Chem IB Topic 1 Test Review

Intro to stoichiometry:

-A chemical element is a single pure substance, made of only one type of atom

-Chemistry is a very exact subject, and it is important to be careful in distinguishing between upper and
lower case letters. For example, Co (cobalt, a metallic element) means something completely different
from CO (Carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas).

-A compound is a chemical combination of different elements, containing a fixed ratio of atoms. The
physical and chemical properties of a compound are different from those of its component elements.

-Native form elements: found in nature and is uncombined with other elements in nature

-A chemical equation shows:

Reactants  products

-Stoichiometric coefficients are used to denote the number of units in each term in the equation when
balancing the equation

-An equation by definition has to be balanced, so this will not be specified in the question, always check
to see if the equation given is balanced

-When a question refers to ‘heating’ a reactant or to ‘thermal decomposition’, this does not mean the
addition of oxygen, only that heat is the source of energy for the reaction. If the question refers to
‘burning’ or ‘combustion’, this indicates that oxygen is a reactant

Mixtures:

-A mixture is composed of two or more substances in which no chemical combination has occurred. A
mixture has no fixed composition.

-Homogeneous mixture: mixture has uniform composition and properties throughout. Aka solution

-Heterogeneous mixture: has a non uniform composition

Particles and stuff idk:

-depending on the chemical nature of the substance, matter may exist as atoms or molecules, or as ions.
The term ‘particle’ is used as an inclusive term that is applied to any of those listed.

-Kinetic theory: the average kinetic energy of the particles is directly related to the temperature of the
system

-Inner particle forces: the strength of forces that may exist between the particles that determine the
state of matter at a given temperature
-Diffusion is the process by which the particles of a substance become evenly distributed, as a result of
their random movement (occurs in mostly two states)

-Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance

- matter changes states reversibly:

-A mole is a fixed number of particles and refers to the amount of substance

-Avagadro’s constant: 6.02 x 10^23 is the number of particles in one mol of a substance (with units mol^-
1)

-a mol of any substance contains that Agovadro number of particles

-When doing multiplication or division, the answer is given to the same number of significant figures as
the data value with the least number of significant figures

-When doing addition or subtract, the answer is given to the same number of decimal places as the data
value with the least number of decimal places

-Isotopes: same number of protons, but different number of neutrons. The mass of an individual atom in
the sample is taken as a weighted average of these different masses.

-Relative atomic mass, A, is the weighted average of one atom of an element relative to one twelfth of an
atom carbon-12

-Relative atomic mass:

-Relative formula mass: adding all the relative atomic masses of all the atoms or ions present in its
formula. Relative term with no units.

-Relative molecular mass can only be applied to substances that exist as molecules which exists all ionic
compounds
-Relative formula mass (Mr) is the sum of the weighted average of the masses of the atoms in a formula
unit relative to one twelfth of an atom of carbon-12

-The molar mass of a substance M is its relative atomic mass, Ar, or its relative formula mass, Mr,
expressed in grams. Has units of g mol^-1

-One mol is the mass of substance that contains as many particles as there are atoms in 12 g of carbon-
12.

-calculating amount of moles in something:

-Empirical formula: the simplest whole number ratio of the elements in a compound

-calculating the percentage by mass of an element in a compound:

-molecular formulas: show all atoms present in a molecule, not simplified. It is a multiple of the
empirical formula

-Limiting reactant: the reactant that determines the quantity of products

-Excess reactant: the reactant that there is some left over after the products are formed

-Theoretical yield: the max amount of product obtainable, assuming 100% of the limiting reactant is
converted to product

-Experimental yield: the actual amount of product formed from the reaction

-Percentage yield: compares the experimental yield with the theoretical yield

Gas Stuff:

-Avogadro’s Law: equal volumes of all gases, when measured at the same temperature and pressure,
contain an equal number of particles

-Gas volume is determined only by the number of particles and the temperature and the pressure

-All gases under the same conditions have the same molar volume
-Molar volume: the volume occupied by one mole of any gas

-STP: a temperature of 273 K and a pressure of 100 kPa

-At STP, one mole of a gas has a volume of 2.27 x 10^-2 m^3 mol^-1 (about 22.7 dm^3 mol^-1)

-Calculating the amount of gas:

-Ideal gas model: gases ae a largely empty space containing free moving particles of negligible volume
having no inter particle forces (barely any gases actually fit this) <- ideal gasses fit this model

-All gases respond in the same way to changes in volume, pressure, and temperature when the mass of
gas is fixed (the gas laws)

1. Relationship between volume and pressure (Boyle’s Law):

 The volume of a gas is always the volume of its container as the particles spread
out fully
 The pressure of the gas is the result of the particles colliding with the walls of
the container (increases when the frequency or energy of these collisions
increases)
 Boyles Law: Pressure of a gas is INVERSELY proportional to volume (as pressure
increases, volume decreases and as pressure decreases, volume increases) <-
when temperature is held CONSTANT

2. Relationship between volume and temperature (Charles’ Law):

 An increase in temperature represents an increase in the average kinetic energy

of the particles
 When the pressure is CONSTANT, increasing the temperature of a fixed mass of
gas increases its volume
 The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, and
volume divided by absolute temperature is a constant.

3. Relationship between pressure and temperature

 An increase in temperature increases the average kinetic energy of the particles

which increases the pressure
  If volume is held CONSTANT, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the
absolute temperature

-EQUATION FOR A FIXED MASS OF GAS:

-R = the universal gas constant. Can make the following equation which will allow us to calculate how
systems respond to changes in pressure, volume, temperature, and to calculate molar mass

-A graph of an ideal gas of PV/RT against P for one mol of an ideal gas:

-Real gases: all gases, will deviate to some extent from ideal behavior

-Units of pressure:

Conversion factor: 1 atm = 760 torr

Concentration stuff:

-Solution: a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, which may be solids, liquids, or gases, or
a combination of these

-Solvent: the component present in the greatest quantity

-Solute: what is dissolved in the solvent

-Concentration: the amount of solute per volume of solution. It has the units mol dm^-3 or g dm^-3

-Standard solutions: solutions of accurately known concentrations

-Molarity (M) is another way of expressing amount concentration, but is not used in IB
-Parts per million (ppm): a different unit of concentration that denotes one part per 10^6 by mass. Very
useful for describing low concentrations

-a common practice in lab work is to make a dilution from a more concentrated starting solution, called
the stock solution, by adding solvent

-Concentration of diluted stuff (don’t forget to convert into dm^3 by dividing by 1000)

-volumetric analysis: can find the concentration of a solution

-titration is used to determine the reacting volumes precisely

-pipette is used to measure a known volume of one of the solutions into a flask

-burette is a calibrated glass tube that can deliver precise volumes into the flask

-pipette puts stuff into the burette which puts stuff into the flask <- entire process called titration