Chemical

Bonding
A chemical bond occurs when valence electrons between atoms or
molecules are rearranged to hold them together.

Chemical bonding involves the sharing or transfer of electrons between

atoms
Types of Bonding:
1. Covalent bonding – occurs between non-metals & involves sharing of
electrons between the non-metal atoms.
2. Ionic bonding – occurs between metals and non-metals & involves
transfer of electrons from the metal atom to non-metal atom.
3. Metallic bonding – occurs between metal atoms & involves sharing of
electrons between a lattice of metal atoms.
The octet rule dictates that atoms are most stable when their valence shells
are filled with eight electrons. Bonding accords bonding atoms to attain octet
rule.
Properties Of Covalent Bonding:
Consult Workbook Page 76 Plus,
a) Bonds generally strong – from 100 t0 1000 kj/mol
b) Covalent compounds generally have low melting & boiling points due
weak intermolecular forces between molecules.
c) Compounds often soluble in organic solvents(ethanol, acetone etc) but
not in water.
d) Compounds either polar or non-polar
e) Allows for multiple bonds like double and triple bonds which bring greater
stability and strength to the compound.

A Lewis diagram shows how the valence electrons are

distributed around the atoms in a molecule. Shared pairs of
electrons are drawn as lines between atoms, while lone pairs of
electrons are drawn as dots next to atoms.
A polar covalent bond is a covalent bond in which the atoms have an
unequal attraction for electrons, and so the sharing is unequal. In a
polar covalent bond, sometimes simply called a polar bond, the distribution of
electrons around the molecule is no longer even(symmetrical).

Although there are no hard and fast rules, the general rule is if
the difference in electronegativities is less than about 0.4, the
bond is considered nonpolar; if the difference is greater than
0.4, the bond is considered polar
WORKBOOK Pages 79-80
Properties Of Ionic Bonding:
a) Electrostatic attraction: strong electrostatic attraction between positively
charged metal ions and negatively charged non-metal ions.
b) High melting & boiling points due to strong electrostatic forces between
ions.
c) Solubility: Ionic often soluble in polar solvents such as water.
d) Conductivity: Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water
or melted as the charged ions are free to move carrying electric charges.
e) Ionic compounds are brittle.
f) Forms crystal lattice.

Metallic Bonding:
Metallic bonds result from the electrostatic attraction between metal cations
and delocalized electrons. The nature of metallic bonding accounts for many
of the physical properties of metals, such as conductivity and malleability
Properties Of Metallic Bonding:
a) High electric conductivity due to presence of delocalized electrons that
are free to move.
b) High thermal conductivity.
c) High melting & boiling point
d) Malleable & ductile
e) Luster due to free moving electrons reflecting light giving a shiny ,
lustrous appearance
f) Non-volatile, remain solids at room temperature
g) Good mechanical strength
h) High density primarily due the strong electrostatic attraction between
metal cations and delocalized electrons. This results in a regular
arrangement of a crystalline lattice structure.
Chemical
Formulae
Steps in writing Chemical Formulae:
1. Identify the chemical symbols of the elements in the compound.
2. Check the valency of each element using periodic table
3. Write the symbol for each element and its valence.
4. Check workbook page 89-90

Using stock notation: Check workbook page 90

Group of atoms: Check workbook page 91
Relative molecular mass: Check workbook
page 93
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bonding