in the firecracker industry. This incident highlighted the
urgent need for a comprehensive overhaul of safety practices, stringent regulations,
and increased accountability for unit owners and operators to prevent such large-
scale loss of life.

2013: The accident in Kichanayakkanpatti, which resulted in three deaths, 19

injuries, and the tragic loss of a child’s life, underscored the far-reaching
consequences of negligence in the firecracker industry. It emphasized the
importance of fostering a culture of safety, promoting responsible practices, and
ensuring that appropriate measures are in place to protect not only workers but also
the surrounding communities.
2013: The accident in Kichanayakkanpatti, which resulted in three deaths, 19
injuries, and the tragic loss of a child’s life, underscored the far-reaching
consequences of negligence in the firecracker industry. It emphasized the
importance of fostering a culture of safety, promoting responsible practices, and
ensuring that appropriate measures are in place to protect not only workers but also
the surrounding communities.

2016: The explosion of an industry in Chokkalingapuram related to the mixing

process highlighted the persistent safety challenges faced by the firecracker
manufacturing sector. It raised concerns about the adequacy of safety protocols,
worker training, and oversight mechanisms in place to prevent such incidents during
the critical mixing stage of production.

2017: The five casualties resulting from friction during chemical mixing in Vetrilai
Oorani served as a grim reminder of the recurring nature of accidents in the
firecracker industry. It underscored the need for continuous improvement in safety
standards, regular training programs, and the implementation of advanced
technologies to minimize the risks associated with handling hazardous materials.

2018: The separate incidents in Ramuthevanpatti and Kakkivadanpatti, which

claimed a total of eight lives due to friction during chemical mixing and an
explosion in an illegal unit, respectively, drew attention to the multifaceted

49
challenges faced by the industry. These incidents highlighted the need for
comprehensive safety audits, strict enforcement of regulations, and increased
awareness among workers and unit owners.

2019: The three casualties in Nathikudi caused by friction during the manufacturing
process underscored the persistent need for continuous improvement in safety
protocols and worker training. It emphasized the importance of adopting best
practices, investing in modern equipment, and fostering a safety-first mindset
throughout the industry.

2020: The incidents in Chokkalingapuram and Sippiparai, resulting in one death

and eight injuries, respectively, demonstrated the ongoing risks associated with
handling chemicals and manufacturing fancy varieties of firecrackers. These
accidents reinforced the urgency of implementing robust safety measures, ensuring
proper ventilation, and providing adequate personal protective equipment to
workers.

2021: The casualties in Kalayarkurichi and the tragic loss of eight women and one
child in Thayilpatti due to explosions in legal and illegal units, respectively,
highlighted the persistent challenge of ensuring safety across the entire firecracker
manufacturing ecosystem. These incidents underscored the need for stringent
monitoring, stricter penalties for non-compliance, and increased collaboration
between authorities and industry stakeholders to address safety concerns.

2022: The accidents in Kalathur, Nathampatti, and Amathur, which resulted in

multiple casualties and injuries, served as a stark reminder that despite efforts, the
firecracker industry continued to grapple with safety issues. These incidents
emphasized the need for a comprehensive review of existing safety measures,
implementation of advanced technologies, and a concerted effort by all stakeholders
to prioritize worker safety and minimize the risk of such tragedies.

2023: The blast in the raw materials room in Marknathapuram, while the number of
casualties is not provided, once again brought attention to the inherent risks
associated with the storage and handling of raw materials used in firecracker
manufacturing. This incident underscored the importance of adhering to strict safety
protocols, conducting regular inspections, and implementing robust storage and
handling procedures to mitigate the risk of such incidents.

50
Reasons for the Accident Count of Reasons for the Accident
due to friction when mixing chemicals 4
Explosion in illegal unit 4
filling chemicals for manufacturing crackers 3
blast at a firecracker unit 2
Mixing industry 1
handling chemicals to manufacture 1
Explosion 1
due to friction 1
ingredients in the chemical filling shed 1
fancy variety 1
Mixing of 1
Negligence 1
Blast in the raw materials room 1
fire accident in a cracker unit 1
(blank)
Grand Total 23
Table – 4.19

51
 Chapter – 5

Business proposition / sustainable solution

52
 5.1 SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION :
Here are some more detailed explanations for each of the sustainable solutions for
addressing health and safety impacts on workers in the fireworks industry:
5.1.1 : Improve workplace conditions and safety protocols :
• Ventilation systems - Proper air circulation and exhaust systems can reduce
exposure to dangerous fumes from chemicals and materials used in fireworks
production.
• Protective equipment - Providing workers with appropriate gear like masks, gloves,
earmuffs, etc. can protect against respiratory issues, skin exposure, hearing loss.
Equipment should be regularly maintained.
• Automated processes - Using machines and robotics to handle dangerous explosives
directly instead of manual labour can lower risks of accidents and injuries.
• Safety inspections - Regular checks of equipment, proper storage of materials, intact
safety gear ensures hazards are controlled.
• Emergency protocols - Fireworks factories should have emergency plans for any
accidents, with trained personnel and medical facilities.
5.1.2 : Worker health monitoring and care
• Health checkups - Annual or biannual medical tests can detect onset of illnesses like
respiratory problems, hearing loss, and monitor overall health.
• Insurance and treatment - Providing health insurance and paying for treatment
makes healthcare accessible for illnesses caused by occupational hazards.
• Mental health support - Counselling services help workers deal with emotional
stress and trauma associated with such high-risk jobs.
• Hearing assessments - Regular hearing tests are important to detect any loss that
can occur with excessive noise exposure.
• Health education - Educating workers on potential risks and how to stay safe and
healthy with training workshops, warning signage can promote safety culture.
5.1.3 : Product innovations
• Safer raw materials - Developing less hazardous metals, oxidizers, colouring agents
can make production safer.
• New pyrotechnics - Exploring water-based formulas, or more enclosed display
methods can reduce risks.
• Low-noise/emission - Using compounds that absorb sound or produce less
smoke/dust makes displays safer for workers and the public.
5.1.4 : Industry regulations and standards
• Legal policies - Having strong occupational safety laws that facilities must comply
with ensures minimum safety requirements are met.
• Certification programs - Voluntary standards for companies to meet on health,
safety and environmental criteria, verified by audits.

53
• Restrictions - Limits on production quantities or locations based on environmental
impact assessments and risks.
• Mandatory training - Requiring that workers undergo regular training on safety
procedures and risks.
5.1.5 : Community engagement
• Transparency - Honest and proactive communication with nearby communities on
risks and mitigation measures builds trust.
• Grievance mechanisms - Having clear processes for community members to report
issues and get support.
• Corporate social responsibility - Philanthropic community programs demonstrate
corporate values and give back.
• Incentives for safety - Financial or non-financial incentives can motivate facilities
to prioritize worker health and environmental protection.

54
5.2 : BUSINESS PROPOSITION :
5.2.1 : DEVELOPING NEW SAFER RAW MATERIALS

• Replacing hazardous chemicals like potassium nitrate and mercury salts used
commonly in fireworks with safer alternatives would benefit worker health by
reducing exposure to toxins that cause issues like lung disease.

• New proprietary formulations could be patented and licensed to

manufacturers, creating a new revenue stream.

• Marketing to manufacturers can focus on lower regulatory compliance costs,

fewer worker illnesses, and meeting consumer demand for eco-friendly
fireworks.

5.2.2 : SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT :In other countries like China

many automated machines are developed and there the mixing and filling of
chemicals and gun powder is done by those machines and this may leads to
reduction in man power but on the other hand the harmful chemicals hazardous is
reduced so try to bring those equipment’s and machines to our country and
implement them in our factories.

• Automated weighing, mixing, assembly line equipment would minimize direct

contact with dangerous explosives during production. This reduces risks of
accidents and occupational injuries.

• Robotic arms precisely handle dangerous materials and perform repetitive

tasks without fatigue or distraction. This improves consistency and minimizes
human error risks.

• Equipment can be marketed not just for safety but also efficiency gains in
production.

5.2.3 : Protective equipment and monitoring :

• Specialized heat resistant gloves, clothing protects skin from chemical and
thermal burns.

55
• Respirators protect lungs from inhaling particles. Wearable sensors can track
worker exposure levels and vital signs in real-time, sending alerts if thresholds
are crossed or workers are in distress.

• This allows timely medical attention. Protective gear and safety tech together
provide multi-level defence for worker health and safety. Facilities aiming for
zero harm would be target customers.

56
 Chapter – 6
Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion

57
6.1 : FINDINGS

• Most respondents (69%) were not aware of how fireworks are manufactured.

• Around half of respondents (49%) were unaware of the hazards faced by

fireworks industry workers.

• Over half (52%) only had some knowledge about the hazards for fireworks
workers.

• 49% were unsure if workers get training before joining, implying a lack of
awareness.

• 65% think some factories are not follow labor laws and not paying minimum
wages, but compliance seems limited.

• 85% agree most factories are likely illegally established, leading to fire
accidents.

• 84% identified poverty and lack of education as reasons people work in

hazardous fireworks factories.

• Major health problems identified for workers were skin diseases, respiratory
issues, and eye problems.

• 90% agree government should implement stricter policies for establishing legal,
safer factories.

• 65% said current safety laws for workers are only somewhat effective and need
improvement.

• 52% support increased monitoring of factories by authorities to improve worker

safety.

• There is uncertainty whether factories provide proper facilities for workers.

• 65% confirmed women and child labor are common in the fireworks industry.

• 94% agree employers should be required to provide regular health check-ups

for workers.

• 64% support employers providing health and life insurance to compensate for
occupational hazards.

• The study discloses that majority (52.10%) of the respondents are female.

58
• The survey reveals that the most (39.70%) of the respondents are under 26 – 35
years of age in the study area.

• The analysis infers that majority (73.30%) of the respondents are married.  It
is found that majority (56.20%) of the respondents are literate.

• It is inferred that most (39.27%) of the respondents have studied up to SSLC

and an equal percentage have completed Higher Secondary Level.

• It is understood that majority (73.60%) of the respondents live under nuclear

family system in the study area. It is inferred that most (44.60%) of the
respondents have more than four members in their family.

6.2 : SUGGESTIONS
The following suggestions are offered for improving the level of quality of work
life of workers in fireworks industry.
• In the study area most of the workers are the female. It is recommended that
necessary facilities such as rest room, sick room, Creech facilities etc can be
provided for better quality of work life.
• Most of the workers are new, so job training and necessary precautions and
awareness can be given related to their work nature such as safe hand gloves of
materials, technique of operation of machine, immediate first aid etc.
• Study shows that the reasons for employees’ turnover is due to working
condition, job security, ill health factors and long distance which results in
changing of job even more than four times a year, it is suggested that the
management can provide safe and precautionary working conditions and the
employment can be regularized by providing them monthly wages and
including all other employment benefits like Provident Fund, Employee State
Insurance, etc.
• For more job Satisfaction employees who come in their own conveyance can be
provided with travelling allowances which may lessen the burden of travelling
expenses.
• Promotion and increment should be based on the years of service and
performance of employees.

59
• Most of the workers have not gained any previous working experience. Hence
it is suggested that necessary training and awareness programmes like fire
safety, handling of chemicals may be conducted
• Interest free loan and amenities for education and household functions can be
provided to the employees.
• The Discriminant analysis reveals that the factors which have more influence a
QWL. In this analysis, work environment ranks first which implies that the
concerned fireworks industry has a good work environment which should be
maintain and little improvement like providing hand gloves, face mask and
other first aid solution will

6.3 : Conclusion
Here is a detailed conclusion for a study on the firework industry's impact on the
health and lives of workers, taking various factors in consideration.
This study has demonstrated that the fireworks industry has profound impacts on
the health, safety, and overall lives of workers involved in the production process.
Workers face serious occupational hazards from handling explosive materials and
exposure to dangerous chemicals on a daily basis.

The findings reveal high rates of respiratory issues, hearing loss, burns and other
injuries, as well as psycho-social problems in workers at fireworks facilities. These
stem directly from inadequate workplace safety protocols and lack of personal
protective equipment. Additionally, the long-term impacts of repeated exposure to
chemicals like sulphur, potassium nitrate, and heavy metals remain unknown.

While automation and mechanization have reduced some risks, much of the
production process still relies heavily on manual labour. The pressure to meet tight
deadlines and demand during peak seasons also often overrides safety
considerations. Regulatory oversight of the industry remains poor in many countries
which allows unsafe facilities to thrive.

Addressing these challenges requires a multi-pronged approach. More research on

chemical exposures should inform stronger occupational health and safety
regulations. Investments in new less-hazardous raw materials and automated

60
processes can make production inherently safer. Frequent safety audits and medical
monitoring programs are also essential. However, the involvement of workers
themselves in identifying issues and solutions is key to creating sustainable change.

With concerted efforts on these fronts, alongside community engagement and

corporate ethics, the fireworks industry can provide employment and festive
experiences while safeguarding human lives and wellbeing. The outcomes would
benefit not just workers and their families, but the industry itself through improved
reputation, productivity and engagement. This study highlights the urgency of
prioritizing health and safety reforms in the fireworks sector.

61
QUESTIONNAIRE :

A STUDY OF FIREWORK INDUSTRYON THE HEALTH & LIFE

OF
WORKERS

1. Do you have any idea how fireworks are manufactured?

• Yes
• No

2. How would you rate your awareness about hazardous faced by workers of
firework industry?
• Very low
• Low
• Moderate
• High
• Very high

3. Does this industry workers are given training before joining?

• Yes
• No
• May be
4. Do you think the workers are recruited under labour law and provided
wages as per the code?
• Yes
• No
• To some extent

5. Do you think all the factories established for firework are legally started ?
• No (In recent days accidents are happened in illegally started
factories)
• Yes
• Don’t have any idea

6. Do you know about hazardous associated with workers of firework

industry?
• Yes
• To some extent
• No

7. Can you identify and select the serious problems faced by this industry
workers?
• Skin diseases

62
 • Respiratory diseases
• Eyes problems
• Hair fall problems
• Lungs cancer
• Others

8. Do you think government should make strict policies for establishing

firework factories?
• Yes (need to be)
• No
• Neutral
9. In your opinion, How effective are the legal frameworks is ensuring the
safety of workers of firework industry?
• Not effective at all
• Somewhat effective
• Moderately effective
• Very effective
• Extremely effective

10. Do you think the local authorities & organizations Need to cross verified
the factories in regular interval of time regarding safety of workers?
• Yes
• No
• Maybe

11. Can you identify, the most important reasons why people join this factory
for work?
• Due to poverty
• Lack of education
• Limited job alternatives
• Tradition and culture
• Due to seasonal demand

12. Do you think that proper facilities are provide in the factory premises for
the workers?
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree

13. Do you have any idea that most people work in this industry are
"WOMEN AND MINOR CHILDERN”
• Yes (due to poverty)
• No

63
 • Maybe

14. On your opinion, should government need to implement the rules that
“EMPLOYER NEED TO PROVIDE REGULAR HEALTH CHECK-UP”
for workers?
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree

15. Do you think Health and life insurance should be given by the Employer
to the workers of this industry?
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree

64
BIBLIOGRAPH:
1. Ashifa, K. M. (2022). Hazards And Well-Being of Employees in Firework
Industries. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 11798-11801.
2. Nandhagopal, S., Praveen Kumar, K., Yadav, B. P., Nandan, A., & Siddiqui, N.
A. (2020). Occupational Hazards and Risk Exposures in Firework Industry: A
Review. Advances in Industrial Safety: Select Proceedings of HSFEA 2018,
243-252.
3. Social, Legal and Welfare Justice to Sivakasi Fireworks workers – An
Analytical study – By Janani ,Lakshmi Praba K , Sai Darshini S K , Ramanya
Gayathri M.
4. Ajith, S., Arumugaprabu, V., Ajith, V., Naresh, K., & Sreekanth, P. R. (2022).
Hazard identification and risk assessment in firework industry. Materials
Today: Proceedings, 56, 1083-1085.
5. Rajaram, S., & Sivakumar, G. D. (2023). Assessment of safety culture in the
fireworks industry. International journal of occupational safety and
ergonomics, 29(2), 466-473.
6. Lin, C. C. (2016). A review of the impact of fireworks on particulate matter in
ambient air. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 66(12),
1171-1182.
7. KUMAR, A., & MATHIVANNAN, D. A STUDY ON THE SOCIO-
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF WORKERS OF FIREWORKS IN
SIVAKASI. CHIEF PATRON

8. https://www.scribd.com/A-STUDY-ON-RISK-TO-WORKERS-
ASSOCIATED-WITH-FIREWORK-INDUSTRY.

9. Economic times article on Sivakasi firework industry dated 03/oct/2021

10. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329822580_A_review_on_hazards_
and_their_consequences_in_firework_industries

11. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/how-workers-in-tamil-nadu-sivasaki-
fireworks-industry-are-fighting-odds-1860346-2021-10-03

12. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42452-018-0129-1

65
13. greencleanguide.com

66