1.

**Physical Structure**: CDs are made of polycarbonate plastic with a reflective metallic layer
(usually aluminum) underneath and a protective layer on top. The data is stored as tiny pits on the
reflective layer.

2. **Data Encoding**: The data is encoded onto the CD using a process called "pits and lands."
These are microscopic indentations (pits) and flat areas (lands) on the reflective layer, which
represent binary data (0s and 1s).

3. **Reading Data**: To read data from a CD, a laser beam is directed onto the reflective layer. The
pits and lands on the surface cause the laser beam to reflect differently. A sensor detects these
reflections and converts them into digital signals, interpreting them as the original binary data.

4. **Writing Data**: In the case of recordable CDs (CD-Rs) and rewritable CDs (CD-RWs), a laser
beam is used to "burn" pits onto the reflective layer. For CD-Rs, this process is permanent, while for
CD-RWs, it can be reversed, allowing data to be erased and rewritten multiple times.

5. **Data Organization**: CDs organize data in a spiral track starting from the center and spiraling
outward. This track is divided into smaller sections called sectors, each capable of storing a fixed
amount of data.

DVD’s

DVDs (Digital Versatile Discs) are similar to CDs in many ways but with some key differences,
particularly in terms of storage capacity and data encoding. Here's how DVDs work:

1. **Physical Structure**: DVDs are also made of polycarbonate plastic with multiple layers. The
reflective layer in DVDs is usually made of a thinner layer of aluminum or a silver alloy. DVDs can
have single-layer or dual-layer configurations, with dual-layer DVDs having more storage capacity.

2. **Data Encoding**: DVDs use a more sophisticated data encoding method called "land and pit"
Instead of just pits and lands like CDs, DVDs use a combination of pits and lands along with variations
in the spacing between them. This allows DVDs to store more data in the same physical space
compared to CDs.

3. **Reading Data**: Similar to CDs, DVDs are read using a laser beam. The laser beam is directed
onto the reflective layer, and the variations in the reflection caused by the pits, lands, and spacing
changes are detected by a sensor. This data is then converted into digital signals for decoding.
4. **Writing Data**: Recordable DVDs (DVD-R, DVD+R) and rewritable DVDs (DVD-RW, DVD+RW,
DVD-RAM) work similarly to their CD counterparts. A laser is used to create or erase pits and lands
on the reflective layer, allowing data to be written, erased, and rewritten multiple times.

5. **Data Organization**: DVDs organize data in a spiral track, similar to CDs, but with tighter track
spacing and smaller sectors. This allows for higher data density and greater storage capacity
compared to CDs.

6. **Data Formats**: DVDs can store various types of data, including video, audio, software, and
general files. The most common DVD formats include DVD-Video (for movies), DVD-ROM (for
software and data storage), and DVD-Audio (for high-quality audio).

7. **Playback**: DVD players and drives use a laser assembly and sensor similar to CD players to
read the data from the disc. The player decodes the digital data and converts it into video and audio
signals for playback on a TV or computer monitor.

Overall, DVDs offer higher storage capacity and improved data encoding compared to CDs, making
them suitable for storing larger amounts of data, higher-quality video, and more complex software
applications.