Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 60 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2021

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The exam is closed book and closed notes.
1. A Newtonian fluid of density ρ and viscosity μ fills the annular gap
between concentric cylinders as shown blow. The inner cylinder of
radius R1 is stationary, and the outer cylinder of radius R2 rotates steadily
at a constant angular speed ω. The flow between the cylinders is laminar
and incompressible. Assume steady, purely circulating motion, 2D flow,
circumferentially symmetric pressure, and neglect gravity. Simplify the
continuity and momentum equations and use appropriate boundary
conditions to determine the velocity distribution in the gap.

The equations of motion of an incompressible Newtonian fluid with constant

density and viscosity in cylindrical coordinates (r, θ, z) with velocity
components (vr, vθ, vz):
Continuity:
1𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
(𝑟𝑣𝑟 ) + (𝑣 ) + (𝑣𝑧 ) = 0
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜃 𝜕𝑧
r-momentum:
𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃2 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 1𝜕 1 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑟 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑟 2 𝜕𝑣𝜃
𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 − ) = 𝜌𝑔𝑟 − +𝜇[ ( (𝑟𝑣𝑟 )) + 2 + − ]
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃
θ-momentum:
𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 1 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 1𝜕 1 𝜕 2 𝑣𝜃 𝜕 2 𝑣𝜃 2 𝜕𝑣𝑟
𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 + ) = 𝜌𝑔𝜃 − +𝜇[ ( (𝑟𝑣𝜃 )) + 2 + + 2 ]
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
z-momentum:
𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑝 1𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑧 1 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑧 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑧
𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 ) = 𝜌𝑔𝑧 − +𝜇[ (𝑟 )+ 2 + ]
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑧 2

2. The drag F, on a sphere located in a pipe through which a fluid is flowing is to be determined
experimental. Assume that the drag is a function of sphere diameter, d, the pipe diameter, D, the
fluid velocity, V, and the fluid density, 𝜌. (a) What dimensionless parameters would you use for
this problem (don’t use D as a repeating variable)? (b) Some experiments using water indicated
for dm=0.2 in, Dm=0.5 in, and Vm=2 ft/s, the drag is 1.5x10-3 lb. Estimate the drag on a sphere
located in a 2 ft dimeter pipe trough which water is flowing with a velocity of 6 ft/s. The sphere
diameter is such that geometric similarity is maintained.
Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 60 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2021

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. A tank contains water at 20°C (ρ=998 kg/m3, μ=0.001 kg/m.s.) and has a drawn-capillary
outlet tube (ε=0.002 mm) at the bottom, as shown in the Figure below. Consider the minor
losses for the sharp entrance (Kentrance = 0.5) and open valve (Kvalve = 1.3), then find the
outlet volume flux Q in m3/h.

Energy equation:
𝑝 𝑉2 𝑝 𝑉2
( + + 𝑧) = ( + + 𝑧) + ℎ𝑓 + ∑ ℎ𝑚
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 1
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 2
Pipe flow:
𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓
𝑑 2𝑔
Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 60 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2021

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution 1:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1)
𝜕
1. Steady flow (𝜕𝑡 = 0)
2. Purely circumferential flow (vr=vz=0)
𝜕
3. 2D flow (𝜕𝑧 = 0)
𝜕𝑝
4. circumferentially symmetric pressure (𝜕𝜃 = 0)
5. Negligible gravity

ANALYSIS:
Continuity:
1 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
(𝑟𝑣𝑟 ) + (𝑣𝜃 ) + (𝑣𝑧 ) = 0
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
1 𝜕
0(2) + (𝑣𝜃 ) + 0(2) = 0
𝑟 𝜕𝜃

𝜕𝑣𝜃
(2)
𝜕𝜃
=0 (6)
θ-momentum:

𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃

𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 + )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝑟
1 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕 2 𝑣𝜃 𝜕 2 𝑣𝜃 2 𝜕𝑣𝑟
= 𝜌𝑔𝜃 − +𝜇[ ( (𝑟𝑣𝜃 )) + 2 + + 2 ]
𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝜕 1 𝜕
𝜌(0(1) + 0(2) + 0(6) + 0(2,3) + 0(2)) = 0(5) − 0(4) + 𝜇 [ ( (𝑟𝑣𝜃 )) + 0(6) + 0(3) + 0(2)]
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟

𝜕 1 𝜕 (2)
( (𝑟𝑣𝜃 )) = 0
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟
Integrate:
1 𝜕
(𝑟𝑣𝜃 ) = 𝐶1
𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕
(𝑟𝑣𝜃 ) = 𝐶1 𝑟 (1)
𝜕𝑟
Integrate again:
𝑟2
𝑟𝑣𝜃 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2
2
𝑟 𝐶2
𝑣𝜃 = 𝐶1 + (1)
2 𝑟
B.C.:

1) At r = R1, vθ = 0

2) At r = R2, vθ = R2ω
Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 60 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2021

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Replace:
𝑅1 𝐶2
0 = 𝐶1 +
2 𝑅1
𝑅2 𝐶2
𝑅2 𝜔 = 𝐶1 +
2 𝑅2
And find:
2𝜔
𝐶1 = (1)
𝑅 2
1 − ( 1)
𝑅2

−𝜔𝑅1 2
𝐶2 = (1)
𝑅 2
1 − (𝑅1 )
2
Substitute into the expression for 𝑣𝜃 :

𝜔𝑅1 𝑟 𝑅1
𝑣𝜃 = ( − ) (1)
𝑅1 2 𝑅1 𝑟
1− (𝑅 )
2
Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 60 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2021

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution 2:
a) Pi theorem
𝐹 = 𝑓(𝑑, 𝐷, 𝑉, 𝜌)
𝐹 =̇ 𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2 , 𝑑 =̇ 𝐿, 𝐷 =̇ 𝐿, 𝑉 =̇ 𝐿𝑇 −1 , 𝜌 =̇ 𝑀𝐿−1 𝑇 −3

𝑘−𝑟 = 5−3 =2 (1)

Repeating variables 𝑑, 𝑉, 𝜌

Π1 = 𝑑a 𝑉 𝑏 𝜌𝑐 𝐹 = (𝐿)𝑎 (𝐿𝑇 −1 )𝑏 (𝑀𝐿−3 )𝑐 (𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2 ) = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇 0

𝑀: 𝑐 + 1 = 0
𝐿: 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 3𝑐 + 1 = 0
𝑇: −𝑏 − 2 = 0
∴ 𝑎 = −2, 𝑏 = −2, 𝑐 = −1
𝑭
𝚷𝟏 = (3)
𝝆𝑽𝟐 𝒅𝟐

Π2 = 𝑑a 𝑉 𝑏 𝜌𝑐 𝐷 = (𝐿)𝑎 (𝐿𝑇 −1 )𝑏 (𝑀𝐿−3 )𝑐 (𝐿) = 𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇 0

𝑀: 𝑐 = 0
𝐿: 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑐 + 1 = 0
𝑇: −𝑏 = 0
∴ 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = 0, 𝑐 = 0
𝑫
𝚷𝟐 =
𝒅 (3)

𝑭 𝑫
∴ = 𝒇 ( )
𝝆𝑽𝟐 𝒅𝟐 𝒅

b) Similarity

𝐷𝑚 𝐷
=
𝑑𝑚 𝑑

𝑑𝑚 0.2 𝑖𝑛
𝑑=𝐷 = 2 𝑓𝑡 = 0.8 𝑓𝑡 (1)
𝐷𝑚 0.5 𝑖𝑛

𝐹 𝐹𝑚
=
2
𝜌𝑉 𝑑 2 𝜌𝑚 𝑉𝑚2 𝑑𝑚
2

2
𝜌 𝑉 2 𝑑 2 6 ft⁄s 0.8 𝑓𝑡 2
𝐹= ( ) ( ) 𝐹𝑚 = (1) ( ) ( ) (1.5 × 10−3 lb) = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟏 𝐥𝐛 (2)
𝜌𝑚 𝑉𝑚 𝑑𝑚 2 ft⁄s 0.2/12 𝑓𝑡
Name: ------------------ Exam 2 Time: 60 minutes

ME:5160 Fall 2021

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution 3:
The steady-flow energy equation, with 𝑃1 = 𝑃2 and 𝑉1 ≈ 0, gives

𝑃 𝑉2 𝑃 𝑉2
( + + 𝑧) = ( + + 𝑧) + ℎ𝑓 + ∑ ℎ𝑚
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 1
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 2

𝐿 𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑉2
∴ ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓 = (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ) − − 𝐾 − 𝐾
𝐷 2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 2𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 (2)

Hence,
𝑉2 𝐿
(𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ) = 1.8𝑚 ≈ (1 + 𝑓 + 𝐾𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 + 𝐾𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 )
2𝑔 𝐷
𝑉2 0.8
(1 + 𝑓 + 0.5 + 1.3) = 1.8
2𝑔 0.04
35.32
∴ 𝑉2 ≈ (3)
2.8 + 20𝑓
Calculate 𝜀/𝑑
𝜀 0.002 (1)
= = 0.00005
𝑑 40

Try initial guess of f = 0.015

35.32
𝑉=√ ≈ 3.375𝑚/𝑠
2.8 + 20 × 0.015
998 × 3.375 × 0.04 (1.5)
𝑅𝑒 = ≈ 135,000
0.001

Try second guess of f=0.0175,

35.32
𝑉=√ ≈ 3.349𝑚/𝑠
2.8 + 20 × 0.0175
998 × 3.349 × 0.04
𝑅𝑒 = ≈ 133,700 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 (1.5)
0.001

Thus,
𝜋
𝑉 ≈ 3.349𝑚/𝑠, Q= 4 0.042 × 3.349 = 0.004208𝑚3 /𝑠 ≈ 15.15𝑚3 /ℎ (1)