REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY

CARIG CAMPUS
Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan

HUMAN BEHAVIOR and VICTIMOLOGY

The course covers the study on human behavior with emphasis on the concept of human
development and abnormal behavior. It includes strategies and approaches for handling
different kinds of abnormal behavior in relation to law enforcement and criminal proceedings. It
also includes the study of victimization, the role of community and techniques in assisting
offender’s reintegration and victim’s recovery.

In this introduction to human behavior and victimology, we will explore various aspects
of these fields, including theories of human behavior, the psychological impact of victimization,
strategies for victim support and empowerment, and the role of societal factors in shaping both
victimization and offending behavior. Through a multidisciplinary lens, we will delve into the
complexities of human behavior and victimology, seeking to understand and address the diverse
challenges faced by individuals and communities affected by crime.

CHAPTER 1

CONCEPTS, THEORIES, AND EVOLUTION OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT.

The nature and concept of human behavior are multifaceted and encompass a wide
range of factors that influence how individuals think, feel, and act in various situations. Human
behavior is shaped by biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors, as well as by
individual differences and environmental influences. Understanding the nature of human
behavior involves examining these different dimensions and their interactions.

KEY ASPECTS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

COMPLEXITY

- Individuals are influenced by a multitude of factors, including their genetic makeup,

neurological processes, cognitive abilities, personality traits, and past experiences. These
factors interact in complex ways to shape behavior, making it challenging to predict and
understand fully.

VARIABILITY

- Individuals differ in their behavior due to factors such as personality, temperament,

upbringing, cultural background, and socialization experiences. Moreover, behavior can
vary within individuals over time and in different situations, highlighting the dynamic
and context-dependent nature of human behavior.

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 1
 SOCIAL and ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

- Social norms, cultural values, peer pressure, family dynamics, and socioeconomic status
all play a role in shaping behavior. Additionally, environmental factors such as physical
surroundings, access to resources, and exposure to stressors can impact behavior.

Understanding these factors is essential for gaining insights into human behavior and for
developing interventions aimed at promoting positive outcomes and addressing challenges
related to behavior.

EVOLUTION OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

The evolution of human development refers to the changes and advancements in the
understanding of how humans grow, learn, and adapt over time. It encompasses various
disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, biology, and neuroscience, each
contributing unique perspectives to our understanding of human development.

1. Early Perspectives
o Early perspectives on human development were often rooted in philosophical and
theological ideas. Ancient philosophers such as Aristotle pondered questions
related to human nature, growth, and learning. Similarly, religious texts and
teachings provided explanations for human development based on spiritual
beliefs and moral frameworks.
2. Psychological Perspectives
o The field of psychology significantly contributed to the evolution of human
development theories. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, with its emphasis
on unconscious drives and early childhood experiences, revolutionized how we
think about personality development.
3. Sociological Perspectives
o Sociological perspectives on human development emphasize the role of social
structures, institutions, and interactions in shaping individuals' lives.
4. Anthropological Perspectives
o Anthropology provides insights into human development by studying cultural
practices, traditions, and rituals across different societies.
5. Biological Perspectives
o Advances in biology and neuroscience have shed light on the biological
foundations of human development. Research in genetics, neurobiology, and
developmental neuroscience has deepened our understanding of how genes,
brain structures, and neural processes contribute to various aspects of human
development, from prenatal development to aging.
6. Interdisciplinary Perspectives
o The evolution of human development is characterized by increasing
interdisciplinary collaboration. Researchers from diverse fields work together to
integrate biological, psychological, sociological, and cultural perspectives to gain
a comprehensive understanding of human development.

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 2
 7. Contemporary Perspectives
o Contemporary theories of human development continue to evolve, incorporating
new research findings and addressing emerging challenges. Theories such as
attachment theory, ecological systems theory, and resilience theory reflect this
ongoing evolution, offering frameworks that consider the dynamic interplay
between individual characteristics and environmental influences.

- Human development can be broadly categorized into several phases, each

characterized by distinct changes and milestones. These phases provide a framework for
understanding the progression of development from infancy through old age.

Here are the main phases of human development, along with references to
further explore each phase:

1. Prenatal Development:

 This phase begins at conception and continues until birth.

 It involves the rapid growth and differentiation of cells to form various body structures
and organs.
 Key milestones include the formation of major organ systems, the development of
sensory organs, and the growth of limbs and digits.
Reference: "Prenatal Development" by National Institute of Child Health and Human
Development (NICHD)

2. Infancy:

 Infancy spans from birth to approximately 2 years of age.

 This phase is marked by significant physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional
development.
 Key milestones include rapid physical growth, the development of motor skills, language
acquisition, and the formation of attachments with caregivers.
Reference: "Infancy and Early Childhood Development" by American Psychological
Association (APA)

3. Early Childhood:

 This phase is characterized by continued physical growth, increasing independence, and

the development of basic cognitive and social skills.
 Key milestones include the refinement of motor skills, the development of language and
symbolic thought, and the beginning of socialization with peers.
Reference: "Early Childhood Development" by World Health Organization (WHO)

4. Middle Childhood:

 This phase is marked by further development of cognitive abilities, social skills, and self-
concept.
 Key milestones include the development of logical thinking, increased independence
from caregivers, and the formation of peer relationships.

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 3
 Reference: "Middle Childhood (6-8 years of age)" by Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC)

5. Adolescence:

 Adolescence encompasses the period from approximately 12 to 18 years of age, though it

can extend into the early twenties.
 This phase is characterized by significant physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional
changes, as individuals transition from childhood to adulthood.
 Key milestones include puberty and sexual maturation, the development of identity and
self-esteem, and the exploration of independence and autonomy.
Reference: "Adolescence" by American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
(AACAP)

6. Adulthood:

 Adulthood includes the stages of early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood.
 Early adulthood typically spans from the late teens to the 30s, marked by the pursuit of
education, career establishment, and the formation of intimate relationships.
 Middle adulthood encompasses ages 40 to 65, characterized by career advancement,
family responsibilities, and physical changes associated with aging.
 Late adulthood, or old age, begins around age 65 and is marked by retirement, potential
health challenges, and reflection on life experiences.
Reference: "Adult Development and Aging" by Susan Krauss Whitbourne and Stacey B.
Whitbourne

THEORIES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

1. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY (SIGMUND FREUD)

- Description: Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts and
early childhood experiences in shaping personality and behavior. It includes stages of
psychosexual development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) and the concepts of the id, ego,
and superego.

A. Oral Stage (0-1 years): The oral stage is the first stage of psychosexual development,
during which the infant's primary source of pleasure and satisfaction is oral stimulation,
such as sucking and feeding. The major conflict in this stage involves weaning from the
breast or bottle, which can lead to fixation or overindulgence.
B. Anal Stage (1-3 years): The anal stage occurs during the toddler years, where the
focus of pleasure shifts to the anal region as children experience pleasure from
controlling and expelling feces during toilet training. The major conflict revolves around
toilet training, with potential outcomes of anal-retentive (overly neat and organized) or
anal-expulsive (messy and disorganized) personalities.
C. Phallic Stage (3-6 years): The phallic stage is characterized by a focus on the
genitalia and the Oedipus or Electra complex. In boys, this involves feelings of desire for
the mother and jealousy of the father, while in girls, it involves desire for the father and

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 4
 jealousy of the mother. The resolution of these conflicts leads to the development of the
superego.
D. Latency Stage (6-puberty): The latency stage is a period of relative calm in
psychosexual development, where sexual energy is sublimated into other activities such
as school, friendships, and hobbies. During this stage, the focus is on social and
intellectual development rather than sexual impulses.
E. Genital Stage (puberty-onward): The genital stage marks the onset of puberty and
the reawakening of sexual impulses. Individuals seek gratification through sexual
relationships, and successful resolution of earlier conflicts leads to mature adult
relationships.

It's important to note that Freud's psychosexual stages have been criticized
for their lack of empirical evidence and their emphasis on sexuality as the
primary driver of development.

2. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY (JEAN PIAGET)

 Description: Piaget's theory of cognitive development focuses on the qualitative changes

in thinking that occur as children grow. It includes stages such as sensorimotor,
preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational, and highlights the role of
schemas, assimilation, and accommodation.

3. SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY (LEV VYGOTSKY)

 Description: Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes the role of social interaction and
cultural tools in cognitive development. It highlights the importance of the zone of
proximal development (ZPD) and scaffolding in learning.

4. ATTACHMENT THEORY (JOHN BOWLBY)

 Description: Bowlby's attachment theory emphasizes the importance of early parent-

child relationships in shaping emotional and social development. It describes different
attachment styles (secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-anxious/ambivalent) and their
impact on later relationships.

5. BEHAVIORAL THEORY (B.F. SKINNER)

 Description: Skinner's behavioral theory focuses on the role of reinforcement and

punishment in shaping behavior. It emphasizes observable behavior and the principles
of operant conditioning.

6. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (ALBERT BANDURA)

 Description: Bandura's social learning theory emphasizes the role of observation,

imitation, and modeling in learning and behavior. It includes concepts such as self-
efficacy and reciprocal determinism.

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 5
 CHAPTER 2

CLASSIFY AND DIFFERENTIATE TYPOLOGIES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR,

CRIMINAL AND PERSONALITY DISORDERS

WHAT IS HUMAN BEHAVIOR?

 Anything an individual does that involves self-initiated action and/or reaction to a

given situation.
 The sum total of man's reaction to his environment or the way human beings act.
 It refers to the reaction to facts of relationship between the individual and his
environment.
 Human behavior is the study of human conduct; the way a person behaves or acts;
includes the study of human activities in an attempt to discover recurrent patterns
and to formulate rules about man’s social behavior.

VIEWS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR:

1. Neurological View – deals with human actions in relation to events taking place
inside the body such as the brain and the nervous system.
2. Behavioral View – emphasizes on external functions of the human being that can be
observed and measured.
3. Cognitive View – it is concerned with the way the brain processes and transforms
information into various ways.
4. Psychoanalytical View – emphasizes unconscious motives that originate from
aggressive impulses in childhood.
5. Humanistic View – focuses on the subject’s experience, freedom of choice and
motivation toward self-actualization.

ASPECTS OF BEHAVIORS:

 Intellectual Aspect – way of thinking, reasoning, solving problem, processing info

and coping with the environment.
 Emotional Aspect – feelings, moods, temper, strong motivational force with in the
person.
 Social Aspect – people interaction or relationship with other people.
 Moral Aspect – conscience, concept on what is good or bad.
 Psychosexual Aspect – being a man or a woman and the expression of love.
 Political Aspect – ideology towards society/government.
 Value/ Attitude – interest towards something, likes and dislikes

TYPES OF BEHAVIOR:

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 6
 Normal Behavior – the standard behavior, the socially accepted behavior because
they follow the standard norms of society.
A NORMAL PERSON IS CHARCTERIZED BY:
1. Efficient perception of reality
2. Self-knowledge
3. Ability to exercise voluntary control over his behavior
4. Self-esteem
5. Productivity
6. Ability to form affectionate relationship with others

 Abnormal behavior – behaviors that are deviant from social expectations because
they go against the norms or standard behavior of society.

1. Abnormal behavior according to the deviation from social norms

2. Behavior as maladaptive
3. Abnormality in its legal points- it is declares that a person is insane largely
on the basis of his inability to judge between right and wrong or to exert
control over his behavior.

CAUSES OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

1. Anxiety (psychological perspective). Stressful situations that if become extreme,

it may result to maladaptive behavior.
2. Faulty Learning (behavior perspective). The failure to learn the necessary
adaptive behavior because of wrongful development. This usually results to delinquent
behavior based on the failure to learn the necessary social values and norms.
3. Blocked or distorted personal growth (humanistic perspective). Presumably,
human nature tends towards cooperation and construction activities, however, if we
show aggression, cruelty or other maladaptive behavior, the result may be an
unfavorable environment
4. Unsatisfactory interpersonal relationship. Self-concept in early childhood by
over critical parents or by rigid socialization measures usually cause deviant behaviors
among individuals because they are not contented and even unhappy on the kind of
social dealings they are facing.
5. Pathological social condition. Poverty, social discrimination and destructive
violence always result to deviant behavior.

ATTRIBUTES OR CHARACTERISTICS OF BEHAVIOR:

A. Conscious behavior- characterizes a reaction of which individual is aware.

B. Unconscious behavior- characterizes a behavior of which the individual is not aware
and does not know the reason or motive for it.
C. Overt behavior – behaviors that are observable or consists responses which are
publicly observable.

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 7
 D. Covert behavior – refers to responses which cannot be directly observed such as
thoughts feelings, etc. those that are internal process.
 those that are hidden from the view of the observer.
E. Simple behavior – less number of neurons are consumed in the process of behaving
F. Complex behavior – combination of simple behavior
G. Rational behavior - acting with sanity or with reasons
H. Irrational behavior – acting without reason/ unaware
I. Voluntary behavior – done with full volition of will or pertains to psychological or
muscular processes which are under the direct control of the cerebral cortex.
J. Involuntary behavior – bodily processes that goes on even when we are awake or
asleep.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

1. Habitual – refers to motorized behavior usually manifested in language and emotion.

2. Instinctive – are generally unlearned and simply comes out of man’s instinct which
can be seen among instinct-instinct survival behaviors.
3. Symbolic – are behaviors that are usually carried out by means of unsaid words and
shown through symbols or body signs.
4. Complex – are those behaviors that combine two or more of the classified ones.
CAUSES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

1. Sensation – is the feeling or impression created by a given stimulus or cause

that leads to a particular reaction or behavior.
-it is the process of receiving, translating, and transmitting messages from the
outside world of the brains.

Human Senses:
 Visual – sight
 Olfactory – smell
 Cutaneous – touch
 Auditory – hearing
 Gustatory – taste

2. Perception – refers to the person’s knowledge of a given stimulus which largely

help to determine the actual behavioral response in a given situation.
3. Awareness – refers to the psychological activity based on interpretation of
past experiences with a given stimulus or object.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT HUMAN BEHAVIOR

HEREDITY – it is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent or ancestors). This is the
process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the
characteristics of its parent cell or organism.

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 8
TRAITS THAT CAN BE INHERITED:
 physical appearance
 blood type
 intelligence
 emotional disposition
 sensory activity
 mental disorder
 and other abilities and capabilities

ENVIRONMENT – refers to surroundings of an object. It consists of conditions and factors

that surround and influence behavioral pattern.

Types of Environment

1. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT- refers to those things that affect man directly and
stimulates the sense organs. These are social environment that are physical influences
steaming from the outside contract with other people.
2. INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT- refers to the immediate environment within which the
genes exits or functions; the biological condition of the body.

SOME ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE:

 The family background

 The influences of childhood trauma
 Pathogenic family structure – those families associated with high frequency of
problems such as:

I. The inadequate family – characterized by the inability to cope with the ordinary
problems of family living. It lacks the resources, physical or psychological, for meeting
the demands of family satisfaction.
II. The anti-social family – those that espouses unacceptable values as a result of the
influence of parents to their children.
III. The discordant/disturbed family – characterized by unsatisfaction of one or both
parent from the relationship they have that may express feeling of frustration. This is
usually due to value differences as common sources of conflict and dissatisfaction.
IV. The disrupted family – characterized by incompleteness whether as a result of death,
divorce, separation or some other circumstances.
V. Institutional influences such as peer groups, mass media, church and school,
government institutions, NGO’s, etc.
VI. Socio-cultural factors such as war and violence, group prejudice and discrimination,
economic and employment problems and other social changes.
VII. Nutrition or the quality of food that a person intake is also a factor that influences
man to commit crime because poverty is one of the many reasons to criminal behavior.

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 9
PERSONALITY - Totality of a person.

 This term is taken from the latine words “per” and sonare” which literally means “ to
sound through”. This means that an actor’s mask through which the sound of his voice
was projected.
 It is defined as the sum total of all the traits and characteristics of a person that
distinguishes him or her from one another.

CHARACTERISTICS INVOLVED IN PERSONALITY

 PHYSICAL- Body built, height, weight, texture of the skin, shape of the lips, shape of
the face, etc.
 MENTAL- range of ideas, mental alertness, ability to reason, to conceptualize, etc.
 EMOTIONAL- one’s temperament, moods, prejudices, bias, emotional response such
as aggressiveness and calmness etc.
 SOCIAL- relations with other people
 MORAL- his positive or negative adherence to the dos an don’ts of his society
 SPIRITUAL- faith, beliefs, philosophy of life, etc.

THEORIES AND APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY

- CARL GUSTAV JUNG, a Swiss psychologist identified the Theory of Personality types:
 Extrovert - persons who are friendly, flexible and adaptable, happy
working with others, free from worries, and outgoing.
 Introvert - inclined to worry, reserved, lacking in flexibility, self-
centered or self-interested person.
 Ambivert - in between extrovert and introvert.

BODY CHEMISTRY AND ENDOCRINE BALANCE

- Galen- a roman physician

4 PERSONALITY TYPES

 SANGUINE PERSON- a person with too much blood (warm-hearted, pleasant, active
and confident)
 PHLEGMATIC- a slow moving and emotionally flat
 MELANCHOLIC PERSON- a person with excess of black bile (suffers from
depression and sadness)
 CHOLERIC- with too much yellow bile (quick to anger and violence, temperamental)

THREE COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY (ACCORDING SIGMUND FREUD)

 ID - It is that part of the personality with which we are born. ID is the animalistic self.

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 10
  Ego - the mediator between the ID and the superego. It refers to the developing
awareness of self or the “I”. It is also known as the integrator of the personality.
 Superego - the socialized component of the personality.

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (ERIK ERIKSON)

 One of the best known theories of personality in psychology.

 Erikson’s believed that personality develops series of stages.
 Erikson’s theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan.
 He also believed that a sense of competence motivates behaviors and actions. Each stage
is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life.
 If the stage is handled well, the person will feel a sense of mastery, which is sometimes
referred to as ego strength or ego quality. On the other hand, if the stage is managed
poorly, the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy.

STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

STAGES BASIC CONFLICT IMPORTANT OUTCOME

EVENTS
Children develop a sense of
Infancy (birth to 18 Trust vs mistrust Feeding trust when caregivers provide
moths) reliability care and affection.
Alack
Children need to develop a
sense of personal control over
Early childhood (2 to 3 physical and as sense of
years old) Autonomy vs. Shame Toilet training independence. success leads to
and doubt feeling of autonomy, failure
results in feeling of shame and
doubt
Children need to begin
asserting control and power
over the environment. Success
Pre-school (3 to 5 years Initiative vs guilt Exploration in this stage leads to a sense of
old) purpose. Children who try to
exert too much power
experience disapproval
resulting in a sense of guilt.
Children need to cope with new
social and academic demands.
School age (6 to 11 years Industry vs Schools Success leads to a sense of
old) inferiority competence, while failure
results in feelings of inferiority.
Teens need to develop to

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 11
 inform intimate, loving
Adolescence (12 to 18 Identity vs Role School relationship with other people.
years old) confusion relationship Successes lead to an ability to
stay true to yourself, while
failure leads to the role
confusion and a weak sense of
self.
Young adults need to form
intimate, loving relationship
Young adulthood (19 to Intimacy vs Isolation Relationship with other people. Success leads
40 years old) to strong relationships, while
failure results in loneliness and
isolation.
Adults need to create or nurture
things that will outlast them,
often by having children or
(40 to 65 years Generatively vs Work and creating a positive change that
old) Stagnation Parenthood benefits other people. Success
leads to feelings of usefulness
and accomplishment, while
failure results in shallow
involvement in the world.
Maturity ( 65 years old Ego integrity vs Reflection on Older adults need to look back
to death) Despair life on life and a feel sense of
fulfillment. Success at this stage
leads to feelings of wisdom,
while failure results in regret,
bitterness and despair.

PERSONALITY TRAITS THAT AFFECT HUMAN BEHAVIOR

1. Extroversion – characterized by interests directed toward the external environment of

people and things rather than toward inner experiences and oneself.
2. Introversion – characterized by direction of interest toward oneself and one’s inner world
of experiences. Introverts, in contrast, tend to be more reserved, less outgoing, and less sociable.
3. Ambiversion – is a balance of extrovert and introvert characteristics. An ambivert is
normally comfortable with groups and enjoys social interaction, but also relishes time alone and
away from the crowd.
4. Neuroticism – persons high in neuroticism react intensely and are generally moody,
touchy, depressed, sensitive and anxious or nervous. They respond more poorly to
environmental stress, and are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening, and
minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult.
5. Psychoticism – is characterized by cold cruelty, social insensitivity, disregard for danger,
troublesome behavior, dislike of others and an attraction towards unusual. A person high on

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 12
psychoticism tends to be impulsive, aggressive individual without appreciable concern for
others.

PSYCHOPATHIC BEHAVIOR – The second groups of abnormal behaviors typically

stemmed from immature and distorted personality development, resulting in persistent
maladaptive ways of perceiving and thinking. People with psychopathic behaviors are also called
sociopaths or psychopaths. Some common characteristics are:
 absence of a conscience
 emotional immaturity
 absence of a life plan
 lack of capacity for love and emotional involvement
 failure to learn from experience

 Further, they are generally called “personality or character disorders”. These

groups of disorders are composed of the following:

PERSONALITY DISORDERS

Personality disorders, formerly referred to as character disorders, are a class

of personality types and behaviors defined as “an enduring pattern of inner experience and
behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the culture of the individual who
exhibits it”. This category includes those individuals who begin to develop a maladaptive
behavior pattern early in childhood as a result of family, social, and cultural influences.

TYPES OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS

1. PARANOID PERSONALITY
 This is characterized by suspiciousness, hypersensitivity, rigidity, envy, excessive
self-importance, and argumentativeness plus a tendency to blame others for one's
own mistakes and failures and to ascribe evil motives to others.
2. SCHIZOID PERSONALITY
 Individuals with this personality disorder neither deserve nor enjoy close
relationship. They live a solitary life with little interest in developing friendships.
They exhibit emotional coldness, detachment, or a constricted affect.
 characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency towards a
solitary lifestyle, secretiveness, and emotional coldness.
3. SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY
 Individuals with this type of personality disorder exhibit odd behaviors based on a
belief in magic or superstition and may report unusual perceptual experiences.
4. HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY
 this is characterized by attempt to be the center of attention through the use of
theatrical and self-dramatizing behavior. Sexual adjustment is poor and
interpersonal relationships are stormy.

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 13
  Characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking, including an
excessive need for approval and inappropriate seductiveness, usually beginning in
early adulthood.
5. NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY
 Individuals with this type of personality have a pervasive sense of self-importance.
 A disorder and its derivatives can be caused by excessive praise and criticism in
childhood, particularly that from parental figures.
6. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY
 This is characterized by a lifelong history of inability to conform to social norms. They
are irritable and aggressive" and may have repeated physical fights. These individuals
also have a high prevalence of morbid substance abuse disorders.
7. BORDERLINE PERSONALITY
 this is characterized by instability, reflected in drastic mood shifts and behavior
problems. Individuals with this type of personality are acutely sensitive to real or
imagined abandonment and have a pattern of repeated unstable but intense
interpersonal relationships that alternate between extreme idealization and
devaluation. Such individuals may abuse substances or food, or be sexually
promiscuous.
8. AVOIDANT PERSONALITY
 Individuals with this personality are fearful of becoming involved with people because
of excessive fears of criticism or rejection.
9. DEPENDENT PERSONALITY
 This is characterized by inability to make even daily decisions without excessive advice
and reassurance from others and needs others to assume responsibility for most major
areas of his or her life.
10. COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY
 This is characterized by excessive concern with rules, order efficiency, and work coupled
with insistence that everyone do things their way and an inability to express warm
feelings.
11. PASSIVE-AGGRESSIVE PERSONALITY
 The individual with personality disorder is usually found to have overindulged in many
things during the early years to the extent that the person comes to anticipate that his
needs will always be met and gratified.

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORIES

ALBERT BANDURA- he urges that personality is shaped not only by the environment
influences on the person, but also by the person’s ability to influence the environment. Social
learning- states that thinking is an important determinant of behavior

LEARNING THEORIES

KAREN HORNEY’S ANXIETY THEORY

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 14
  HORNEY’S is a American psychoanalyst who developed this theory. She was a major
neo-freudian, who revised some of Freuds theories and gave greater attention to cultural
influences.
 She was a pioneer in the development of feminine psychology.
 The central concept of this theory is the social influence in the development of a child.
These include parental threats and dominion, tension and conflict between parents,
being required to do too much and mistrusted, criticism, coldness, indifference,
etc..which the child deals within certain ways forming pattern of “neurotic
needs”. The neurotic need for affection and approval is developed if the child learns to
cope with anxiety.

3 WORST CASES OF PERSONALITY DISORDER

1. SEVERE ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER

 Extreme forms of Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) may involve persons who
repeatedly violate others’ rights through dishonesty, manipulation, hostility, or even
criminal activity.
 People affected by this disorder are devoid of empathy, regret, and consideration. They
occasionally engage in violent or criminal activity, which increases their risk of
incarceration.

2. SEVERE BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER

 People who have borderline personality disorder (BPD) struggle to maintain healthy
relationships and are extremely emotionally unstable.
 In severe circumstances, someone with BPD may self-harm, endure significant mood
fluctuations, or have frequent suicide thoughts or attempts.
 They frequently struggle with emotion regulation, and their impulsive, careless, or
violent behavior can have a serious negative effect on their relationships and personal
life.

3. SEVERE NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY DISORDER

 People with severe narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) have an exaggerated sense of
self-importance, an ongoing need for adulation, and little empathy for other people.
 Extreme NPD patients may take advantage of or manipulate people in order to keep
feeling in charge and superior.
 Their inability to take criticism or disappointments in stride can result in fury,
aggressiveness, or withdrawal, which puts further stress on their interpersonal
interactions and social functioning.

https://longevity.technology/lifestyle/3-worst-personality-disorder-you-need-to-know/

WHAT CAUSES PERSONALITY DISORDERS?

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 15
  Personality disorders are among the least understood mental health conditions.
Scientists are still trying to figure out the cause of them. So far, they believe the following
factors may contribute to the development of personality disorders:

1. Genetics: Scientists have identified a malfunctioning gene that may be a

factor in obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Researchers are also
exploring genetic links to aggression, anxiety and fear, which are traits that
can play a role in personality disorders.
2. Brain changes: Researchers have identified subtle brain differences in
people with certain personality disorders. For example, findings in studies
on paranoid personality disorder point to altered amygdala functioning. The
amygdala is the part of your brain that’s involved with processing fearful and
threatening stimuli. In a study on schizotypal personality disorder,
researchers found a volumetric decrease in the frontal lobe of their brain.
3. Childhood trauma: One study revealed a link between childhood traumas
and the development of personality disorders. People with borderline
personality disorder, for example, had especially high rates of childhood
sexual trauma. People with borderline and antisocial personality disorders
have issues with intimacy and trust, both of which may be related
to childhood abuse and trauma.
4. Verbal abuse: In one study, people who experienced verbal abuse as
children were three times as likely to have borderline, narcissistic, obsessive-
compulsive or paranoid personality disorders in adulthood.
5. Cultural factors: Cultural factors may also play a role in the development
of personality disorders, as demonstrated by the varying rates of personality
disorders between different countries

SOME OF THE FILIPINO TRAITS

1. BAHALA NA- it implies completes trust. It also means resignation for whatever lot he
has in life.
2. SMOOTH INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS- the facility of getting along with others
in such a way as to avoid outward signs of conflicts, gloomy or sour locks, harsh words.
(pakikisama)
3. MANANA HABIT – this means procrastination. Putting off for the next day what they
can do for the day.
4. NINGAS COGON- defined as enthusiasm which is intense only at the start but
gradually fades away.
5. UTANG NA LOOB- defined as a debt of gratitude, it is considered to be an negative
traits by many, which sometimes a deterrent to progress, as one my forego opportunities’
just to be with or do something whom you owe a debt of gratitude.
6. HIYA- it is kind of anxiety, a fear of being left, exposed, unprotected and unaccepted.
7. HOSPITALITY- refers to the warm welcome that the Filipino gives to visitors who
come to his or her home especially strangers and foreigners.

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 16
 8. COMPADRE SYSTEM- refers to the attitude of Filipino family to use established
relationship for protection and for acquiring necessary position or reward even if such is
not due them by way of basic rules.

NEEDS, DRIVES AND MOTIVATIONS

 Drives are aroused state that results from some biological needs. The aroused condition
motivates the person to remedy the need.
 Needs are the triggering factor that drives or moves a person to act. It is a psychological
state of tissue deprivation.
 Motivation on the other hand refers to the causes and “why’s” of behavior as required
by a need.
 Drive and motivation covers all of psychology, they energizes behavior and give its
direction to man’s action. For example, a motivated individual is engaged in a more
active, more vigorous, and more effective that unmotivated one, thus a hungry person
directs him to look for food.

FRUSTRATION IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Frustration refers to the situation which blocks the individual’s motivated behavior.
Sustained frustration may be characterized by anxiety, irritability, fatigue or depression.

COPING MECHANISM
 It is defined as the way people react to frustration. People differ in the way they react to
frustration. This could be attributed to individual differences and the way people
prepared in the developmental task they faced during the early stages of their life.

Frustration Tolerance - It is the ability to withstand frustration without developing

inadequate modes of response such as being emotionally depressed or irritated, becoming
neurotic, or becoming aggressive.

Broad Reactions to Frustration

1. Fight – is manifested by fighting the problem in a constructive and direct way by means
of breaking down the obstacles preventing the person reaching his goals.
2. Flight – it can be manifested by sulking, retreating, becoming indifferent and giving up.

Different Types of Reaction to Frustration

 Direct approach - can be seen among people who handle their problems in a very
objective way. They identify first the problem, look for the most practical and handy way
to solve it, and proceeded with the constructive manner of utilizing the solution which
will produce the best results.
 Detour - when an individual realizes that in finding for the right solution of the
problem, he always end up with a negative outcome or result. Thus, he tries to make a
detour or change direction first and find out if the solution or remedy is there.

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 17
  Substitution - most of time are resulted to in handling frustration when an original
plan intended to solve the problem did not produce the intended result, thus the most
practical way to face the problem, is to look for most possible or alternative means.
 Withdrawal or retreat - is corresponding to running away from the problem or
flight which to some is the safest way.
 Developing feeling of inferiority - comes when a person is unable to hold on to
any solution which gives a positive result. Being discourage to go on working for a way
to handle a frustration could result to diminishing self-confidence, until the time when
inferiority complex sets in.
 Aggression - is a negative outcome of a person's inability to handle frustration rightly.
Manifestation in physical behavior can be observed in one's negative attitudes towards
life both in the personal and professional aspect.
 Defense Mechanism – is an unconscious psychological process that serves as safety
valve that provides relief from emotional conflict and anxiety.

COMMON DEFENSE MECHANISMS

 Displacement - strong emotion, such as anger, is displaced onto another person or

object as the recipient of said emotion (anger), rather than being focused on the person
or object which originally was the cause of said emotion.
 Rationalization - is the defense mechanism that enables individuals to justify their
behavior to themselves and others by making excuses or formulating fictitious, socially
approved arguments to convince themselves and others that their behavior is logical and
acceptable
 Compensation - is the psychological defense mechanism through which people
attempt to overcome the anxiety associated with feelings of inferiority and inadequacy in
one is of personality or body image, by concentrating on another area where they can
excel.
 Projection - manifest feelings and ideas which are unacceptable to the ego or the
superego and are projected onto others so that they seem to have these feelings or ideas,
which free the individual from the guilt and anxiety associated with them.
 Reaction formation - is defined as the development of a trait or traits which are the
opposite of tendencies that we do not want to recognize. The person is motivated to act
in a certain way, but behaves in the opposite way. Consequently, he is able to keep his
urges and impulses under control.
 Denial – when a person uses this, he refuses to recognize and deal with reality because
of strong inner needs.
 Identification - an individual seeks to overcome his own feelings of inadequacy,
loneliness, or inferiority by taking on the characteristics of someone who is important to
him. An example is a child who identifies with his parents who are seen as models of
intelligence, strength and competence.
 Substitution - through this defense mechanism, the individual seeks to overcome
feelings of frustration and anxiety by achieving alternate goals and gratifications.
 Fantasy - this is resulted to whenever unfulfilled ambitions and unconscious drives do
not materialize.

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 18
  Regression – a person reverts to a pattern of feeling, thinking or behavior which was
appropriate to an earlier stage of development.
 Sublimation – is the process by which instinctual drives which consciously
unacceptable are diverted into personally and socially accepted channels. It is a positive
and constructive mechanism for defending against own unacceptable impulses and
needs.

“BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS”

 PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDER
A disorder in which the physical illness is considered to be highly associated with
o
emotional factors. The individual may not perceive that his emotional state is
contributing to his physical illness.
 NEUROSIS
o Neurosis is a class of functional mental disorders involving distress but neither
delusions nor hallucinations, whereby behavior is not outside socially acceptable
norms. The distinguishing feature of neurosis is a sustained characteristic of
showing anxiety, fear, endless troubles that carries significant aspects of the
individual’s life.

THE NEUROTIC BEHAVIOR

 The group of mild functional personality disorders in which there is no gross personality
disorganization and the individual is not required for hospitalization. People with
neurotic behaviors are sometimes called psychoneurotic.
 Further, neurosis embraces a wide range of behaviors that are considered the core of
most maladaptive life style. Basic to this neurotic lifestyle are:

Neurotic Behaviors are composed of the following disorders:

Anxiety disorders - These are commonly known as “neurotic fear”. When it is occasional
but intense, it is called “panic”. When it is mild but continuous, it is called “worry”.
 Anxiety disorders are blanket terms covering several different forms of abnormal and
pathological fear and anxiety. People experience excessive levels of the kind of negative
emotions that we identify as being nervous, tense, worried, scared, and anxious. These
terms all refer to anxiety.

They are considered as the central feature of all neurotic patterns. They are characterized by:

Anxiety disorders are grouped as:

A. Obsessive-compulsive disorders – When an individual is compelled to think about

something that he do not want to think about or carry out some action against his will.

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 19
 - OBSESSION – This is an anxiety provoking thoughts that will not go away. Thoughts
and impulses which occur in the person’s mind despite attempts to keep them out. They
seem uncontrollable, as if they do not belong to the individual's mind.
- COMPULSION – It is an urge wherein a person is compelled to perform some actions
against his free will and with duress as a result of external factors. This is an irresistible
urge to engage in certain pattern of behavior.

Examples of compulsion
 Arithomania – the impulse to count anything.
 Dipsomania – the impulse to drink liquor.
 Homicidal mania – the impulse to kill.
 Kleptomania – the impulse to steal.
 Megalomania – the impulse for fame or power.
 Pyromania – the impulse to set fire.
 Suicidal mania – the impulse to take one’s life.

b. Asthenic Disorders (Neurasthenia) – An anxiety disorder characterized by

chronic mental and physical fatigue and various aches and pains.
c. Phobic Disorders – the persistent fear on some objects or situation that present no
actual danger to the person.

- PHOBIAS- this is an intense, unrealistic fear. In this case, anxiety is focused so

intensely on some objects or situations that the individual is acutely uncomfortable
around it and will often go to great pain to avoid it.

TYPES OF PHOBIAS
 Acrophobia - high places
 Agoraphobia - open spaces and market places
 Malgophobia - pain
 Astraphobia - storms, thunder, and lightning
 Gynophobia – fear of dogs
 Claustrophobia - closed places
 Hematophobia - blood
 Mysophobia - contamination or germs
 Monophobia - being alone
 Nyctophobia - darkness
 Ochlophobia - crowds
 Hydrophobia - water
 Pathophobia - disease
 Pyrophobia - fire
 Syphilophobia - syphilis
 Zoophobia - animals or some particular animals

SOMATOFORM DISORDERS

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 20
 - Complains of bodily symptoms that suggest the presence of physical problem but no
organic basis can be found. The individual is pre-occupied with his state of health or
diseases.
 "Soma" means body, and somatoform disorders involve a neurotic pattern in which the
individuals complain of bodily symptoms that suggest the presence of a physical
problem, but for which no organic basis can be found. Such individuals are typically
preoccupied with their state of health and with various presumed disorders or diseases of
bodily organs.

Somatoform disorders are grouped as:

a. Hypochondriasis – the excessive concern about the state of health or physical

condition (multiplicity about illness).
b. Psychogenic Pain Disorder – characterize by the report of severe and lasting pain.
Either no physical basis is apparent or the reaction is greatly in excess of what would be
expected from the physical abnormality.
c. Conversion Disorders (Hysteria) – a neurotic pattern in which symptoms of
some physical malfunction or loss of control without any underlying organic abnormality.

Sensory Symptoms of Hysteria:

1. Anesthesia – loss of sensitivity
2. Hyperesthesia – excessive sensitivity
3. Hypesthesia – partial loss of sensitivity
4. Analgesia – loss of sensitivity to pain
5. Paresthesia - exceptional sensations

Motor Symptoms of Hysteria

1. Paralysis – selective loss of function

2. Astasia-abasia – inability to control leg when standing
3. Aphonia – partial inability to speak
4. Mutism – total inability to speak

“DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS” - A response to obvious stress characterized by:

1. Amnesia – partial or total inability to recall or identify past experiences.

 Brain pathology amnesia – total loss of memory and it cannot be
retrieved by simple means. It requires long period of medication.
 Psychogenic amnesia – failure to recall stored information and still they
are beneath the level of consciousness but “forgotten material”.

2. Multiple Personality – also called “dual personalities”. The person manifests two
or more symptoms of personality usually dramatically different.

3. Depersonalization – loss of sense of self or the so-called out of body experience.

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 21
AFFECTIVE DISORDERS
- The affective disorders are “mood disorders”, in which extreme or inappropriate
levels of mood – extreme elation or extreme depression.

Forms of affective disorders:

a. Neurotic affective – also called “neurotic mania”, characterized by overactive,

dominating, and deficient in self-criticism.
b. Neurotic depression – sadness and dejection (grave sadness), the individual often fails
to return to normal after a reasonable period of time resulting to high level of anxiety and lowers
self-confidence and loss of initiative.
c. Major depressive disorders – also called “severe affective disorders” with the
following classifications:

1. Sub-acute major depressive disorders – symptoms of this depressive disorder

includes loss of enthusiasm, feeling of dejection, feeling of failure and unworthiness, fatigue
and loss of appetite.
2. Acute major depressive disorder – symptoms includes mild hallucinations, feeling of
guilt, want to be alone, and increasingly inactive.
3. Depressive stupor – a severe degree of psychomotor retardation, almost unresponsive,
refuse to speak, and confusions or hallucinations.

THE PSYCHOTIC BEHAVIOR

 The group of disorders involving gross structural defects in the brain tissue, severe
disorientation of the mind thus it involves loss of contact with reality. People suffering
from psychotic behaviors (psychosis) are also called psychotic. They are regarded as
the most severe type of mental disorder.
 A psychotic has tensions that disturb thinking, feeling and sensing; the perception of
reality is distorted. He may have delusions and hallucinations.

1. Organic Mental Disorders - this occurs when the normal brain has been damage resulted
from any interference of the functioning of the brain.

Types of Organic Mental Disorders:

a. Acute brain disorder – caused by a diffuse impairment of the brain function. Its
symptoms range from mild mood changes to acute delirium.
b. Chronic brain disorder – the brain disorder that result from injuries, diseases,
drugs, and a variety of other conditions. Its symptoms include impairment of
orientation (time, place and person), impairment of memory, learning,
comprehension and judgment, emotion and self-control.

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 22
Groups of Organic Mental Disorders
a. Delirium – the severe impairment of information processing in the brain affecting
the basic process of attention, perception, memory and thinking.
b. Dementia – deterioration in intellectual functioning after completing brain
maturation. The defect in the process of acquiring knowledge or skill, problem
solving, and judgment.
c. Amnestic Syndrome – the inability to remember on going events more than a
few minutes after they have taken place.
d. Hallucinosis – the persistent occurrence of hallucinations, the false perception
that arise in full wakefulness state. This includes hallucinations on visual and
hearing or both.
e. Organic Delusional Syndrome – the false belief arising in a setting of known
or suspected brain damage.
f. Organic Affective Syndrome – the extreme/severe manic or depressive state
with the impairment of the cerebral function.
g. Organic Personality Syndrome – the general personality changes following
brain damage.
h. General Paresis – also called “dementia paralytica”, a syphilitic infection of the
brain and involving impairment of the CNS.

2. Disorders Involving Brain Tumor - A tumor is a new growth involving abnormal

enlargement of body tissue. Brain tumor can causes variety of personality alterations, and it may
lead to any neurotic behavior and consequently to psychotic behavior.

3. Disorders Involving Head Injury - Injury to the head as a result of falls, blows, and
accidents causing sensory and motor disorders; and mental disorder such as:

a. Retrograde Amnesia – the inability to recall events preceding immediately the

injury.
b. Intra-cerebral Hemorrhage – gross bleeding at the site of damage.
c. Petechial Hemorrhage – small spots of bleeding at the site of damage.
d.
- These injuries may also impair language and other related sensory motor functions and may
result to brain damage such as:

1. Auditory Asphasia – loss of ability to understand spoken words.

2. Expressive Asphasia – loss of ability to speak required words.
3. Nominal Asphasia – loss of ability to recall names of objects.
4. Alexia – loss of ability to read.
5. Agraphia – loss of ability to express thoughts in writing
6. Apraxia – loss of ability to perform simple voluntary acts.

4. Senile and Pre-senile Dementia

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 23
 a. Senile Dementia – mental disorder that is accompanied by brain degeneration due
to old age.
b. Pre-senile Dementia – mental disorder associated with earlier degeneration of the
brain.
5. Mental Retardation - A mental disorder characterized by sub-average general
functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior.
- It is a common mental disorder before the age of 18. The person is suffering from low I.Q,
difficulty in focusing attention and deficiency in past learning.

Levels of Mental Retardation

a. Mild Mental Retardation (I.Q. 52-67) - “educable”
b. Moderate Mental Retardation (I.Q. 36-51) - “trainable”
c. Severe mental Retardation (I.Q. 20-35) - “dependent retarded”
d. Profound Mental Retardation (I.Q. under 20) – life support retarded”

 Idiot – an offensive term in a now disused classification system for somebody with an
IQ of about 25 or under and a mental age of less than 3 years.
 Imbecile – somebody with an IQ between 25 and 50 and a mental age of between 3 and
7 years.
 Moron – an offensive term that deliberately insults somebody's intelligence.

6. Schizophrenia and Paranoia Schizophrenia – refers to the group of psychotic

disorders characterized by gross distortions of reality, withdrawal of social interaction,
disorganization and fragmentation of perception, thoughts and emotion. It also refers to
terms such as “mental deterioration”, “dementia praecox”, or “split mind”.

A psychotic condition marked by withdrawal from reality, indifference concerning

everyday problems, and tendency to live in a world of fantasy.
Formerly called dementia praecox by Emil Kreaplin, a German psychiatrist.
The term schizophrenia was given by Eugene Bleuler which literally means
“splitting of minds”.

Types of Schizophrenia

1. Simple Schizophrenia – is characterized by a gradual decline of interest and

ambition. The person withdraws from social contacts as well as irritable and inattentive.
2. Paranoid Schizophrenia – is characterized principally by delusions of persecutions
and/or grandeur. Hallucinations, usually auditory, are most of time present.
3. Hebephrenic Schizophrenia – manifests severe integration of personality and can
be observed through inappropriate giggling and smiling without apparent reasons
which to an untrained observer may only be childish playfulness.
4. Catatonic Schizophrenia – manifests extreme violence and shown with excessive
motor activity, grimacing, talkativeness and unpredictable emotional outburst.

Other Groups of Human Disorders

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 24
 A. Addictive Groups of Disorders - This group of disorders includes substance use,
obesity and pathological gambling.
1. Substance Use (Alcohol and Drug Abuse) Alcoholism or “problem drinking” is
an addictive source of human disorders.
2. Extreme obesity – also known as “habitual over eating” is an addictive form of
disorder. It is a life threatening disorder, resulting in such conditions as diabetes, high blood
pressures and other cardiovascular diseases that can place an individual at high risk of heart
attack.

NOTES IN CRIMINOLOGY-3 25