Student: Estefania Diaz

Self-assessment questions page 121

5.4)
1. The water is not so deep, which means that it is easier to fish there.
2. The fish can do the photosynthesis in a easier way
3. It is easier for fishermen to fish on continental shelves because it is close/near
the coast.

5.5) During an El Niño event, there is a warming of sea surface temperatures in the central
and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. This warming disrupts the normal atmospheric and
oceanic circulation patterns. The warming of sea surface temperatures during El Niño
reduces the upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich waters along the Peruvian coast. Warmer waters
are less conducive to the growth of the phytoplankton that forms the base of the food
chain.As a result, the supply of nutrients and minerals to the surface waters is diminished.

Self-assessment questions page 123

5.7)
a- 1950 until 1972: the catches of anchoveta increase massively (overfishing)
b- 1973 until 1985: In these years, the overfishing declined, probably as a
consequence of the El Nino season.
c- 1986 until 1997: El Niño is over and the fish market has started to grow and
recover again.

5.8)
1. Coastal habitats are often converted for mariculture ponds or cages, leading
to habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity.
2. Not all species are suitable for mariculture, and the selection of species is
crucial for success. Many popular seafood species are carnivorous and
require a huge amount of food, making them less sustainable options.
3. Mariculture can facilitate the spread of diseases among farmed species, and
as a consequence the diseases can spread to wild populations.

5.9)
a- The environment: The maniculture only focused on specific species in controlled
environments, which means that mariculture reduces bycatch
b- Fishers: less risky conditions of work for fishing.
c- Consumers: Probably consumers find that the fish caught by this method are
healthier.

5.10) The overfished part occupies around 60% in the graph, which if we add it with
the depleted fishery which would be around 6/7% in total it would be 66/67%

Self-assessment questions page 128

5.11)
 Reason for over-fishing Possible solution

Large destructive nets Control of net types

Large diamond-meshed nets

Large boats Restrictions laws

Boats that can stay at sea for weeks Licensing and control by coastal boats

Satellite location of shoals Restrictions laws

Human population growth organize supplies by the gov

5.12) Big fishing operations are hard to manage because they're huge and don't
always follow the rules at ports. On the other hand, small fishing operations are
easier to handle because they're not as big and can be controlled more easily.