GROUP 1

ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE 19TH CENTURY

Philippines was a colony of Spain for more than 300 years.
LAISSEZ FARE - “leave alone” / Trade policy that does not restrict imports or exports / -Key part of free-market capitalism
PORTS – TRADE / change of mercantilisim economy to Laissez faire economy began.
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT - Rivalry between Friars and Tenants became one of the motivators of Rizal to call for reforms o the church. Lack of concern of
the government officals simply motivated Rizal to call for education of his fellow Filipinos
ILUSTRADOS – the enlightened ones / instrumental in creation of propaganda movement / The Rapid Spread of Higher Education
JESUITS - responsible for the creation of the Escuela Normal de Maestros and Ateneo de Municipal / humanistic form of education. / the reasons why Rizal left
the Philippines.
GROUP 2
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT AND LA SOLIDARIDAD
PROPAGANDA - The spreading of ideas, information, or rumor for the purpose of helping or injuring an institution, a cause, or a person
THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT - First Filipino nationalist movement / Led by a Filipino elite inspired by the protonationalist activism of figures such as José
Burgos / Assimilationist movement / Same rights accorded to Spanish citizens
LA SOLIDARIDAD - Newspaper based in Barcelona and later Madrid,/ Founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena,
December 13, 1888 / published in 1889 /The paper sought to put political pressure on the Spanish government
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA – first editor of la soli / he is chosen as editor because he had already reputation
RETANA - wrote an article in La Epoca which is an anti-filipino newspaper in madrid
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR – in 1890, he became the owner of la soli
Election produced slipts ; RIZALISTAS & PILARISTAS
MEMBERS –
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA ( DIEGO LAURA)
JOSE RIZAL( LAONG LAAN)
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR ( PLARIDEL )
ANTONIO LUNA (TAGA-ILOG)
MARIANO PONCE (TIGBALANG)
JOSE MARIA PANGANIBAN (JOMAPA)
IMPACTS OF LA SOLI – serves as a platform / basis of revolutionary movement / became known as the propaganda movement

GROUP 5
NOLI ME TANGERE
SILHOUETTE OF A FILIPINA
• It was popular belief that the silhouette of the woman in the cover of Noli Me Tangere is the unfortunate Maria Clara, Crisostomo Ibarra’s lover or as the “Inang
Bayan” to whom Rizal dictates the novel.
A MAN IN A CASSOCK WITH HAIRY FEET
• This symbolism at the lower part of the cover is to be a representation for priests using religion in a dirty way, specifically Padre Damaso.
HELMET OF THE GUARDIA CIVIL/CONSTABULARY HELMET
• A self-evident take on the arrogance of those in authority.
WHIP/CORD
• The cruelties and abuses of the Spaniards and friars present in the novel best explains the symbol Rizal used in the cover.
FLOGS
• Another symbolism for cruelties just like the whip, this also symbolizes the cruelties of the Guardia Civil. It is a representation of Jesus Christ’s scourging before
his imminent crucifixion
A LENGTH OF CHAIN
• Rizal’s representation of slavery and imprisonment.
BAMBOO STALKS
• One thing comes to mind when bamboo stalks are talked about: Resilience. Filipinos can still stand tall and firm despite the sufferings.
CROSS
• It was a representation of suffering and death. It also represent a grave. Magnifies the discrimination towards Filipinos, Chinese Mestizos and Spaniards during
this time towards a proper burial.
BURNING TORCH
• A reference to the Olympic torch, it tells everyone the beginning of the defense of honors and the start of proving themselves worthy of victory. Pertains to the
awakening of Filipino consciousness.
POMELO BLOSSOMS AND LAUREL LEAVES
• They roughly represent faith, honor and fidelity. Pomelo blossoms are utilized as loose variety or a mixture of dried flower petals and spices used to scent the air.
It is commonly used in prayers and cleansing. The laurel leaves, also known as bay leaves, are used as crowns during the Ancient Greek Olympics wherein the
most excellent of the finest are treated as heroes. These three virtues that Rizal represented as two plants want to embody by the Filipinos in this time.
SUNFLOWERS
• A unique behavior in sunflowers, known as phototropism, is a motif that has appeared in many ancient myths and is viewed as a symbol of loyalty and constancy.
CHARACTERS
JUAN CRISOSTOMO IBARRA
• The protagonist of the novel, Ibarra is a young Filipino who returns to the Philippines after studying in Europe. He aims to bring progress and reforms to his
hometown of San Diego but faces opposition from the Spanish friars and government officials.
MARIA CLARA
• Ibarra's love interest and the daughter of Capitán Tiago, a wealthy Filipino businessman. Maria Clara is a symbol of purity and innocence but is tragically caught
in the conflicts between her family and the oppressive colonial system.
ELIAS
• A mysterious and noble figure who befriends Ibarra. Elias represents the oppressed Filipino masses and becomes a key ally in Ibarra's quest for justice and
reform.
PADRE DAMASO
• The parish priest of San Diego and a symbol of the corrupt and abusive friars who wield power and influence over the town. Padre Dámaso opposes Ibarra's
reforms and becomes his primary antagonist.
CAPITAN TIAGO
• Maria Clara's father and a wealthy Filipino who is deeply indebted to the colonial authorities. Capitán Tiago is torn between his desire to maintain his social
status and his loyalty to his daughter and friends.
PADRE SALVI
• Another friar in San Diego who is ambitious and manipulative. Padre Salvi is involved in various intrigues and schemes to maintain his power and authority.
DONA VICTORINA DE LOS REYES
• A vain and pretentious woman who aspires to be European. Doña Victorina is married to Don Tiburcio de Espadaña, a Spanish pharmacist, and represents the
Filipinos who seek to assimilate into Spanish culture.
SISA
• A poor woman who suffers from the loss of her sons and is driven to madness by the injustices of society. Sisa's tragic story highlights the plight of the
marginalized and oppressed in colonial Philippines.
BASILIO AND CRISPIN
• Sisa's sons who work as servants for a cruel landlord. They endure abuse and exploitation, symbolizing the
vulnerability of Filipino youth under colonial rule.
CHAPTERS
Chapter 1: A Gathering
• In late October, Don Santiago de los Santos (otherwise known as Capitan Tiago), hosted a dinner at his house on Anloague Street. The descriptions of the house
could be likened to the status of Philippine society under Spanish rule. Among the characters we meet are a Teniente Guevara, Padre Sibyla (Dominican) and Padre
Damaso (Franciscan). Padre Damaso spent 20 years as parish priest in San Diego. The angry conversation between Padre Damaso and the soldier reveals that a
good man, whose son was in Europe, died. His body was exhumed by the San Diego parish priest and ordered buried elsewhere.
Chapter 2: Crisostomo Ibarra
• We meet Juan Crisostomo Ibarra y Magsalin, the son of the late Don Rafael Ibarra (the man whose body was
exhumed). Crisostomo gets confused when Padre Damaso, the friar whom Crisostomo thought was a close friend of his deceased father, said that Don Rafael was
never a close friend of his. Fortunately, the soldier had kinder words to say about Don Rafael. Another good friend of Don Rafael, Capitan Tinong of Tondo,
invited Crisostomo for tomorrow's lunch. Crisostomo declined, saying he was leaving for San Diego the following day.
Chapter 03: The Dinner
• Capitan Tiago ordered tinola served. It was a dish which Ibarra had not eaten in a long time because of his extended stay in Europe. Tinola contains chicken,
white squash and broth. Table conversation covered where Ibarra went (Northern Europe, Germany and Russian Poland), as well as newsworthy items learned by
Ibarra: "...the prosperity or the misery of a people is in direct proportion to its liberties or concerns, and consequently to the sacrifices or selfishness of its
ancestors."
• Padre Damaso belittled Ibarra's trips abroad saying that these were useless because what Ibarra learned could be also known without having to travel extensively.
• Instead of arguing with the friar, Ibarra left after graciously excusing himself from the crowd. Capitan Tiago tried to stop him, saying that Maria Clara was
coming soon, but Ibarra still left. Teniente Guevara followed him.
• One of the guests (a red-haired writer named Laruja) present will later write an article about how tinola can ruin a feast and why indios should not be allowed to
read or travel outside the Philippines.
Chapter 4: Heretic and Subversive
• Ibarra walks the streets of Manila and notes how nothing has changed in the past seven years. He is approached by Teniente Guevarra and learns for the first time
about what happened to his father, Don Rafael. An illiterate Spanish tax collector hurt a young boy who was making fun of him. Before he could inflict additional
pain on the boy, Don Rafael intervened. In the process, the tax collector was pushed and he died after his head hit a rock.
• Don Rafael was jailed, people who used to openly respect him came out and denounced him, while Padre Damaso branded him a heretic for not going to
confession.
• Teniente Guevarra tried to get Don Rafael out of jail, was chastised by others, but eventually succeeded in securing Don Rafael's release from prison. However,
Don Rafael died in jail.
Chapter 5: A Star in the Dark Night
• Ibarra asks to be brought to the Fonde de Lala hotel, where he fails to notice the noise and music coming from the house of Capitan Tiago (which can be seen
from Ibarra's hotel). He is bothered by thoughts or visions of his father, Don Rafael, suffering in jail and eventually dying there. In the house of Capitan Tiago,
people admire the beautiful Maria Clara. However, instead of Capitan Tiago beaming with pride, it is Padre Damaso who is seen smiling like someone most
fortunate.
• In this chapter, Rizal introduces a young Franciscan friar, Padre Salvi, parish priest of the town of San Diego.
Chapter 6: Capitan Tiago
• Capitan Tiago and Dona Pia have long been without child. Padre Damaso advised them to hear mass at Ubando (or Obando, Bulacan). Soon after, Dona Pia
conceived, but ever since became depressed. She died after giving birth to a baby girl, Maria Clara, who was raised by her aunt, Tia Isabel. Padre Damaso became
the godfather of the child, while Crisostomo Ibarra became a childhood friend of Maria Clara.
Chapter 7: Idyll in an Azotea
• Ibarra and Maria Clara get to speak privately in the azotea of Capitan Tiago's house. This is their first meeting after seven years. They exchanged proof that each
remembered the other one after all this time. When Maria Clara read the only letter Ibarra wrote to her, he suddenly remembered his dead father. It was nearing All
Souls Day so Ibarra excused himself and told Maria Clara that he will go to San Diego to take care of his father's grave.
Chapter 08: Memories
• After visiting Maria Clara, Ibarra proceeds to San Diego. Along the way, one thing is quite evident: After being away for seven years, Ibarra saw no changes
whatsoever.
Chapter 28: Nightfall
• Manila newspapers talk about the good things Ibarra has done and urge people to emulate him. In an attempt to be like Ibarra, Capitan Tiago planned to finance
(all by himself) the building of a convent. Maria Clara asks permission to go out with her girlfriends, along with Ibarra. Capitan Tiago asks her to come home early
because Padre Damaso was coming to their house for an early dinner.
• Capitan Tiago wanted Ibarra to settle his differences with Padre Damaso (supposedly over dinner), but Ibarra said that he was needed at his house because he was
expecting (hah!) a visitor.
• Anyway, getting back to Maria Clara's "outing" with her friends, she was of course chaperoned by Tia Isabel. They also pass by the house of Sinang (child of
Capitan Basilio) to invite her out as well.
• The group passes by the convent (Padre Damaso is there). They also see the house of the alferes. Sinang jokes that Padre Salvi should be the husband of Doña
Consolacion.
• They see a leper (ketongin). Maria Clara, moved by compassion, gives the leper a locket (given by Capitan Tiago) which contains a religious relic (agnos) -- a
piece of wood from the boat which Jesus rode thousands of years ago.
• The leper tearfully kisses the ground on which Maria Clara trod. Maria Clara also weeps a bit. She sees the insane Sisa walking around and Ibarra promises to
help Sisa. The chapter ends with the group returning home.
Chapter 35: The Luncheon
Ibarra returns to the school. On opposite ends of a long table sit Ibarra and the mayor. To the right of the young man sits Maria Clara; to his left, the scribe. Also
present are Capitan Tiago, the alferes, and the town captain. Capitan Tiago receives a telegram and learns that the Capitan Heneral will proceed to the house of
Capitan Tiago. Capitan Tiago leaves the luncheon and goes home immediately. The friars were hurt, but they did not say anything. The alferes, mayor and town
captain also received telegrams from the Capitan Heneral, who will arrive on the fourth.
People notice that Padre Damaso is not present. Talk turns to the sermon delivered by Padre Damaso, while Padre Salvi remains quiet and does not contribute to
the discussion. Children are with their parents, and talk centers around careers: should one be a priest or a doctor? As the luncheon comes to an end, Padre Damaso
arrives. He sits in front of the dining table and criticizes the architecture which Ibarra is proud of. Ibarra keeps quiet. Padre Damaso then belittles the mestizos and
indios in order to get at Ibarra. Again, Ibarra remains quiet. Padre Damaso then talks about Ibarra's father, Don Rafael, and laughs at the way Don Rafael died in
jail... He is unable to finish his sentence because Ibarra leaps at Padre Damaso, hits him on the head (Padre Damaso falls), then grabs a knife and warns people to
stay away. Padre Damaso stands up and Ibarra grabs him while asking if there was anyone in the crowd who did not love their father, or who hated even the
memory of their dad. Ibarra turns to the friar and asks him if he does not hear the deafening silence. Ibarra tells everyone present about the good things his father,
Don Rafael, has done. He asks the crowd if Padre Damaso is justified in tarnishing the memory of his father. The crowd remains silent. Ibarra raises the knife,
Maria Clara stops him. Ibarra drops the knife and runs away.
Chapter 36: The Comment
• News about what Ibarra did to Padre Damaso quickly spreads. Some people said that Padre Damaso was already dead. Others gossiped that Padre Damaso
figured in a fistfight with a Spanish mestizo, one of two who were from Manila. Yet others, like Don Felipo, were praising Ibarra. On the other hand, the town
captain was criticizing Ibarra for his lack of self-control. Some mothers were crying at the thought that Ibarra's soul was destined to go straight to hell. Other
women, like Capitana Maria, praised Ibarra. And yet others were certain that Ibarra was going to be excommunicated and also branded as a filibuster (filibustero).
Chapter 45: An Examination of Conscience
• Padre Salvi heard the confession of Maria Clara. Doctor De Espadaña, on the other hand, continued giving Maria Clara marshmallow syrup and boiled lichen.
After an hour, Maria Clara felt better. Doña Victorina attributed the healing process to her doctor husband's medication. After Padre Salvi heard Maria's confession
(again), he left her room looking pale and sweaty. (It's not what you think, folks!)
Chapter 46: The Fugitives
• Just as he told Ibarra, Elias goes to Tanauan Batangas to search for Capitan Pablo. He finds Pablo deep in the forest. Pablo has a head wound. Elias invites him to
live with him as father and son up in the north, but Pablo declines. Pablo cannot turn his away from the life of a fugitive. Elias asks Pablo not to commit violent
acts against the government before they first get the help of Ibarra. If after four days and the complaints of the people are brought to the Capitan Heneral and still
nothing happens, then Elias promised to join the rebel forces of Capitan Pablo.
Chapter 65: Epilogue
This lists what happened to the rest of the characters of the Noli.
• Padre Damaso accepts an assignment to be a parish priest in a distant province. He is found the following day, dead from a heart attack or a case of hypertension.
• Padre Salvi is seen regularly delivering sermons in the Sta. Clara convent (where Maria Clara is).
• Capitan Tiago ends up gambling and spending a lot of time in cockfighting arenas. He stopped regularly going to church after Maria Clara became a nun.
• Dona Victorina worsened as she tried harder to live the life of an Espanola, while De Espadaña was often seen without any false teeth.
• Linares died.
• The alferes, who became a 2nd Lieutenant, returned to Spain, leaving Donya Consolacion (who ended up an excessive smoker and alcoholic).
• A lot of people who lived near the lake died when a ship exploded on January 2, 1883. It's possible that some of the Noli characters were among those who
perished.
• Spanish guards saw Maria Clara, the nun standing on top of the convent roof one stormy evening, hoping to be hit by lightning. She is, according to the abbess or
Mother Superior, a crazy nun

GROUP 5
LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS – THE PHILIPPINE ISLAND, NAMED IN HONOR OF KING PHILLIP 2 OF SPAIN
SUCESOS – THE WORK OF AN HONEST OBSERVER, A VERSATILE BUREAUCRAT

SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS – ONE OF THE IMPORTANT WORKS / EXPLAINS THE POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL ASPECTS OF
A COLONIZER AND THE COLONIZED COUNTRY / THE BOOK IS BASED ON THE EXPERIENCE AND OBSERVATION OF ANTONIO DE MORGA /
ANOTATED BY JOSE RIZAL WITH A PROLOGUE BY BLUMENTRITT / CONSIST OF 8 CHAPTERS

ANTONIO DE MORGA – SPANISH SOLDIER, LAWYER AND A HIGH RANKING COLONIAL OFFICIAL FOR 43 YRS / PUBLISHED LAS ISLAS
FILIPINAS IN 1609

Morga has a definite bias and would often distort facts

Rizal was an earnest seeker of truth / had a burning desire / His theory was that the country was economically self-sufficient and prosperous. /his manuscript
published in Paris in January 1890. / Rizal felt Morga to be more "objective" / Morga, compared to religiouschroniclers, was more sympathetic to the indios
Rizal hand copied the whole 351 pages of the book, and annotated every chapter of it. It was the first historical work on the Philippines by a Filipino.

Rizals annotations: The people of the Philippines had a culture on their own / The people of the pre-Hispanic Philippines is advanced
3 main propositions ; Awaken the consciousness of the Filipinos / Correct what has been distorted / To proved that Filipinos are civilized

Ferdinand blumentritt – Australian Scholar, Ethnographer, and Historian. He wrote las islas filipinas in Spanish even though German